Aqa a -gcse geography Unit 2 – Human Geography Revision Booklet

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  People are getting paid more an may have a greater disposable income
  
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  Increase and development in air travel – in particular the growth of low cost airlines such as Jet2 and EasyJet.
  
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  The internet has made tourism much easier – more easy and enjoyable.
  
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  More places for people to go on holiday too.
  

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  Terrorism – after 9/11, passenger numbers dropped because of fear of another terrorist attack occurring. There were concerns over safety
  
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  Exchange rate – if the £ is stronger against a currency it means that tourists will get for their money, and if it is the opposite it will cause less tourists to go, as they get less for their money.
  
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  Oil Prices – oil prices fluctuate (go up and down), and this effects the price of airline tickets, as airlines have to pay more for aviation fuel and therefore tourists have to pay more for their tickets.
  

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  Tourism has numerous economic effects that can be seen in the tree above. For example, an increase in overseas visitors, with high incomes and a desire to travel, will increase the income that country makes (it Gross Domestic product or GDP), and this will lead to governments to invest more money in infrastructure and public services and higher quality life for it’s people.
  

4) CONSOLIDATION - The local economy is probably dominated by tourism at this stage, and many local people will make their money from this type of industry.  However, this can remove people from other industries such as farming and fishing and these industries can suffer as a result.  There will be continued building and expansion of the resort BUT some of the older buildings will start to become unattractive and a lower quality client base might result.

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  Coastal location
  
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  Long sandy beaches
  
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  In Victorian times it was easily accessible by train-this was how many of the wealthy elite travelled at this time.
  
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  Factory workers began to use Blackpool as an escape from the smog of the industrial revolution factories
  

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  Package holidays(due to warmer climate and competitively priced)= downward spiral of decline
  
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  Beach erosion
  
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  Unreliable summer weather
  
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  Overcrowding and traffic jams at busy times
  
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  Pollution of the beach and water – no Blue Flag
  
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  Hen and stag parties scare families away
  

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  Demolishing old building
  
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  Landscaping old car parks
  
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  Beaches cleaned up, gaining blue flag status for three beaches
  
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  The Blackpool illuminations are being transformed by 10 million investment
  
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  Attractions for both summer and winter introduced e.g. the big one-fastest rollercoaster in the world
  
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  More covered walkways
  

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  Thailand has a distinctive tropical monsoon climate. It has distinctive wet and dry seasons.
  
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  This attracts people to the country as it is hot all year round.
  

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  4 million tourists visit Thailand each year
  
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  Since 1950 Thailand’s tourists industry has grown rapidly.
  
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  In 2000, because of the film The Beach – 9 million tourists went to Thailand
  
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  About 20% of Thailand’s GDP comes from tourism
  
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  49% of all jobs are in tourist related industries
  

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   Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas - in the initial construction of the resorts, in travel, in food provision and in other service related industries.
   2) Local people benefit directly from employment
   3) Roads, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. all need improving to accommodate the tourists - local people also benefit from these INFRASTRUCTURE developments.
   4)  Transport facilities are developed
   5) The local tax base increases so the local government/council can invest in schools, healthcare and social services.
   6)  Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures- this causes cultural UNDERSTANDING
   

1)TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved - this can result in a lot of profits leaving the country.

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  Water treatment plant
  
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  Daily rubbish collectors
  
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  Thai Government supports protecting the environment. They know that if it is ugly tourists won’t go.
  
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  Ecotourism is developing – trekkers are experiencing life in traditional villages without hot water or electricity.
  
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  Educating tourists when they come.
  

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  Around 30 years old, unmarried and without children. High powered jobs and a good income
  
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  Families. Adults are in their 40s and they have children around 5-10 years
  
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  Active retired people (60-70yrs) who are still active and who have money saved up for retirement
  
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  Teenagers on their gap year before work or University.
  

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  Antarctica’s first tourists arrived in 1958.
  
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  In those days, visitor numbers were very small.
  
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  But today, thanks to an increase in cruise ships, about 28,000 tourists visit the continent every year - more than three times the number that visited 15 years ago.
  

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  These temperatures make it a truly EXTREME environment, very dangerous for humans to visit and live.  In addition, for many months during the year there is 24 hours of darkness or 24 hours of light as the Earth orbits the sun.  You can also witness the Aurora Australis or southern lights here, and a huge range of wildlife from emperor penguins, seals to Whales.
  
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  The environment is also incredibly sensitive.  It can take many hundreds of years for rubbish to decompose because of the extremely low temperatures, and the food chain is also delicate because most of the marine life rely upon Krill as their primary source of food.
  
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  Antarctica is becoming an increasingly popular destination for tourists.  Indeed, tourist numbers have gone from 9,000 in 1992-93 to 46,000 in 2007-8 with over 100 companies being involved Visitors are mainly from rich nations (39% American, 15% British) and tend to fly to New Zealand or Chile or Argentina and set sail from there.
  
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  Few visitors go on the ice as it is too hazardous, however, there are some very accessible sites and boats tend to stop there preferentially.  These are Honey pot sites and the animals get disturbed from their usual feeding and breeding routines.  In addition, many ships have run aground and had accidents and oil spills are an increasing hazard.  Waste from tourist boats is also a problem, and by law ships are required to discharge waste well away from the edges of Antarctica
  

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  The IATTO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators)
  
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  In addition, Tourism has to follow the rules of the Antarctic treaty, signed in 1961, where many countries promised to demilitarize Antarctica, to establish it as a zone free of nuclear tests and the disposal of radioactive waste, and to ensure that it is used for peaceful purposes only;
  
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  to promote international scientific cooperation in Antarctica;
  
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  To set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty.
  

 ermits must also be obtained to go, and these permits include sections on waste management, risk management and how the applicant will minimise their Environmental Impact whilst in Antarctica.

The Antarctic Act of 1994 is a UK act which supports the Antarctic Treaty of 1961 and makes environmental damage in Antarctica by any British citizen punishable by law.

The US has its own permit system, formed in the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, protects native mammals, birds, and plants and their ecosystems. The law applies to all U.S. citizens and makes it unlawful to;

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  take native mammals or birds
  
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  engage in harmful interference
  
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  enter specially designated areas
  
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  introduce species to Antarctica
  
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  introduce substances designated as pollutants
  
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  discharge designated pollutants
  
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  import certain Antarctic items into the USA
  

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  Ecotourism caters for a small niche in the market of people who are environmentally aware and it is the fastest expanding sector of the tourism industry
  
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  Presently these holidays cost more so they only attract those who have money. Less well-off people might be aware of sustainable tourism but cannot afford it.
  
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  Eco-tourists experience the natural environment directly, undertaking activities like bird watching and trekking and their holiday has as little impact on the environment as is possible.
  
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  Energy used is sustainable/renewable and as little waste as possible generated
  
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  Accommodation is small scale and food is grown locally. Local people are the guides
  

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  Found at near the Ecuador and Peru border, in the Southern Ecaudorian Amazon Basin on the Pastaza River, a major river that flows into the Amazon.
  
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  The closest town in 10 days walk away.
  

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  One of the attractive things about the lodge is it’s remoteness.
  
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  You must travel to Shell and then get on a smaller plane, to get closer to the lodge. Then it is a 30 minute canoe ride to the Kapawi Lodge.
  

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  44 guests can be accommodated in traditional Achuar style cabins. All cabins stand on stilts above a lagoon of plant and animal life.
  
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  There are 19 double and triple cabins with private bathrooms. The water is heated by solar heated portable shower bags.
  
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  Water is totally purified from rain water.
  

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  Activities include bird watching, visiting local communities, hiking and camping.
  
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  Most activities include a visit to an Achuar community to experience how the Achuar people live in the rainforest.
  
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  You can experience the bird and animal life, and tourists might experience seeing the rare pink dolphins.
  

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  The lodge is situated on a lagoon, and the huts are built on stilts in order to minimise impact upon the surrounding vegetation.
  
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  Sewage goes through three- stage treatment process, ultimately, through a dry swamp, and is filtered and is returned into the environment.
  
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  Rubbish is separated into three types a) Plastic, glass and metal, which is packed and flown to the city b) Paper which is burnt c) Biodegerable rubbish is buried in the forest for decomposition to occur.
  
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  Canoes are equipped with engines that reduce the noise and pollution massively.
  
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  The entire lodge is powered by solar power, which is designed to provide 80% of the lodge’s energy needs, there is also a back-up generators
  
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  Solar heated shower bags provides 5 gallons of hot water per room daily, depending on the weather conditions.
  

1. 
   Environment
   

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  The Lodge enforces environmental policies to ensure they are protecting the environment such as the way they dispose waste, obtain water and use local food for feeding tourists. All these things ensure that the lodge has minimal impact on the environment.
  

2. 
   The Local economy
   

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  Local people are employed in the lodge, and this will develop the local economy as they will have a greater income, and will allow development of the area. Furthermore, because most activities visit the Achuar community tourist will buy souvenir goods from them and this will put money into the local area.
  

3. 
   The Local people
   

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  The local people get jobs in the lodge as workers such as cleaners, cooks or can act as guides. By providing employment for the local people it is sustainable to ensure that there is a reliable income stream to villages surrounding the lodge.