Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon, Steelhead, and Bull Trout Recovery



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* Nearly all spring Chinook spawners returning to the Methow in 1996 and 1998 were collected for hatchery broodstock. There were no spawning surveys conducted in those years to determine if some fish escaped and spawned in the Methow subbasin.

Table 2.2 Goals, associated mechanisms, factors, and levels of risk (L-low; M-medium; H-high) for diversity and spatial structure of Upper Columbia spring Chinook and steelhead. Table was developed following guidance from ICBTRT (2005a) (see Appendix B). Wen = Wenatchee, Ent = Entiat, Met = Methow, and Okan = Okanogan.



Goal

Mechanism

Factor

Spring Chinook

Steelhead

Wen

Ent

Met

Wen

Ent

Met

Okan

Allowing natural rates and levels of spatially mediated processes

Maintain natural distribution of spawning aggregates

Number and spatial arrangement of spawning areas

L

M

L

L

M

L

H

Spatial extent or range of population

Increase or decrease gaps or continuities between spawning aggregates

Maintaining natural levels of variation

Maintain natural patterns of phenotypic and genotypic expression

Major life-history strategies

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Phenotypic variation

Genetic variation

Maintain natural patterns of gene flow

Spawner composition

Maintain occupancy in a natural variety of available habitat types

Distribution of population across habitat types

Maintain integrity of natural systems

Selective in natural processes or impacts

Table 2.3 Viability ranking of current populations of Upper Columbia River spring Chinook (spatial structure/diversity based on Table 2 .3; Abundance/Productivity based on Figure 2 .10 and Figure 2 .13) (table developed based on guidance from ICBTRT 2005a) (see Appendix B)




Spatial Structure/Diversity Risk

Very Low

Low

Moderate

High

Abundance/Productivity Risk

Very Low (<1%)













Low (1-5%)













Moderate (6-25%)













High (>25%)










Wenatchee

Entiat


Methow

Table 2.4 Summary statistics for naturally produced (NP) steelhead escapement and run reconstruction for Wenatchee and Entiat populations. GM = 12-year geometric mean; HE = hatchery effectiveness. See Appendix C for a detailed description of run reconstructions.

Year

NP steelhead escapement

GM NP steelhead escapement

Returns

Returns per spawner

GM Returns per spawner

Wenatchee

Entiat

Wenatchee

Entiat

Wenatchee

Entiat

HE = 0

HE = 1

GM HE = 0

GM HE = 1

1967

1316

168







257

33

0.20

0.14







1968

1878

240







244

31

0.13

0.08







1969

858

110







173

22

0.20

0.09







1970

138

18







137

18

0.99

0.31







1971

377

48







110

14

0.29

0.05







1972

150

19







191

24

1.27

0.17







1973

219

28







300

38

1.37

0.18







1974

82

10







284

36

3.46

0.47







1975

97

12







229

29

2.37

0.32







1976

184

24







249

32

1.35

0.28







1977

450

58







249

32

0.55

0.11







1978

146

19

290

37

276

35

1.88

0.33

0.75

0.18

1979

305

39

256

33

459

59

1.51

0.28

0.88

0.19

1980

176

22

210

27

774

99

4.40

0.79

1.19

0.22

1981

355

45

196

25

1034

132

2.91

0.58

1.48

0.26

1982

70

9

185

24

1368

175







1.54

0.26

1983

679

87

194

25

1318

168

1.94

0.24

1.83

0.30

1984

683

87

220

28

1883

241

2.76

0.43

1.96

0.32

1985

1382

177

257

33

1406

180

1.02

0.19

1.91

0.32

1986

1315

168

323

41

1011

129

0.77

0.20

1.66

0.30

1987

1993

255

416

53

723

92

0.36

0.16

1.40

0.28

1988

1062

136

482

62

1125

144

1.06

0.36

1.37

0.29

1989

1676

214

538

69

536

69

0.32

0.18

1.31

0.30

1990

594

76

604

77

524

67

0.88

0.26

1.22

0.29

1991

1036

133

669

86

432

55

0.42

0.26

1.08

0.29

1992

830

106

761

97

485

62

0.58

0.15

0.90

0.25

1993

507

65

784

100

437

56

0.86

0.28

0.81

0.23

1994

471

60

919

118

301

39

0.64

0.13

0.79

0.22

1995

673

86

919

117

369

47

0.55

0.18

0.71

0.22

1996

393

50

877

112

1111

142

2.82

0.56

0.71

0.22

1997

410

52

793

101

1941

248

4.73

0.74

0.81

0.25

1998

273

35

696

89



















1999

443

57

614

78



















2000

1196

153

620

79



















2001

2864

366

648

83



















2002

1291

165

691

88



















2003

1588

203

716

92



















Table 2.5 Viability ranking of current populations of Upper Columbia River steelhead (spatial structure/diversity based on Table 2 .3; Abundance/Productivity based on Figure 2 .20 and Figure 2 .23) (Table developed based on guidance from ICBTRT 2005a; see Appendix B)




Spatial Structure/Diversity Risk

Very Low

Low

Moderate

High

Abundance/Productivity Risk

Very Low (<1%)













Low (1-5%)













Moderate (6-25%)













High (>25%)










Okanogan

Wenatchee



Entiat

Methow




Table 2.6 Summary statistics for naturally produced (NP) steelhead escapement and run reconstruction for Methow and Okanogan populations. GM = 12-year geometric mean; HE = hatchery effectiveness. See Appendix C for a detailed description of run reconstructions

Year

NP steelhead escapement

GM NP steelhead escapement

Returns

Returns per spawner

GM Returns per spawner

Methow

Okanogan

Methow

Okanogan

Methow

Okanogan

HE = 0

HE = 1

GM HE = 0

GM HE = 1

1967

135

36







161

43

1.19

0.75







1968

565

150







124

33

0.22

0.14







1969

268

71







30

8

0.11

0.05







1970

69

18







17

5

0.24

0.08







1971

278

74







21

6

0.08

0.01







1972

35

9







68

18

1.92

0.17







1973

27

7







112

30

4.12

0.19







1974

11

3







84

22

7.49

0.34







1975

1

1







57

15













1976

95

25







66

17

0.70

0.06







1977

161

43







99

26

0.62

0.06







1978

17

5

57

17

151

40

8.65

0.78

0.82

0.13

1979

101

27

55

16

128

34

1.26

0.11

0.83

0.11

1980

9

2

39

12

124

33




1.20

0.95

0.13

1981

143

38

37

11

185

49

1.29

0.12

1.21

0.14

1982

186

49

41

12

264

70

1.42

0.08

1.44

0.14

1983

77

21

36

11

290

77

3.75

0.04

2.13

0.16

1984

125

33

41

12

474

126

3.78

0.09

2.28

0.15

1985

239

64

49

14

392

104

1.64

0.06

2.08

0.14

1986

262

70

63

19

364

97

1.39

0.08

1.75

0.12

1987

453

120

105

28

340

90

0.75

0.13

1.62

0.12

1988

316

84

116

31

455

121

1.44

0.24

1.73

0.13

1989

401

106

126

33

147

39

0.37

0.08

1.65

0.14

1990

315

83

160

42

99

26

0.31

0.06

1.22

0.11

1991

552

146

184

49

68

18

0.12

0.02

0.99

0.10

1992

252

67

242

64

91

24

0.36

0.04

0.91

0.07

1993

130

34

240

64

130

35

1.01

0.10

0.89

0.07

1994

90

24

226

60

116

31

1.29

0.07

0.89

0.07

1995

77

20

226

60

213

56

2.76

0.31

0.86

0.08

1996

140

37

228

60

374

99

2.67

0.14

0.84

0.09

1997

66

17

205

54



















1998

151

40

195

52



















1999

326

86

190

50



















2000

316

84

190

50



















2001

587

156

196

52



















2002

434

115

202

53



















Table 2.7 Bull trout redd counts from streams in the Upper Columbia Basin for years 1983-2003 (data from USFWS and USFS)

Stream
/drainage


83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

Wenatchee Core Area

White/Little Wenatchee

45

20

4

2

11

32

33

7

37

26

45

48

26

29

18

35

44

65

22

123

64

54

Chiwaukum watershed























































29

35

42

23

Nason watershed








































3

1

9

15

13

3

7

3

15

Chiwawa watershed



















176

93

332

255

230

207

405

358

324

347

462

400

254

437

421

376

Peshastin watershed




















































0

1

5

9




Total:

45

20

4

2

11

32

209

100

369

281

275

255

431

390

343

391

521

478

309

607

539

468

Entiat Core Area

Mad River



















18

17

21

16

10

17

16

23

23

43

30

45

34

26

52

37

Entiat River


































3

3

2

0

1

6

1

4

7

5

46

Total:



















18

17

21

16

10

20

19

25

23

44

36

46

38

33

57

83

Methow Core Area

Upper Methow watershed




























7







33

26

15

13

1

5

27

60




22

Chewuch watershed





































22

13

9

8

0

18

31

22

20

10

Twisp watershed




























4

5

4

25

0

2

86

101

105

76

93

86

101

Middle Methow watershed





































0

3

3

27

29

26

20

19

21

36

Lower Methow watershed








































2

2

1

0




0

1

0




Total:




























11

5

4

80

44

31

135

131

165

154

195

127

169




Figure 2.7 Spring Chinook spawners and returns per spawner (R/S) and their 12-year geometric means (GM) in the Wenatchee subbasin during the period 1960 to 1999. Spawner numbers include both hatchery (minus those in Icicle Creek) and naturally produced fish.



Figure 2.8 Annual smolts per redd for Wenatchee River spring Chinook. The numbers to the right of the lines are the geometric means (± 1 SD).



Figure 2.9 Current and potential distribution of spring Chinook in the Wenatchee subbasin



Figure 2.10 Viability curve for Wenatchee and Methow spring Chinook salmon. For the Wenatchee and Methow populations to be viable, their abundance/productivity scores must fall above the viability curve. Variability should be considered as the abundance/productivity estimates approach viability criteria. Viability curve is from the ICBTRT (2005a). This plan recognizes that as abundance and productivity values approach the minimum viability thresholds it will be necessary to incorporate uncertainty and measurement error regarding the status of each population.




Figure 2.11 Spring Chinook spawners and returns per spawner (R/S) and their 12-year geometric means (GM) in the Entiat subbasin during the period 1960 to 1999. Spawner numbers include both hatchery and naturally produced fish.



Figure 2.12 Current and potential distribution of spring Chinook in the Entiat subbasin



Figure 2.13 Viability curve for Entiat spring Chinook. For the Entiat population to be viable, its abundance/productivity score must fall above the viability curve. Variability should be considered as the abundance/productivity estimates approach viability criteria. Viability curve is from the ICBTRT (2005a). This plan recognizes that as abundance and productivity values approach the minimum viability thresholds it will be necessary to incorporate uncertainty and measurement error regarding the status of each population.




Figure 2.14 Spring Chinook spawners and returns per spawner (R/S) and their 12-year geometric means (GM) in the Methow subbasin during the period 1960 to 1999. It is assumed that all spawners in 1996 and 1998 were collected for hatchery broodstock. Spawner numbers include both hatchery and naturally produced fish.



Figure 2.15 Current and potential distribution of spring Chinook in the Methow subbasin



Figure 2.16 Escapement of naturally produced steelhead in the Wenatchee subbasin



Figure 2.17 Returns per spawner (R/S) of naturally produced steelhead in the Wenatchee and Entiat subbasins. Returns per spawner are shown for hatchery fish that are as reproductively successful as naturally produced fish (H = 1) and hatchery fish that have no reproductive success (H = 0)



Figure 2.18 Current and potential distribution of steelhead in the Wenatchee subbasin



Figure 2.19 Viability curve for Wenatchee and Methow steelhead. This figure is based on the assumption that hatchery fish have no reproductive success. Variability should be considered as the abundance/productivity estimates approach viability criteria. Viability curve is from the ICBTRT (2005a). This plan recognizes that as abundance and productivity values approach the minimum viability thresholds it will be necessary to incorporate uncertainty and measurement error regarding the status of each population.



Figure 2.20 Escapement of naturally produced steelhead in the Entiat subbasin



Figure 2.21 Current and potential distribution of steelhead in the Entiat subbasin



Figure 2.22 Viability curve for Entiat and Okanogan steelhead. Assumes hatchery fish have no reproductive success. Variability should be considered as the abundance/productivity estimates approach viability criteria. Viability curve is from the ICBTRT (2005a). This plan recognizes that as abundance and productivity values approach the minimum viability thresholds it will be necessary to incorporate uncertainty and measurement error regarding the status of each population.



Figure 2.23 Escapement of naturally produced steelhead in the Methow subbasin




Figure 2.24 Returns per spawner of naturally produced steelhead in the Methow and Okanogan subbasins. Returns per spawner are shown for hatchery fish that have no reproductive success (H = 0) and hatchery fish that are as reproductively successful as naturally produced fish (H = 1).



Figure 2.25 Current and potential distribution of steelhead in the Methow subbasin



Figure 2.26 Escapement of naturally produced steelhead in the Okanogan subbasin



Figure 2.27 Current and potential distribution of steelhead in the U.S. portion of the Okanogan subbasin



Figure 2.28 Current and potential distribution of bull trout in the Upper Columbia Basin


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