Where there is no vision the people perish: reflections on the african renaissance
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CONCLUSIONThe African renaissance is ANC policy that informs its activities in government, including its economic and foreign policies. In his report to the fiftieth National Conference of the ANC, December 1997, President Mandela summarises the principal aims of the African renaissance as follows:
These are also the grand themes of the Mbeki presidency. There may be steep hills to climb and high hurdles to scale but the vision espoused in the African renaissance is not of a romantic, numinous world. The vision of the rise of a once oppressed people is a concrete one, entirely realisable, as the triumph over slavery, colonialism, and Apartheid amply demonstrate. Beyond the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological aspirations that President Mbeki articulates, the final vision is of a humanity liberated from all forms of oppression and exploitation. It is a vision of tightening the ‘ties that bind’, of the restoration of the rights of African people, and of the recognition of their dignity and humanity. It is for most Africans, throughout the ages, a compelling and sustaining vision – for where there is no vision, the people perish. You may write me down in history With your bitter, twisted lies You may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, I’ll rise. Maya Angelou SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYAzikiwe, Nnamdi. Renascent Africa. New York: Negro University Press, 1969. Barnes, Leonard. African Renaissance. London: Victor Gollancz, 1969. Biddle, Arthur W. and Gloria Bien, Miriam Cooke, Vinay Dharwadker, Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria, Mbulelo Mzamane, Angelita Reyes. Editors. Global Voices: Contemporary Literature from the Non-Western World. Prentice Hall, New Jersey: Blair Press, 1995. Carmichael, Stokely and Charles Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. Cesaire, Aime. Return to My Native Land. London: Heinemann, 1969. Davidson, Basil. The African Slave Trade. Revised and expanded edition. Little Brown & Co., 1988. Diop, David Mandessi. Hammwerblows and Other Writings. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1973. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966. Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove Press, 1967. Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. Harmodnsworth: Penguin, 1967. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Continuum International Publishing Group (30th anniversary edition), 2000. Gramsci, Antonio. The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings, 1916-1935. Edited by David Forgacs. New York: New York University Press, 2000. Johnson, James Weldon. Editor. The Book of American Negro Poetry. Harvest Books, 1983. Malcolm X. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. Edited by George Breitman. New York: Grove Press, 1966. Malcolm X. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press, 1965. Magubane, Ben. Racism in the Age of Europe. National Conference on Racism: Research Papers. Johannesburg: South African Human Rights Commission, 2000 (pp. 23-39). McLaren, Peter. Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. 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The African Renaissance, South Africa and the World, United Nations University, 9 April 1998. Statement on behalf of the African National Congress on the occasion of the adoption by the Constitutional Assembly of ‘The Republic of South Africa Constitutional Bill 1996’, National Assembly, 8 May 1998. Documents, Reports, Speeches, Press Releases, etc. A New African Initiative: Merger of the Millenium Partnership for the African Recovery Program (MAP) and Omega Plan, Department of Foreign Affairs, July 2001. Gearing up for the Future: The Continued Relevance of GEAR, Finance Minister TA Manuel, National Treasury Department, 17 September 1999. Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report – International Edition, 29 October 1998. ANC WEBSITE: http://www.anc.org.za African National Congress. Political Report of the President, Nelson Mandela, to the 50th National Conference of the African National Congress: Mafikeng, December 16, 1997. Johannesburg: Mathibe Printing and Publishing, 1997. Growth, Employment and Redistribution – A macroeconomic Strategy for South Africa (GEAR), 1996. African National Congress. The Reconstruction and Development Programme: A Policy Framework. Johannesburg: Umanyano Publications, 1994. African National Congress. Selected Writings on the Freedom Charter. London: Sechaba Commemorative Publications, 1985. MBULELO VIZIKHUNGO MZAMANE PH.D., Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Hawke Institute, has held academic posts at the University of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland (U.B.L.S.); University of Sheffield; Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria; Yale University; University of Georgia; and University of Vermont. He has also been Visiting Professor at Boston University and University of Essen (Germany). He returned to South Africa in 1993 after three decades in exile and became the first post-Apartheid Vice Chancellor and Rector at the University of Fort Hare. He was appointed by President Nelson Mandela to serve on the boards of the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the Heraldry Council. He has also chaired and served on the following boards, among others: the African Arts Fund (affiliated to the U.N. Centre against Apartheid), the Institute for the Advancement of Journalism (affiliated to the University of the Witwatersrand), the Newtown Television and Film School (RSA), and the International Advisory Board of Directors of the Institute of International Studies at the University of Michigan (USA). He is the presiding chair (with Nawal el Saadawi and Ngugi wa Thiong’o) of the African renaissance initiative, Against All Odds: African Languages and Literature into the 21st Century. His works of fiction, some of which were banned in Apartheid South Africa, include: Mzala: The Short Stories of Mbulelo Mzamane (Ravan Press and Longman); Children of Soweto (Ravan Press and Longman); and Children of the Diaspora and Other Stories of Exile (Vivlia Press and Africa World Press). He is the editor of Selected Poems: Mongane Wally Serote (Ad Donker); Selected Poems: Sipho Sydney Sepamla (Ad Donker); Hungry Flames and Other Black South African Short Stories (Longman); and co-editor of Global Voices: Contemporary Literature from the Non-Western World (Prentice Hall). His scholarly publications include Multicultural Education in Colleges and Universities, with Howard Ball and S.D. Berkowitz (Lawrence Erlbaum) and Images of the Voiceless: Essays on Popular Culture and the Media, with John Haynes and Aderemi Bamikunle (Ahmadu Bello University Press). His most recent book due for publication soon is The Mbeki Turn: South Africa after Mandela (Rowman & Littlefied). 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