.
Anderson, Deborah J., John J. Cheslock, and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. "Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics: Determinants of Title IX Compliance." The Journal of Higher Education 77 (2006): 225-50.
Arizona Daily Wildcat. 28 Oct. 2008 .
Best Colleges 2009. Summer 2008. US News and World Report. 8 Oct. 2008 .
Carpenter, Linda J., and Vivian R. Acosta. Title IX. New York: Human Kinetics, 2004.
Carpenter, Peter G., Martin Hayden, and Michael Long. "Social and Economic Influences on the Graduation Rates from Higher Education in Australia." Higher Education 35 (1998): 399-422.
Gaston-Gayles, Joy L. "Examining Academic and Athletic Motivation among Student Athletes at a Division I University." Journal of College Student Development 45 (2004): 75-83.
The JBHE Foundation. "African-American College Graduation Rates: Intolerably Low, and Not Catching up to Whites." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 37 (2002): 89-102.
The JBHE Foundation, ed. "The Academic Performance of Black Student Athletes at Highly Ranked Universities." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (2003): 30-31.
Long, James E., and Steven B. Caudill. "The Impact of Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics on Income and Graduation." The Review of Economics and Statistics (1991): 525-31.
Maloney, Michael T., and Robert E. McCormick. "An Examination of the Role that Intercollegiate Athletic Participation Plays in Academic Achievement: Athletes' Feats in the Classroom." The Journal of Human Resources 28 (1993): 555-70.
Mangold, William D., Luann Bean, and Douglas Adams. "The Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics on Graduation Rates among Major NCAA Division I Universities: Implications for College Persistence Theory and Practice." The Journal of Higher Education 74 (2003): 540-62.
McArdle, John J., and Fumiaki Hamagami. "Logit and Mulitlevel Logit Modeling of College Graduation for 1984 - 1985 Freshman Student-Athletes." Journal of the American Statistical Association 89 (1994): 1107-121.
"National Center for Educational Statistics." US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. 20 Oct. 2008 .
Purdy, Dean A., Stanley D. Eitzen, and Rick Hufnagel. "Are Athletes Also Students? The Educational Attainment of College Athletes." Social Problems 29 (1982): 439-48.
Sigelman, Lee, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. "Gender Proportionality in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Mathematics of Title IX Compliance." Social Science Quarterly 80 (1999): 519-38.
Stafford, Sarah L. "Progress Toward Title IX Compliance: The Effect of Formal and Informal Enforcement Mechanisms." Social Science Quarterly 85 (2004): 1469-486.
Thelin, John R. "Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997." The Journal of Higher Education 71 (2000): 391-410.
Tinto, Vincent. "Dropout from Higher Education: A Theoretical Synthesis of Recent Research." Review of Educational Research 45 (1975): 89-125.
Tucker, I. B. "The Impact of Big Time Athletics on Graduation Rates." Atlantic Economics Journa 20 (1992): 65-72.
Wegner, Eldon L., and William H. Sewell. "Selection and Context as Factors Affecting the Probability of Graduation from College." The American Journal of Sociology 2nd ser. 75 (1970): 665-79.
Appendix I: Title IX Compliance Rates – Each institution is in subsequent order from 2001 – 2007.
Institution
|
Title IX
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.3958398
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.205881
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.1436512
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.2909627
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.2627121
|
South Dakota State
|
-0.183188
|
South Dakota State
|
|
Nebraska
|
-0.1160215
|
Nebraska
|
-0.0701489
|
Nebraska
|
-0.1901877
|
Nebraska
|
-0.1500956
|
Nebraska
|
-0.0575054
|
Nebraska
|
-0.0633712
|
Nebraska
|
-0.0609322
|
Oregon
|
-0.2535051
|
Oregon
|
-0.3050483
|
Oregon
|
-0.2738714
|
Oregon
|
-0.2318313
|
Oregon
|
-0.2440992
|
Oregon
|
-0.13562
|
Oregon
|
-0.1543446
|
IUP
|
-0.0680178
|
IUP
|
-0.1600371
|
IUP
|
-0.4495656
|
IUP
|
-0.0438873
|
IUP
|
-0.0056115
|
IUP
|
-0.1123934
|
IUP
|
-0.0166378
|
Texas
|
-0.1797158
|
Texas
|
-0.1948217
|
Texas
|
-0.1935733
|
Texas
|
-0.2181575
|
Texas
|
-0.1905927
|
Texas
|
-0.1937075
|
Texas
|
-0.1818534
|
Hofstra
|
-0.3205195
|
Hofstra
|
-0.2795437
|
Hofstra
|
-0.271774
|
Hofstra
|
-0.2986809
|
Hofstra
|
-0.2355585
|
Hofstra
|
-0.330558
|
Hofstra
|
-0.2998748
|
Boston College
|
-0.0727211
|
Boston College
|
-0.034453
|
Boston College
|
0.01744864
|
Boston College
|
0.00560803
|
Boston College
|
0.00482949
|
Boston College
|
-0.0026123
|
Boston College
|
0.06790367
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.23911081
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.40262467
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.24276235
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
-0.2361135
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.18609174
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.13359848
|
Florida Institute of Technology
|
0.01923773
|
Montana State
|
-0.0757529
|
Montana State
|
-0.0436151
|
Montana State
|
-0.1004165
|
Montana State
|
-0.5501844
|
Montana State
|
-0.0677768
|
Montana State
|
-0.0940665
|
Montana State
|
-0.1053943
|
Lehigh
|
-0.0962036
|
Lehigh
|
-0.0964622
|
Lehigh
|
-0.0996796
|
Lehigh
|
-0.5546958
|
Lehigh
|
-0.1300354
|
Lehigh
|
-0.1515297
|
Lehigh
|
-0.0947746
|
Delaware
|
-0.2167999
|
Delaware
|
-0.3110011
|
Delaware
|
-0.1191883
|
Delaware
|
-0.0918615
|
Delaware
|
-0.1369907
|
Delaware
|
-0.1714191
|
Delaware
|
-0.2475748
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2970548
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2727947
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2588599
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2775382
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2696012
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.3040323
|
Northern Illinois
|
-0.2686939
|
San Diego
|
-0.0715529
|
San Diego
|
-0.096281
|
San Diego
|
-0.1208617
|
San Diego
|
-0.0811618
|
San Diego
|
-0.1227356
|
San Diego
|
-0.1158496
|
San Diego
|
-0.1038198
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.325169
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.3728815
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.3098212
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.4889604
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.3414174
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.3376216
|
Central Michigan
|
-0.2899719
|
Duquesne
|
-0.130972
|
Duquesne
|
-0.1178633
|
Duquesne
|
-0.12276
|
Duquesne
|
-0.1407494
|
Duquesne
|
-0.0893504
|
Duquesne
|
-0.0976624
|
Duquesne
|
-0.1490025
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.1910195
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.2019585
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.1567849
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.123642
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.1396599
|
New Hampshire
|
-0.1199542
|
New Hampshire
|
0.00347077
|
Oregon State
|
-0.1730351
|
Oregon State
|
-0.1564838
|
Oregon State
|
-0.1716007
|
Oregon State
|
|
Oregon State
|
-0.2752895
|
Oregon State
|
-0.0284062
|
Oregon State
|
-0.0299756
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.2970136
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.2336812
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.1463909
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.1558243
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.1558854
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.1734032
|
Georgia Southern
|
-0.1908027
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.3310447
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.3442278
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.3215028
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.230287
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.2605981
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.2190551
|
Bowling Green
|
-0.2327355
|
South Carolina
|
-0.3520299
|
South Carolina
|
-0.3487009
|
South Carolina
|
-0.3419111
|
South Carolina
|
-0.2961642
|
South Carolina
|
-0.3057947
|
South Carolina
|
-0.2311681
|
South Carolina
|
-0.2303199
|
West Virginia
|
-0.2157607
|
West Virginia
|
-0.163746
|
West Virginia
|
-0.185383
|
West Virginia
|
-0.1877248
|
West Virginia
|
-0.1088065
|
West Virginia
|
-0.0729716
|
West Virginia
|
|
Louisville
|
-0.0595505
|
Louisville
|
-0.1832043
|
Louisville
|
-0.2507491
|
Louisville
|
-0.1755161
|
Louisville
|
-0.1605475
|
Louisville
|
-0.1650925
|
Louisville
|
-0.1844146
|
Colorado
|
-0.227998
|
Colorado
|
-0.2131203
|
Colorado
|
-0.1730557
|
Colorado
|
-0.1668271
|
Colorado
|
-0.1792766
|
Colorado
|
-0.176922
|
Colorado
|
|
Houston
|
-0.2270255
|
Houston
|
-0.2564018
|
Houston
|
-0.1491887
|
Houston
|
-0.207124
|
Houston
|
-0.1967714
|
Houston
|
-0.1742316
|
Houston
|
|
Albany
|
-0.011198
|
Albany
|
-0.0515625
|
Albany
|
0.03257125
|
Albany
|
0.09574867
|
Albany
|
0.03552638
|
Albany
|
-0.0112054
|
Albany
|
-0.0336555
|
Florida
|
-0.2694858
|
Florida
|
-0.2439932
|
Florida
|
-0.2727649
|
Florida
|
-0.2662106
|
Florida
|
-0.2132278
|
Florida
|
-0.1648162
|
Florida
|
-0.1627586
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
-0.2707419
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
-0.3905767
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
-0.1056712
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
-0.1983234
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
|
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
|
-0.0524838
|
VCU
|
-0.0064549
|
VCU
|
-0.0250322
|
VCU
|
-0.0270355
|
VCU
|
0.01024518
|
VCU
|
-0.131576
|
VCU
|
-0.0466369
|
VCU
|
-0.053502
|
William and Mary
|
0.0585221
|
William and Mary
|
-0.3214811
|
William and Mary
|
-0.2838055
|
William and Mary
|
-0.2023505
|
William and Mary
|
-0.1746613
|
William and Mary
|
-0.1557512
|
William and Mary
|
-0.1554164
|
UNLV
|
-0.3646809
|
UNLV
|
-0.4251989
|
UNLV
|
-0.3056626
|
UNLV
|
|
UNLV
|
-0.3512654
|
UNLV
|
-0.069869
|
UNLV
|
-0.3258557
|
Montana
|
-0.2595496
|
Montana
|
-0.2156775
|
Montana
|
-0.1766659
|
Montana
|
-0.2256284
|
Montana
|
-0.1806538
|
Montana
|
-0.1790793
|
Montana
|
-0.206101
|
Idaho State
|
-0.3981264
|
Idaho State
|
-0.0932856
|
Idaho State
|
-0.0123229
|
Idaho State
|
-0.088185
|
Idaho State
|
-0.3389505
|
Idaho State
|
-0.1851284
|
Idaho State
|
-0.1689223
|
Aldephi
|
-0.5146667
|
Aldephi
|
|
Aldephi
|
-0.4187016
|
Aldephi
|
-0.4117483
|
Aldephi
|
0.36473083
|
Aldephi
|
0.399629
|
Aldephi
|
0.39135831
|
USC
|
-0.1836201
|
USC
|
-0.2324929
|
USC
|
-0.0517548
|
USC
|
-0.1846136
|
USC
|
-0.1790307
|
USC
|
-0.168364
|
USC
|
-0.1952232
|
North Dakota State University
|
-0.1718578
|
North Dakota State University
|
-0.144395
|
North Dakota State University
|
-0.136749
|
North Dakota State University
|
-0.161727
|
North Dakota State University
|
|
North Dakota State University
|
|
North Dakota State University
|
-0.2606279
|
Pace
|
0.07659225
|
Pace
|
-0.512929
|
Pace
|
-0.4437744
|
Pace
|
-0.1939819
|
Pace
|
-0.467644
|
Pace
|
-0.4737542
|
Pace
|
-0.5789192
|
Arkansas
|
-0.2077047
|
Arkansas
|
-0.1430146
|
Arkansas
|
-0.1426751
|
Arkansas
|
-0.1005798
|
Arkansas
|
-0.0868298
|
Arkansas
|
-0.068176
|
Arkansas
|
-0.100259
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.16832068
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.09582994
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.0726657
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.14673977
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.14665679
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.16566796
|
University of Mass - Lowell
|
0.22741465
|
Morgan State
|
-0.5625727
|
Morgan State
|
-0.3924683
|
Morgan State
|
-0.4256443
|
Morgan State
|
-0.3703653
|
Morgan State
|
-0.4384012
|
Morgan State
|
-0.3742777
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.1822534
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.5102656
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.4575085
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.510664
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.6007132
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.1033243
|
University of North Dakota
|
|
University of North Dakota
|
-0.1093076
|
Memphis
|
-0.6129373
|
Memphis
|
-0.5602878
|
Memphis
|
-0.5806792
|
Memphis
|
-0.7073609
|
Memphis
|
-0.5399727
|
Memphis
|
-0.587565
|
Memphis
|
-0.5029835
|
Alabama
|
-0.1836224
|
Alabama
|
-0.1855714
|
Alabama
|
-0.1922253
|
Alabama
|
-0.2356927
|
Alabama
|
-0.2036961
|
Alabama
|
-0.2053558
|
Alabama
|
-0.2089722
|
East Tennessee State
|
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.6078088
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.4498899
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.4001791
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.3140104
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.2446478
|
East Tennessee State
|
-0.2774676
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.2149328
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.1712662
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.2230097
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.0910691
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.0514313
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.0970245
|
University of Alabama - Huntsville
|
-0.0643558
|
Dayton
|
-0.319346
|
Dayton
|
0.03495708
|
Dayton
|
0.1019396
|
Dayton
|
0.02982177
|
Dayton
|
0.09320607
|
Dayton
|
0.07607277
|
Dayton
|
0.01443395
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4304094
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4170194
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4221311
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4170623
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4645906
|
East Carolina
|
-0.3989776
|
East Carolina
|
-0.4115758
|
Illinois State
|
-0.1827702
|
Illinois State
|
-0.245343
|
Illinois State
|
-0.2070645
|
Illinois State
|
-0.0424999
|
Illinois State
|
-0.1573249
|
Illinois State
|
-0.1786566
|
Illinois State
|
-0.2052191
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.096972
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.13163
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.2916398
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.2482314
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.3276405
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.3554705
|
Florida Atlantic
|
-0.342777
|
Toledo
|
-0.1887467
|
Toledo
|
-0.1678691
|
Toledo
|
-0.1254826
|
Toledo
|
-0.1854699
|
Toledo
|
-0.0219745
|
Toledo
|
-0.0660816
|
Toledo
|
-0.0174762
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.1143469
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.1247866
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.1070607
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.4101335
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.113843
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.1014214
|
Rhode Island
|
-0.1312487
|
UMASS
|
-0.0560647
|
UMASS
|
-0.0827101
|
UMASS
|
-0.1166941
|
UMASS
|
-0.1332482
|
UMASS
|
-0.1598858
|
UMASS
|
-0.1714038
|
UMASS
|
-0.192713
|
North Texas
|
-0.1285719
|
North Texas
|
-0.1844883
|
North Texas
|
-0.1923261
|
North Texas
|
-0.1434691
|
North Texas
|
-0.1014388
|
North Texas
|
-0.0915592
|
North Texas
|
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.4247103
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.4142554
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.3496235
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.3651596
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.3754389
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.2938325
|
University of South Dakota
|
-0.1822534
|
Jackson State
|
-0.5971893
|
Jackson State
|
-0.5436453
|
Jackson State
|
-0.4881175
|
Jackson State
|
-0.4258891
|
Jackson State
|
-0.73957
|
Jackson State
|
-0.5761239
|
Jackson State
|
-0.4394272
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.4675567
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.4745431
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.2165966
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.5002371
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.5405771
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.4555884
|
Florida A & M
|
-0.3561372
|
Kent State
|
-0.3399499
|
Kent State
|
-0.3851758
|
Kent State
|
-0.3491694
|
Kent State
|
-0.3730492
|
Kent State
|
-0.3365751
|
Kent State
|
-0.3625487
|
Kent State
|
-0.3613886
|
Barry
|
-0.3379082
|
Barry
|
-0.2891013
|
Barry
|
-0.2370806
|
Barry
|
-0.241938
|
Barry
|
0.03214786
|
Barry
|
-0.2067271
|
Barry
|
-0.1401303
|
West Florida
|
-0.1930104
|
West Florida
|
-0.0394821
|
West Florida
|
-0.0631549
|
West Florida
|
-0.2313367
|
West Florida
|
-0.2028468
|
West Florida
|
-0.1693993
|
West Florida
|
-0.0876343
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.2423563
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.297579
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.2916102
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.3154695
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.2974861
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.2358321
|
Pittsburgh
|
-0.2200536
|
Nova Southeastern
|
|
Nova Southeastern
|
-0.3449387
|
Nova Southeastern
|
-0.3429176
|
Nova Southeastern
|
-0.3200383
|
Nova Southeastern
|
-0.2283446
|
Nova Southeastern
|
-0.1314654
|
Nova Southeastern
|
|
Maine
|
-0.0494076
|
Maine
|
-0.0602194
|
Maine
|
-0.072443
|
Maine
|
-0.1658511
|
Maine
|
-0.0942225
|
Maine
|
-0.1375976
|
Maine
|
-0.0851039
|
University of Bridgeport
|
-0.073723
|
University of Bridgeport
|
-0.0797011
|
University of Bridgeport
|
-0.184481
|
University of Bridgeport
|
-0.1147999
|
University of Bridgeport
|
0.07866491
|
University of Bridgeport
|
0.05239706
|
University of Bridgeport
|
0.02993852
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.1300006
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.1626496
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.0374344
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.0442064
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.0451457
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.0621749
|
Notre Dame
|
-0.0886057
|
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