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Disease Scenario1NCDrones are key to solve disease – litany of warrantsFornance, et al., 14 Kimberly M. Fornace, Chris J. Drakeley, Timothy William, Fe Espino, Jonathan Cox *Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, **Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, ***Infectious Diseases Society Sabah, Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, ****Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Filinvest, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines, *****Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, “Mapping infectious disease landscapes: unmanned aerial vehicles and epidemiology,” ScienceDirect, 10/24/14, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492214001469 // IS There are also numerous potential applications for UAVs in public health. UAVs can be used to locate people and monitor human population movements of nomadic and migrant groups to allow targeting of surveillance and public health interventions [10]. UAVs have also been used to facilitate access to and sample collection from remote locations. For example, a UAV was developed to allow the transportation of test samples from remote rural clinics to national laboratories in South Africa [11]. UAVs can also be used for disaster management and emergency relief operations to monitor situations as well as to deliver medical supplies to inaccessible or dangerous locations. During the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, UAVs were used by aid organisations to assess the extent of the typhoon damage and plan relief measures and reconstruction [Klaptocz, A. (2014) Mapping the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan. Drone Adventures (http://www.droneadventures.org/2014/05/07/mapping-the-philippines-after-typhoon-haiyan/)]. Aid organisations have also started piloting the use of UAVs to deliver medical supplies to areas inaccessible by road in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Lesotho [Hickey, S. (2014) Humanitarian drones to deliver medical supplies to roadless areas. The Guardian (http://http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/30/humanitarian-drones-medical-supplies-no-roads-technology)]. UAVs can also be used to collect other types of environmental data of public health relevance. Environmental factors such as radiation and air pollution vary spatially, with important consequences for human health. Monitoring equipment has been fitted to UAVs to measure levels of environmental toxins and pollutants 12 and 13. Further applications could include mapping health infrastructure, such as water and sanitation systems and locations of health facilities. Within infectious disease epidemiology, UAVs provide a new alternative to collect detailed georeferenced information on environmental and other spatial variables influencing the transmission of infectious diseases. Land-use change, for example through deforestation or agricultural expansion, has been widely documented as a major driver of infectious disease emergence and spread 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. Anthropogenic environmental changes can modify the transmission of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases by disrupting existing ecosystems and altering the geographic spread of human populations, animal reservoirs, and vector species 19 and 20. For example, the emergence of malaria in new areas of South America and Southeast Asia has been associated with the clearing of tropical forests resulting in changes in anopheline mosquito densities and contact with people [21]. Changes in forest cover affect the life cycle and distribution of disease vectors by altering microclimates, availability of breeding sites, and ecological community structures [22]. Simultaneously, deforestation is associated with higher levels of human activity within forest environments, leading to increased exposure to forest-breeding vectors [23]. Understanding rapidly changing patterns of human settlement and vector distribution in this context is vital for predicting disease risks and effectively targeting disease-control measures. 2NC – Internal LinkDrone tech key to check disease spreadScutti, 14 Susan Scutti, graduated from Yale, reporter for Medical Daily and contributes on occasion to Newsweek magazine. “Drones Track Spread Of Infectious Disease Through Ecological Pattern Recognition,” Medical Daily, 10/22/14, http://www.medicaldaily.com/drones-track-spread-infectious-disease-through-ecological-pattern-recognition-307687 // IS Specifically, Fornace and her co-researchers are using drones to collect data and map changes in mosquito and monkey habitats. Following surveillance, the team compares the gathered UAV data with hospital case records to understand the ways in which evolving habitats affect human infection and disease risk. Among the many benefits of drones is their ability to detect patterns, to obtain data in real-time, and to map areas of interest as frequently as required. At a site in Malaysia, under observation by Fornace and her crew, a forest was being cleared to establish a rubber plantation; using UAVs, the researchers could update the progress of deforestation quickly and routinely. In fact, real-time surveys of forests and habitation areas are crucial for understanding disease-carrying organisms. “Land-use change, for example, through deforestation or agricultural expansion, has been widely documented as a major driver of infectious disease emergence and spread,” wrote the authors in their article. Lyme disease follows this pattern. Research suggests suburbanization, specifically turning exurbs into suburbs, results in an increased number of small animals, while also bringing infected tics into greater contact with humans. Along with real-time surveys, drones offer other benefits. Compared to satellites, UAVs sidestep cloud contamination and low spatial resolution, yet they similarly can produce “stereo” images used for 3D visualizations and generation of digital elevation models. However, UAVs also have limitations unkown to satellites; they cannot fly in all weather conditions, and high temperatures may cause them to overheat. Finally, drones are not yet capable of gathering data provided by remote-sensing methods such as radar. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 0.65 Mb. Share with your friends:
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