Aqa a -gcse geography Unit 2 – Human Geography Revision Booklet

Example of countries in different stages

There are several reasons for the changes through the DTM, and changes to the BR and DR are important.

Changes in agriculture occur early in a country’s development. Even at intermediate levels, technology improves yields and saves labour. This frees some works for industry and more rapid economic growth. In the industrial revolution in the UK, factories needed a large work force, so for a while larger families were a benefit. Soon, however, technological advantages reduced the need for labour, making smaller families much more desirable.

Rural to urban migration (moving home from a rural area to settle in a city) is common in poorer countries as cities are believed to have greater opportunities, and generally do. One major reason for such migration is to seek better educational opportunities for children. Children’s labour is therefore of less value in cities than in rural areas.

As levels of educational achievement increase, bringing improved standards of living, children become an economic disadvantage. Fewer children means parents have more money to be spent on each one, giving them better future chances. Many parents in poorer countries see education as their children’s best chance in life.

As economies develop and education improves, opportunities for girls increase alongside those of boys. With development a larger workforce is required, so women must participate more in paid work outside the home. Reaching a good standard of living in a household requires two incomes.

Over time, prejudge against women holding more senior positions at work reduces. Equality increases and is perceived as not only acceptable but desirable. However, achieving highly in any career requires a large amount of commitment, leaving less opportunities to take maternity leave or care for children.

Some women make a decision to have children in later life, as they will have more money after they have climbed up the ladder.

FAT BOTTOM (high BR)

and top is getting BIGGER (falling DR)

BELL JAR shaped. SIDES are getting WIDER, because BR is decreasing

BELL JAR shaped. SIDES are getting WIDER, because BR is decreasing

Low BR and DR. Stable population.

High amount of old people.

Population pyramids

Population structure means the 'make up' or composition of a population. Looking at the population structure of a place shows how the population is divided up between males and females of different age groups. Population structure is usually shown using a population pyramid. A population pyramid can be drawn up for any area, from a whole continent or country to an individual town, city or village

• 
  The shape of a population pyramid can tell us a lot about an area's population.
  
• 
  It gives us information about birth and death rates as well as life expectancy.
  
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  A population pyramid tells us how many dependants there are. There are two groups of dependants; young dependants (aged below 15) and elderly dependants (aged over 65).
  
• 
  Dependants rely upon the economically active for economic support.
  
• 
  Many LEDCs have a high number of young dependants, whilst many MEDCs have a growing number of elderly dependants.
  

Different factors can affect the sustainable population growth of a population

POPULATION GROWTH: Case Study 1: Any African country-Case study 2. How it was controlled-China

1. 
   Must not marry until late 20s
   
2. 
   Must only have one successful pregnancy
   
3. 
   Must be sterilised or abort any children after first child
   
4. 
   Would increase their salary by 5-10% if stuck to one child.
   

1. 
   10% pay cut was enforced
   
2. 
   The fine that was imposed was so large it would bankrupt most households
   
3. 
   The family would have to pay for education and health for both children.
   

1. 
   Women were forced to have abortion as late as 9 months
   
2. 
   Women were placed under massive pressure by their family, and the ‘granny police’
   
3. 
   Local government and central government had control over people private lives.
   
4. 
   Chinese society prefers boys; as a result many girls were disregarded or allow die (female infanticide)
   
5. 
   Chinese children have the reputation of been over indulged and this results in ‘little emperors’
   
6. 
   The population is
   

1. 
   The previously thought famine was avoided
   
2. 
   The population has been slowed down sufficiently to provide enough food and jobs for the population
   
3. 
   Many new industries have lifted millions out of poverty.
   

1. 
   Young couples who are only children are allow to have two children
   
2. 
   Less time is needed for child care, and this means it frees up time for women to have a career. The attitude to having a daughter has improved.
   
3. 
   With an increase in wealth many people are breaking the rule because they can afford the fines.
   
4. 
   The policy is unlikely to relax because of there are still 1 millions more births than deaths, and a large percentage of the population still live on less than $2 a day.
   
5. 
   One of the major problems is the gender imbalance. There are more than 60 million more men than women.
   

In Kerala there have been a number of initiatives to reduce population growth since 1980:

How is it different to China-which is better and why?

Goals of the policy:

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  To move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands such as Java, Bali and Madura to the less densely populated outer islands, to achieve a more even population distribution.
  
• 
  To reduce poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor landless settlers to generate (create) income.
  
• 
  To be able to exploit the resources of the outer islands more effectively.
  

The programme has raised objections from human rights and environmental campaigners.

1. 
   Indonesia's outer islands contain some 10% of the world's remaining rainforest; the transmigration programme has increased pressure on the natural forests and has led to the loss of the forests;
   
2. 
   Resettlement was used by the Government to control the indigenous population on the outer islands (i.e. the tribes that have always lived there)
   
3. 
   Transmigration has broken the agreements over land rights of the indigenous people and is aimed at the forced integration of indigenous people and the new settlers from Java;
   

France is worried that there are too many old people who are DEPENDENT and not enough young people. There are not enough people who are paying taxes. This will reduce its dependency ration. France like other EU countries is experiencing very low birth rates. It is currently experiencing 12.7 births per 1,000 people and is well below replacement rate. Smaller families and later motherhood could soon result in a noticeable decline in population. In each generation there are fewer parents so fewer children are born. This is due to many reasons such as later marriages, the career and education of the woman and the financial undertaking of having a child.

• 
  It has decided to encourage people to have more children (natal policy). This will make sure that people are working.
  
• 
  Germany has a low Birth rate of 8.5 birth per 1000 people.
  

• 
  Three years of paid parental leave which can be used by mothers or fathers or a combination.
  
• 
  Full time school starts at the age of 3 – fully paid by the government
  
• 
  Day care for children younger than 3 is paid for by the government
  
• 
  The more children a woman has in France the earlier she will be allowed to retire.
  

In 2006 Germany decided to give incentives to couples to have more children, including tax breaks and up to $1800 a month for parents to take time off work.

The government hopes that this "elterngeld," or parents' money, will give professional women an incentive to stay home from work for a year and look after their children. If a new mother does so, she will receive 67 percent of her net salary up to a maximum of €1,800, or about $2,370, a month.

Merkel's drive to boost the birthrate follows years of decline. Indeed, in 2005, Germany recorded its lowest birthrate since 1946, when the federal statistics office started compiling data. According to the office, 685,795 babies were born last year, down from 705,622 in 2004.

There was a jump soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall, with 905,675 babies born in 1990 in East and West Germany combined. But that was far from the boom of the early 1960s: More than 1.3 million infants were born across Germany in 1964.

The new measures mark a major break with the traditional family policy of the Merkel's Christian Democratic Union and its sister party, the Christian Social Union, based in Bavaria. For years, the parties sought to have educated mothers stay at home and depend on the man as the breadwinner

Has been at a war since 2002 after September 11^th. It is a dangerous country and people don’t feel safe their and there are several other reasons for migration. However, people who move from Afghanistan are called…