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- Cooperation in space doesn’t translate to better relations on Earth. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10
- China will steal our tech Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10
- International cooperation with China takes away focus from their human rights violations. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10
- Cooperation with China fails – lack of mutual trust, technological disparity, China’s culture of secrecy and little incentives for information exchange.
- Cooperation with china is impossible Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10
AT China CoopCooperation with China costs more and is less efficient. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 212 accessed June 23, 2011, BJM] The prohibitive cost of collaboration There are space experts who argue that international cooperation is essential in maintaining a space exploration program and, by collaborating with China, the US will surely save time and money in pursuing the VSE’s goals. In reality, the US is already locked into partnerships with more than a dozen nations as a part of the ISS program, including most of Europe. Washington has learned from bitter experience that major international projects almost always end up costing more, taking longer, and delivering less than a national program. While many observers have extolled the benefits of US-Russian cooperation during the ISS program, in reality, the venture was a disaster. First, because Russian hardware was years late in delivery, NASA’s costs spiraled out of control. Second, the situation was exacerbated by the billions of dollars wasted in redesigning integration hardware. Third, in exchange for just 5% of the financial contribution, Russia was granted 40% of the station’s facilities, in addition to making billions of dollars in foreign sales of space hardware! Not surprisingly, from a financial perspective, the US-Russian cooperation experience is one that the Americans will not want to repeat by collaborating with the Chinese. Cooperation in space doesn’t translate to better relations on Earth. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 212 accessed June 23, 2011, BJM] One suggestion made by analysts such as Taylor Dinkerman, a spaceflight observer writing for the space policy site Space Review, has been for the Americans to engage the Chinese in a space project to generate at least a minimal level of political trust. By pursuing this course of action, analysts hope that by cooperating in space, the political relationship between Washington and Beijing can be changed for the better. Unfortunately, despite what people may think about the supposed benefits that occurred as a result of the US-Russia partnership, “handshakes in space” do not compel world leaders to make peace, no matter how many speeches astronauts and cosmonauts make, extolling the virtues of cooperation. The reason cooperation in space will never help to overthrow old tensions between Washington and Beijing, no matter how many astronauts and taikonauts hug each other in LEO, is that diplomatic progress always comes first. China will steal our tech Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 213 accessed June 23, 2011, BJM] Technology transfer China has a long history of acquiring technology by nefarious means. A good example is the launch of China’s lunar satellite, Chang’e, which appears to have been adapted from the design of DF H-3, a Chinese communications relay satellite. The DF H-3 was developed in record speed thanks to a large number of Western components used.2 These components included elements such as the Matra Marconi manufactured central processor, the infra-red Earth sensor built by Officine Galileo, and parts of the solar panel built by Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm. When the Chinese decided to build the lunar probe, it simply adapted the Western DFH-3 components, enabling them to proceed quickly and reliably. More recently, the FBI, in conjunction with other US counter-espionage agencies, have tagged more than 100 people and companies allegedly involved in clandestine aerospace technology transfer benefitting China’s space program. For example, physicist Shu Quan-Sheng, a naturalized US citizen, was arrested on September 24th, 2008, on charges of illegally exporting space launch technical data and services, in addition to offering bribes to Chinese officials concerning the Long March (LM)5. Shu, a president of a NASA subcontractor, provided technical assistance and foreign technology acquisition expertise to several of China’s government entities involved in the design and development of the LM-5 space launch facility, an activity that the US alleges began in 2008.4 In another recent case, US citizen, Ping Cheng, and Singaporeans, Kok Tong Lim and Jian Wei Ding, were charged with conspiracy to violate export administration regulations by attempting to illegally export high-modulus carbon fiber to China. The material, known as Toray M40 and Toray M60, is a corrosion-resistant material used for electromagnetic shielding in rockets and spacecraft. International cooperation with China takes away focus from their human rights violations. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 213 accessed June 23, 2011, BJM] BARRIERS TO COLLABORATION Moral compromise China is widely criticized for its abysmal record on human rights and nondemocratic governance. Sadly, the appalling human rights tragedy unfolding every day in China is sidestepped when international cooperation is mentioned, so it is worth providing a reminder. Human rights violations in China remain systematic and widespread - a situation perpetuated by a government that continues to maintain political control over a legal system in which no one is held accountable. Consequently, abuses such as arbitrary detention, torture, and restrictions of freedom routinely go unchecked. For example, China continues to detain people for exercising their rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression, such as the right to impart and receive information. Persons who exercise these basic rights are regularly detained without charge or trial and deprived of access to legal counsel. The widespread practice of “verdict first, trial second” is still endemic in China’s judicial system that lists 60 crimes for which the death penalty can be imposed and, according to Amnesty International, kills 22 prisoners a day. In keeping with its penchant for perpetrating violent acts, China continues to torture its prisoners, and, despite Beijing being a signatory of the UN Convention Against Torture, the government has not implemented measures to reduce the practice. Worse still is the situation in Tibet, where hundreds of Tibetans have been incarcerated for peacefully expressing political beliefs and where Tibetan women are routinely raped, tortured, assaulted and abused. The previous human rights synopsis is merely the tip of the iceberg of a repressive authoritarian government that suppresses dissent with brutal effectiveness. Any collaboration would inevitably improve the moral standing of Chinese leaders and would therefore require such a moral compromise that would simply be viewed by Western nations as unacceptable. It just isn’t going to happen any time soon. Lack of transparency Transparency refers to a condition of openness, allowing nations to signal their intentions and capabilities by obtaining or exchanging information on items or activities of interest to the parties involved. Cooperation with China fails – lack of mutual trust, technological disparity, China’s culture of secrecy and little incentives for information exchange. Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 213 accessed June 23, 2011, BJM] Transparency refers to a condition of openness, allowing nations to signal their intentions and capabilities by obtaining or exchanging information on items or activities of interest to the parties involved. Transparency permits international counterparts to increase their confidence about whether an activity is taking place and also provides warning of suspicious behavior - a particularly important consideration for any nation deliberating on doing business with Beijing. But transparency isn’t just about sharing perceptions about risks and threats. It requires several important steps, including exchanges between laboratories, information concerning space budgets, operations, research and development programs, and agency-I0-agency contacts. Ultimately, transparency requires each counterpart to declare all activities. Such an agreement enables each nation to engage in reciprocal and observable actions that in turn signal a commitment to enforcing predictable rules of behavior. Transparency is a feature notably absent from China’s secrecy-bound space program - a situation exacerbated by the control by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of virtually all Chinese space development. Such control is clearly a counterproductive factor in any potential agreement with international counterparts. However, even if the PLA wasn’t involved, neither Washington nor Beijing believes it confronts a common problem in space that demands mutual collaboration. Furthermore, even if Washington and Beijing investigated the possibility of cooperation and engaged in measures to build transparency into their respective space programs, such an attempt would be futile given the disparity in the technological capabilities between the two countries. Other transparency barriers to collaboration include the obsessive culture of secrecy surrounding the Chinese space program and the reticence of Beijing to reveal just how technologically mature their space hardware is. This reluctance towards efforts in transparency and the insular nature of China’s security apparatus have resulted in US efforts to encourage greater bilateral exchanges failing miserably. Furthermore, as long as the US maintains its tremendous technological lead and overwhelming reliance on satellites for military operations and commerce, and as long as China continues to seek parity, the incentives for information exchange will remain slim to non-existent. Cooperation with china is impossible Seedhouse, Aerospace research scientist and Astronaut Training Consultant, 10 [ Dr. Erik Seedhouse, “The New Space Race, China Vs. the United States,” p. 217 , accessed July 11, 2011, BJM] US dominance in space Ultimately, while arguments can be made for the benefits of cooperation, in reality, pursuing this path would require both the US and China to share resources and technology - a step neither is willing to take, regardless of the potential benefits. Undoubtedly, one of the most important security challenges in the next decade will be how the US deals with China, but it is unlikely that the option of cooperation will be on the table. Some of the reasons why the US will not entertain the notion of collaboration have been discussed in this chapter. Perhaps a more powerful reason is the nature of the national security relationship between Beijing and Washington - a dynamic reminiscent of the US-Soviet relationship in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Back then, the US maintained the high ground in nuclear power, believing that although the Soviets were making progress, the US still had an unmatched ability to decimate the Soviet Union with strategic airpower. After the Sputnik shock, the US had to recalibrate, as evidenced by President Eisenhower’s broad educational effort to reassert American leadership in space while raising the public’s understanding of the global security situation. The difference this time around is that there will be no Sputnik shock and, with US superiority in space all but assured, there is no incentive for Washington to seek common ground with the Chinese. While the potential clash of interests may not yet be sufficiently severe to be visible to casual observers, the course would appear to be set towards greater competition rather than collaboration. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 493.63 Kb. Share with your friends:
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