halo vest (fails in 1-16% cases)
collar (fails in 35-50% cases).
Type 3A
- horizontal osseous fracture through body of C2 extending into C1-2 facet joints:
 
associated with circumferential (atlantoaxial ligament, TM, interspinous and capsular joints) ligament avulsion - highly unstable!!!
described by Jea et al.
Jea A, Tatsui C, Farhat H, Vanni S, Levi AD. Vertically unstable type III Odontoid fractures: case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(4):797–798
Os odontoideum
Definition - ossicle with smooth circumferential cortical margins representing odontoid process that has no osseous continuity with body of C2.
Etiology - remains debated in the literature with evidence for both acquired and congenital causes.
Clinical features:
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