Vigilantes murdered or attempted to murder forty-six blacks around Albany
/15/66 Calvin F. Craig, grand Dragon, UKA, Inc., was guest on radio
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- Alexander 59, 64, 67, 76; (Feld 133-4), Jackson 67-68, Newton RR 387.
- Gillette and Tillinger, 45;
- Arnold Rice, The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics , (Washington D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1962), 112-114.
- Newton, RR , 425-434; “Federal Aid Threatened, NYT 30 August 1949, 28.
- Foster and Epstein, 22;
- Racial and Religious Violence , 464-476.
5/15/66 Calvin F. Craig, grand Dragon, UKA, Inc., was guest on radio "Open Line program" Bureau authorized three questions of an embarrassing nature to be asked of Craig, but unable to get through on tied up lines.161 WQXI. but klansmen had tied up lines with favorable calls and questions162 moderator asks many questions FBI would have asked if had gotten thru to radio [ie. media not used by FBI but agreed consensus on what's imp. Judo, training admit, etc.163 As of March 1966, the Atlanta office had acquired names and addresses for 350 Klansmen in the various Klan groups.164 4/20/66 B gave 20 NCDT letters.165 Cartoons mailed Atlanta division caused anger, and recipients of the NCDT letter became very upset.1 April 1966, Governor Sanders sent in 36 state troopers to patrol Cordele Louisiana, after Georgia Grand Dragon Calvin Craig announced that he would conduct a Klan rally in response to an incident where black demonstrators protesting school conditions ripped down the Courthouse flag.166 Black State Senator Leroy Johnson protested the Fulton Chief registrar’s comment that he “had no answer” to Grand Dragon Calvin Craig’s demand that klansmen be sworn in as deputy Voting Registrars, in the wake of his deputization of 200 blacks. While conceding tht individual klansmen could not be prevented from becoming deputies, he denounced the idea of deputizing Klansmen “as a group” as “unthinkable” given “that this organization has been declared subversive and many of its members have been indicted, others convicted and sentenced for acts of violence . . .”167 June 28 1966 Cordele GA w-b shootout.168 July 17 66 Cordele GA seven Klansmen arrested for illegal possession of riot equipment at a Klan rally.169 July 18 1966 seven charged with carrying concealed weapons after search of cars conducted by 100 state troopers and sheriff’s officers, including black jacks, night sticks, tear gas, and pistols in their cars at a KKK rally 7/18 attended by 500 Klan sympathizers as Craig levied verbal attacks at the police.170 9/10-12 1966 after two white gunmen killed a black youth in a drive-by shooting, riots resulted in 20 injuries and five reports of firebombing.171 Riots broke out in Atlanta on Labor Day 1966, after Stokely Carmichael urged blacks to ignore the Atlanta mayor’s appeal for calm in the wake of a police shooting.172 7/67 Clayton County #52 broke away from UKA, one of largest and most active units in GA broke away from UKA.2 A July 4 1967 rally in support of Vietnam soldiers at Stone Mountain managed to attract 2000 robed Klansmen and 300 uniformed security guards and 1000 more.173 4/68 Firebombers struck KKK HQ in AT during MLK assasination riots.174 Gov. Maddox acknowleged that he had issued orders to state troopers to shoot demonstrators if they attempted to enter GA Capitol Building, which he had refused to close during funeral march for Dr. MLK by 200,000.175 Supreme Court upholds convictions of four white men accused of beating up three blacks after patronized restaurant in Braselton lat year. 64 CRA can be used to punish “conspiracies by outside hoodlums to assault Negroes.”176 1968: agents sent a long letter to Klansmen in Georgia and Alabama, as well as about 10 Klansmen in each of the states of North Carolina, Mississippi, South Florida and Virginia. Sent to Klan officers, Klansmen who had expressed dissatisfaction with Shelton’s leadership, Klansmen who could be expected to inform Shelton about the letter, and poor Klansmen, the letter attacked Robert Shelton and other Imperial Officers for misusing UKA income. The letter alleged that they were using UKA money to support four families, providing them with “fine homes, automobiles, a private airplane, and paid vacations to Florida.”177 The letter pointed out that Shelton’s home klavern at Tuscaloosa Alabama, “is almost inactive,” and asked, “Did you know that many of the klaverns in Alabama have folded up and are inactive?” “Many of [the UKA’s] most valuable leaders,” it declared, “have resigned in disgust.”178 6/68 SNCC office in Atlanta practically closed down, reduced to five staff members.179 July 1970 request to put Donalsonville #3 out of existence and free up informant to join another Klavern. (ie run by informant?). at time when outdoor rallies normally occur, only one UKA and one NKKKK.180 Still trying to do this in 4/71.181 Also, attendance at John B. Gordon klavern #91 has gradually fallen off and when State HQ building was sold, klavern lost meeting place.182 10/14/70 request permission to put out of existence. Eatonton GA racial violence over labor day weekend, so resident agent confers wihth police chief, sheriff, and local GBI agent. Resident Agent also contacted various Klansmen including owner of rally site to persuade to cancel. Unclear if cancelled.183 Yet: Emergency situation, Labor Day racial violence, advised that Eagle #441 Klavern, UKA was to stage a rally and cros burning in Eatonton GA on 9/11 Resident Agent went ahead wo Bureau authority 9/8/70 and conferred with police chief, sheriff, and the local Agent of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Agent had these offices contact klansmen to persuade them to cancel the rally in the interests of public peace and safety.184 Sept 1970 Craig says is forming militant secret group like weathermen that would be neither anti-black nor anti-Jew.185 He left the Klan shortly after publication of Sims’ book.186 4/15/71. Newly activated klavern and considering intrviews. Fiery Cross #113 is inactive-has held no meetings since 11/10/70.187 1975 Klan ha several meetings near Macon, Eatonton and Stone Mountian, where a black journalist was beaten up. 1978 two Atlanta based cr workers beaten. 1979 marches in Macon and Columbus. GA assembly passes law against paramilitary training in 1981. That yar Klan burn cross at pearson, harassed Hispanic workers in Cedartown, painted swastikas on Jewish mailboxes in Marietta and counterdemonstrated against a civil-rights march in walton County. Membership grew to almost 1000 in 1982. May 15, hundred march at laGrange, and 5-600 attend rally. More rallies at Stockbridge, Carrollton. Activity noted in Jonesboro, Darien, Millen, Hogansville, and columbus. 300 attend rally at Stone Mtn in sept. Spaulding County seat of Grifin became center of activity with Klan floats in 1980 4 July and Christmas parades.188 June GJ indict 3 on cros burning at homes of b man and his white attorney 1983 new Gov Joe Frank Harris set up GBI anti-terror squad. Dis-unified and declined rest 80s. by 86 GBI estimates 250 in five factions. bans in Hartwell and Danielsville in summer 86 and unsuccessful attempts to ban as ACLU helps in Augusta, and in 1987, College Park, where 200 marched. Late 1980s and 1990s Gainesville center w IE GT Daniel Carver.. 289 marhch as 250 state plice cordon of 1500 countrdemonstrators.189 Racial incidents include mail bombings by racist tht killed white fed judge in AL, Savannah cr attorney and city councilman by Leroy Moody of rex GA. July 1990 son of clayton county community leadr arrested for firbombing that gutted local NAACP HQ.190 1990 about dozen incidents including two firebombings of AT NAACP offices and black familiy’s home, cross burnings and vandalism.191 POST: 1980 Wrightsville, small town of 2000 50 miles west of Macon, where segregation of public facilities, employment discrimination remained, law enforcement officers encouraged and participated in an attack against demonstrators, by a mob of 200 whites armed with clubs and chains. As J.B. Stoner and Wilkinson’s Knights arrived in town, State Police were called in to separate about 300 demonstrators from a mob of about 100 whites.192 1982 Millen City Council refuses permit to Klan to distribute literature at Court of Appeals in town where white woman lost custody of her white child because she had a child by a black man out of wedlock.193 5 GA Klansmen indicted in 2 assaults. Broke into homes to attack interracial couple in Tallapoosa, fracturing man’s skull and whippping ww believed to be associating w blacks w belt in Waco.194 1987 Cumming, Forsythe County 400 hostile counter-demonstrators include J. B. stoner and Dave Holland’s Southern White Knights and supporters throwing rocks bottles and mud stop group of 90 anti-intimidation marchers according to GBI. Stoner passed out literature describing AIDS as a black disease.195 County’s 38,000 residents all white had lynched black men and driven out black pop in 1912 after alleged rape.196 20000 b and w led by Hosea Wiliams and protected by 1000-1500 nat Guard and 6-700 pd officers 1 1/2 mi route. 100 jeer/curiosity seek march.197 56 had been arrested in Forsyth march. Two weeks later AT suburb of College Park 125 Invisible Knights Ed Stephens marchers protesting slaying of white youth in Dec, allegedly by four blacks met by almost twice as many demonstrators.198 7 indicted in Forsyth events on charges from carrying deadly weapon to impersonating pd officer.199 200 robed protest proposal to posthumously pardon leo frank in marietta. 300 include City Council counterdemonstrate.200 Extra: ADL claim 7000 as of 1965.201 Sept 66 AT riot black power chant and pummel cars w rocks concrete chunks two nights of rioting sparked by shooting of black teen.202 1 Trelease, White Terror, 385, 419. 3 Donald L. Grant, The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia, (New York: Carol Publishing, 1993), 92. 4 Trelease, White Terror, 117. 5 Grant, The Way It Was, 105; Trelease, White Terror, 7678 6 Grant, The Way It Was, 116. 7 Grant, The Way It Was, 118-119. 8 Jonathan M. Bryant, “‘We Have No Chance of Justice before the Courts,”: The Freedmen’s Struggle for Power in Greene County, Georgia, 1865-1874,” in John C. Inscoe ed., Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in the Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865-1950, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), 15-17, 23, 43, 77; Bryant, How Curious a Land, 126-128; Grant, The Way It Was, 117. 9 Jonathan M. Bryant, How Curious a Land: Conflict and Change in Greene County, 1850-1885, (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1996), 120-121. 10 Bryant, “‘We Have No Chance,” 13-14, 23-29; Bryant, How Curious a Land, 129-133. 11 Bryant, “‘We Have No Chance,” 43-44. 12 Grant, The Way It Was, 121. 13 Trelease, White Terror, 226-228. 14 Grant, The Way It Was, 117-118; Trelease, White Terror, 228-230. 15 Grant, The Way It Was, 119; Trelease, White Terror, 230-238. 16 Grant, The Way It Was, 119-120; Trelease, White Terror, 235, 238-. 17 Grant, The Way It Was, 120-121. 18 Trelease, White Terror, 240-244; Grant, The Way It Was, 122-123, 139, 222. 19 Trelease, White Terror, 318-335. 20 Grant, 124-125 (quote). 21 Grant, The Way It Was, 124-125, 228-229; Andrew M. Manis, Macon Black and White: An Unutterable Separation in the American Century, (Macon: Mercer University Press, 2004), 19. 22 Grant, The Way It Was, 314-318; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 29-30. 23 Grant, The Way It Was, 318. 24 Alexander 59, 64, 67, 76; (Feld 133-4), Jackson 67-68, Newton R&R 387. 25 Grant, The Way It Was, 319. 26 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 71. 27 Grant, The Way It Was, 319; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 71-72. 28 Chalmers 76, Gillette and Tillinger, 45; Newton R&R 390 29 In 1919, induction ceremonies had been held in the Bib County Superior Court room. Manis, Macon Black and White, 91-99 (quote p 96. 30 The Klan-backed candidate for Representative in the District including Macon won, as did their choice for Senate and Governor. Manis, Macon Black and White, 99-106. 31 Georgia led the nation in lynchings in 1930. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 73-76; Grant, The Way It Was, 320-355. 32 Grant, The Way It Was, 319. 33 Michael Dennis, Luther P. Jackson and a Life for Civil Rights, (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2004), 94. . 34 Moseley, Chapter VI; Manis, Macon Black and White, 165-169, 355, 364-366. 35 Timothy Minchin, Hiring, 92. 36 Brooks, “From Hitler and Tojo,” 199-202. 37 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 321-322; Dray, 377-382, Newton Racial and Religious Violence, 420-425; Carlson The Plotters, 49-50; “Klan Terrorists Linked to Killing,” NYT 8 June 1946, 28 38 Grant, The Way It Was, 367 (quote)-368. 39 Grant, The Way It Was, 368; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 336. 40 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 333, 336. 41 Newton Racial and Religious Violence, 425-433. 42 Moseley, 144-156; Newton, KKK Encylopedia, 240-241. 43 Wade, Fiery Cross, 283. 44 Newton Racial and Religious Violence, 420-425; Rice, 109. 45 Wade, Fiery Cross, 294. 46 Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 376-377. 47 Grant, The Way It Was, 387. 48 Grant, The Way It Was, 370. 49 Brooks, “From Hitler and Tojo,” 214n69; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 329-332. 50 NYT 8, 15 June 1946; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 327-329, 333. 51 Arnold Rice, The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics, (Washington D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1962), 112-114. 52 Arnold Rice, The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics, (Washington DC: Public Affairs Press, 1962), 112-114, 53 AP, “Top Klansman Indicted in Dynamiting,” Washington Post, 28 July 1951, B4. 54 They became misdemeanors. AP, “Georgia Senate Votes for Anti-Mask Bill,” Washington Post, 20 January 1951, B5; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 337, 340. 55 Grant, The Way it Was, 370-371. 56 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 330-331; Rice, 109; Wade, 283. 57 Newton, R&R, 425-434; “Federal Aid Threatened, NYT 30 August 1949, 28. 58 Newton, FBI and KKK, 47-48. 59 Moseley, 140. 60 Moseley, 141. 61 Moseley, 140. 62 Moseley, 155, cites NYT 8/24, 30. 1949. 63 FBI investigators collected records for the suit. Grant, The Way It Was, 371. 64 Grant, The Way It Was, 401. 65 McMillan, Citizens Council, 80, 103. 66 McMillan, Citizens Council, 80. 67 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 343. 68 HUAC, Present Day; US House, Committee on Un-American Activities, Hearings regarding HR 15678, HR 15689, HR 15744, HR 15754, and HR 16099, Bills to Curb terrorist organizations: Hearings, 89th Cong., 2nd Sess., (Washington D.C: US Government printing Office, 1966), 1399-1521. 69 Grand Dragon Eldon Edwards was a member of local #34. Draper, Conflicts of Interest, 28; Bruce Nelson, Divided We Stand: American Workers and the Struggle for Black Equality, 222-223. 71 Manis, Macon Black and White, 200. 72 Parker, Violence in the U.S., 18; Newton, R&R, 435-457, (Nunnelley77-9), 73 Director to Albany and all Continental Offices, 1023/58, Bombings and Attempted Bombings, Racial Matters, 6-7, FBI San Francisco file 100-44462, “Bombings and Attempted Bombings,” Lazar archive. 74 SAC Letter No. 63-4, 1/23/63, 7, FBI San Francisco file 100-44462, “Bombings and Attempted Bombings,” Lazar archive. 75 George McMillan, “New Bombing Terrorists of the South Call Themselves NACIREMA-America Spelled Backward,” Life, 11 October 1963, 39-40; Grant, The Way It Was, 380. According to one FBI source, William B. Crowe organized an ‘action’ group called NACIMREMA in December 1961 but surveillance and interviews by Atlanta Police Department detectives forced it to disband in May 1962. SAC Letter No 63-4, 1/23/63, 18, FBI San Francisco file 100-44462, “Bombings and Attempted Bombings,” Lazar archive. 76 Jeff Roche, Restructured Resistance: The Sibley Commission and the Politics of Desegregation in Georgia, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998) xiv-xvii, Chapter 5; Grant, The Way It Was, 380-381. 77 A minor Klan demonstration took place at Georgia Tech. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 29; Grant, The Way It Was, 383-385. A rally in Macon in the wake of desegregation of Mercer University attracted 100 Klansmen but no violence occurred there either. Manis, Macon Black and White, 247. 78 Grant, The Way It Was, 381-382; Elsie Carper, “Tension Eases as Atlanta Ends Second Day of Desegregation,” Washington Post, 1 September 1961, A2; idem, “How Peaceful Desegregation Prevailed When Atlanta Complied With Desegregation Rule,” Washington Post, 3 September 1961, F10; James T. Patterson, Brown vs. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 104-105. 79 Grant, The Way It Was, 524-526. 80 In Marietta, an interracial fight resulted in injuries and 14 arrests. Atlanta was the first major Southern city to desegregate. In contrast to Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders were not targeted by vigilantes or arrested by police in Atlanta. Grant, The Way It Was, 390-400, 415-420 (quote 392). 81 Grant, The Way It Was, 396. 82 Grant, The Way It Was, 401-402. 83 New Pittsburgh Courier Jul 21, 1962. 84 Grant, The Way It Was, 419. 85 Karl Flemming, Son of the Rough South: An Uncivil Memoir, (X: 2005), 251-252. 86 Grant, The Way It Was, 402. 87 Grant, The Way It Was, 410-413; Howard Zinn, Albany: A Study in National Responsibility, (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1962). 88 Robert E. Baker, “Rights Movement Stabs Into Depths of Dixie,” Washington Post, 9 September 1962, E1; Moseley, 191-192; Grant, The Way It Was, 413. 89 Wilson was not charged and the mother moved out. Strain, Pure Fire, 75-76. 90 Grant, The Way It Was, 414. 91 Foster and Epstein, 22; Newton Racial and Religious Violence, 456-457; Parker, 27-28, Tully, 222-224. 93 Luders, “Civil Rights Success,” 6. 94 Grant, The Way It Was, 422; Racial and Religious Violence, 464-476. 95 Policemen also assaulted them. Reg Murphy, “Crowd at Wallace Speech beats three negro Youths,” Washington Post, 5 July 1964, A3. 96 AP, “Racial Oubreaks Flare Across South,” Washington Post, 17 August 1964, A6. 97 Bill Shipp, Murder at Broad River Bridge, The Slaying of Lemuel Penn by Members of the Ku Klux Klan, (Atlanta, 1981), 28-29. 98 William Bradford Huey, “The Klan on Trial,” Saturday Evening Post, 19 June 1965, 89. 99 Ramon Geremia, “4 Arrested In Slaying of Penn,” Washington Post, 7 August 1964, A1. 100 Surrounding rural areas remained staunchly segregated. Bart Barnes, “Penn Slaying Seen part of pattern of Intimidation,” Washington Post, 14 July 1964, A3. 101 Download 159.7 Kb. Share with your friends:
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