B. A. Major Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Chovanec, Ph

1 Minor discrepancies were found between Geike’s wordlists mentioned in Orkin and Hultin: In contrast to Hultin, for instance, Orkin quotes first-class with a hyphen, and chooses an ‘opposition’ ‘loan for lend’ (10). Besides, he makes difference between considerable meaning ‘a good deal’ and considerable much meaning ‘very well’ (10) while Hultin records only considerable as having both meanings (251).

2 e.g. the character of Sam Slick in Thomas Haliburton’s The Clockmaker (Hultin 1967: 244-245)

3 not only lexical

4 Pelhe’s paper implies a similar parable – she applies the image of Canadian mosaic to the spelling and pronunciation variants (2003).

5 Viereck (2005[2002]: 181) in his Atlas Englishe Sprache divides Canada, on the basis of the Survey of Canadian English, undertaken in 1972, into only three areas: Newfoundland, Eastern Canada and Western Canada, which is identical with the area of General Canadian . Boberg (2005: 40) distinguishes six principal lexical regions – the West, Ontario, Montreal, New Brunswick-Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. ITP (1997) and GCD’s (1967) ‘divisions’ differ from these only slightly.

6 Lovell mentions another three headings relating to BrE and AmE: ‘Spanish-American terms’, ‘Words shifted from one part of speech to another’, and ‘Apparent survivals from various Scottish and English dialects’ (Orkin 1970: 66-67)

7 A similar notion is implied in The Oxford Companion to the English Language by mentioning only (1) borrowings from indigenous languages, (2) borrowings from French and (3) the extension and adaptation of traditional words (i.e. BrE words) as resources for CanE vocabulary. (Mc Arthur 1996: 165-166)

8 i.e. “An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; and the Government thereof. and for Purposes connected therewith. [29th March 1897]” (source: British North America Act, 1867 - Enactment no. 1.(8 Nov 2001) 29 March 2006 .)

9 British equivalents taken from CALD: lorry, wing or mudguard, boot, guard’s van, respectively

10 Orkin argues that Canadians prefer the American term in this case, too, but the more recent source says the contrary.

11 McLay’s observation implies that in the 1930’s, the tendecies in the development of vocabularies in both Toronto and Montreal varieties were identical.

12 Cf. the change in the perception of CanE

13 The words included serviette, braces, coal oil (BrE, preferred in Ontario) and napkin, suspenders and kerosene (AmE) chosen by Montrealers. Both Ontarioans and Montrealers preferred can (AmE) over the British tin (Orkin 1970: 76).

14 Boberg (2005: 39) divides the Ontario area into Northwestern, Southern and Eastern Ontario and Greater Toronto. Generally, Montreal usage decreases westwards.

15 Boberg actually says that the “use of everything-on-it is more common with burgers than with pizza in most regions” when talking about the 60% preference in Toronto. But he equally claims that “terms for a burger with all the toppings […] are largely parallel to those for pizza” which allows me to establish this link.

16 Cf. Table 1 of the appendix

17 i.e. Canadian words, Canadianisms

18 These are colloquialisms for one and two dollar coins. Cornerstone’s (2006) web page mentions other possible spellings, loony and toonie. Loonie got its nickname from the loon on the coin.

19 Although the word is not included in the Canadian Oxford English Dictionary (Jurcic 2003a: 2), the Google search located 112,000 results for timbits, suggesting its relatively high frequency.

20 However, BNC search results prove that these days, ‘nothing to it’ being “used to say something is very easy” (CALD) – has become a common part of BrE.

21 I add formely because according to more recent sources, preposition to is now preferred also in BrE: BNC, NODE and OALD quote only sick to one’s stomach (OALD marks it as Americanism). In the 1970s, however, sick at one’s stomach seems to be more common, and even recommended – surprisingly by AHDEL.

22 Cf. Crystal 1985: 60.

23 Cf. Figures 1 and 2 of the appendix.

24 refers to the settlers from the US who came to Canada in the course of the American revolution (1776-83) and after it (McArthur 1996: 163)

25 Source: Discussion forum. ‘‘British’ Accents and Tuna Fish’ Online posting by Jay Tea [nickname]. 30 Oct 2002. Snopes.com. 9 Feb 2006 .

According to the forum, the information is based on the study of Avis, Walter S. 1972. So eh? Is Canadian, eh? Canadian Journal of Linguistics 17: 89-104. and Gibson, Deborah. 1977. Eight Types of 'eh'. Sociolinguistics Newsletter 8.1: 30-31.

26 Jurcic substantiates her view by her own experience of being recognized as Canadian on the basis of eh and some distinctions in pronunciation by both teachers and students during her seven-year career as an English teacher in Croatia.

27 Existence drobných formálních nepravidelností se docela dobře snáší i s vysokou jazykovou vytříbeností.

28 “By Order-in-Council #1178 dated June 12., 1890, the Prime Minister [Sir John A. Macdonald] ‘... therefore recommends the issue of instructions to the effect that in all official documents, in the Canada Gazette and in the Dominion Statutes the English practice be uniformly followed’.” (Source: ‘Origins of Canadian words.’ 2001, italics and hyphens in ‘Order-in-Council’ added)

29 i.e. loyal to the mother country. Mencken quotes an article from the Baltimore Evening Sun, “Canada Won’t Even Import American Spelling.” Aug. 5, 1931.

30 Cf. the publicity materials for this new dictionary on .

31 A distribution of the preferred variants may be affected by many factors, e.g. by the history of settlement (cf. McArthur 1996: 163-164, cf. Orkin 1970: 41-59).

32 In addition to reduction and vitality, Bell defines another five criteria – standardization, historicity, autonomy, mixture, and ‘de facto’ norms – which can be used for distinguishing between individual types of languages (Wardhaugh 1992: 30-37).

33 These words are taken from a web page called “Dave VE7CNV’s Truly Canadian Dictionary of Canadian Spelling”. Their spellings were verified in ITP in the Cambridge dictionaries online – CALD and CDAE. ITP lists always both spellings in one entry with the -our one placed first.

34 As Dressman (2005) remarks, Cornerstone Word Company “cite[s] usage surveys of the public and of Canadian editors”.

35 For more information on contemporary political, social and linguistic situation in Quebec cf. Duhet 1991: 69-147.

36The spellings of these words have been verified in ITP and in Cambridge Dictionaries online - CALD and CDAE. ITP lists always both spellings in one entry with the -re one placed first, except litre listed separately and liter listed as a chiefly US expression, variant of litre.

37 In his article “The myth of Canadian English”, Lilles complains that “Canadian dictionaries provide no overt guidance” as he experienced when he was searching the right spelling of analyse (2000: 7). Michael Dressden, writing in 2005, claims that Canadians “use the -yse ending in ‘analyse,’ while Americans use –yze”. In my opinion, the word Lilles chose to demonstrate the ‘total chaos’ of Canadian spelling system was exactly the one undergoing a change, a word in ‘transitional phase’ with an inconsistent spelling not only in Canada but also in the US, whose spelling pattern, in this case, CanE follows. As the language develops, each change needs some time to settle down. In my view, Lilles did not choose the word color/ colour which he refers to as a “thorn of Canadian orthography” which “remains unresolved” on purpose because what he would find would be a clear preference of the -our spelling, as indicated e.g. in ITP, GCD, and COD .

38It was verified in CDAE online

39 Examples of words are taken from Orkin but the preferred variants have been verified in GCD and ITP and modified (if needed)

40 Words mollusc – mollusk and toffee – taffy are taken from Orkin and further investigated.

41 In that year, the Official Languages Act was issued. (McArthur 1996: 163). It adopted most recommendations of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism launched in 1963, such as the “extension of official bilingualism into the federal government, [and] creation of bilingual districts with official language services where language minorities made up at least 10 percent of the population” (Insitute for Research on Public Policy. (1999) As I recall Si je me souviens bien: Historical perspectives. Montreal: IRPP. p. 170.)

42 i.e. Charte de la langue française. It imposed the French language in every sphere in Quebec: “government, judicial system, education, advertising, business, contracts, etc.” (Bélanger, Claude. (23 Aug 2000) “The Language Laws of Quebec.” Quebec History. ářčáářMarianopolis College. 29 Jan 2006 . )

43 These expressions are taken from Orkin 1970: 66.

44 These expressions are taken from Avis 1967: viii. Their meanings have been verified in ITP.

45 These expressions are taken from Avis 1967: viii, supplementary information on them is from ITP.

46 Except seigniory which is taken from Orkin 1970: 66, these expressions are contained in McArthur 1996: 166.

47 Tuque and caisse populaire are taken from McArtur 1996: 166, gaspareau from Orkin 1970: 66, and the remaining two words from Avis 1967: viii.

48 i.e. a steamed hot dog. Neither ITP nor GCD mention this spelling, ITP offers only stymie or stymy.

49 i.e. Front de Libération du Québec, Duhet uses the abbreviation with full points: F.L.Q. (1991: 66).