Commonwealth of Australia 2002
Fire extinguishant blends
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- Miscellaneous uses
- 7.5.3Use of consumer products containing limonene
Fire extinguishant blendsUse of 2 fire extinguishant products, NAF S-III and NAF P-III containing about 4% limonene, was not reported by industry during the assessment, but was reported in the PEC report on HCFC-123 (NICNAS, 1999). Approximately 40 tonnes of each product were imported into Australia in 1996 to replace halon extinguishants. NAF S-III has been used as a ‘total flooding agent’ in fixed systems and NAF P-III as a ‘streaming agent’ in portable extinguishers. Both blends are particularly suitable for fires involving computer or electrical equipment. The NICNAS report (1999) stated that the importation of these 2 products is expected to decline as HCFCs are gradually being phased out. Table 7.4 - Use of products containing d-limonene as remover and/or stripper
Miscellaneous usesOther reported industrial uses of products containing d-limonene are listed in Table 7.5. Table 7.5 - Miscellaneous uses of d-limonene products
Dipentene Dipentene is used in formulating a number of products with similar uses as d-limonene products. l-Limonene It is reported that fragrance blends containing < 1% to 90% l-limonene are used in formulation of industrial cleaners. The concentrations of l-limonene in the final products are not known, however, it was reported to be at very low levels. In addition to the uses described above, importers and manufacturers indicated the other uses shown in Table 7.6. Table 7.6 - Other uses of limonene products reported by importers and manufacturers
7.5.3Use of consumer products containing limoneneFlavouring and fragrance agents used in consumer products Both imported and formulated perfumes and fragrances containing limonene are further diluted when used in consumer products. For example, typical use levels of fragrances in household products such as cleaners, soaps etc. are 0.5 – 2% and for cosmetic products such as lotions and colognes are 0.5 – 20%. Flavouring agents containing limonene are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries with the levels of limonene in food and medicine reported as “very low”. The information on uses, concentrations of limonene and package sizes for some imported consumer products was provided by one of the importers and shown in Table 7.7. These consumer products containing limonene are imported and sold directly to the general public without reformulation and repacking.
Limonene is present in essential oils used in Australia and there is increased use in the community of a wide range of these oils. The Essential Oil Working Party report (NDPSC, 1998) indicates that 22 out of 38 essential oils assessed contain limonene at levels ranging from 0.1% to 96%. The use of essential oils is widespread and these are available for a variety of topical applications either in the pure form or compounded with other ingredients. Essential oils are used in: aromatherapy, in which the oils are applied for local effects and possible systemic effects through inhalation and dermal absorption; as environmental fragrances, where the oils are used in burners or aerosol diffusers; for therapeutic purposes, in which the oil can be inhaled by various means for respiratory ailments, used in baths or in a compress; as a repellent, where the oil is usually present in a finished product although the pure oils can be available for this purpose; for use in foods as flavouring agents. The pure essential oils used for this purpose can be incorporated into flavouring agents at a lower concentration or mixed directly into food preparations such as icing and chocolates; and for household cleaning purposes such as removing grease spots from fabrics and in specially formulated “wool-washes”. Table 7.7 - Uses of imported consumer products containing limonene
Table 7.8 lists concentrations of essential oils in consumer products (NDPSC, 1998). Table 7.8 - Concentrations of essential oils in consumer products
Other reported consumer uses The other consumer uses reported to NICNAS are:
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