Class XVI international seminar trip Reports February 15-27, 2014
Relationship with countries around world
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- Relationship with United States
- Specific laws to know, passport requirements State park regulations, information, and history Current issues at places we will visit
- Homesexuality .
- Children’s Rights .
- Child-headed Households .
- Adoption Laws .
- Instructions for US Citizens Arrested in South Africa .
- Driving Information .
- Pedestrian Safety .
- Passport Requirements
- All travelers are strongly advised to have at least two (2) fully blank passport visa pages upon arrival in South Africa.
- State park regulations, information, and history
- Identification
- Gate Times
- Feeding Wildlife is Prohibited
- Litter-Free Zone
- Killing of Animals
- Taking Pictures
- Alcohol
- Cape of Good Hope Baboons
- Kruger National Park History.
- Current Issues at Places OALP Plans to Visit: Crocodile Farming
- Sources: Chris Kidd
- Culture Religion – ethnic groups/religion/cultural history
- Etiquette in South Africa Sandra Stevenson
Relationship with countries around world: South Africa has worked hard in the post-Apartheid Regime to be a leader in the effort for global peace. South Africa has worked as a peace keeper in several different countries around the world. Since 1965, South Africa has been involved in five different wars in neighboring countries. All of the wars have been civil wars in those countries. The conflict weren’t actually against South Africa, but the government of South Africa felt the need to help one side or the other. The opponents in most cases were rebel groups and war lords. South Africa has also taken in many refugees from surrounding countries, but there has been much controversy about the treatment of those refugees. Hundreds of thousands of those refugees have been deported back to their countries. South Africa has closed several of its refugee offices and limited the amount of funding to refugee programs. South Africa is a founding member of the United Nations. South Africa is also a founding member of the African Union. The African Union promotes unity between all African Countries. After the reign of Apartheid ended, South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth of Nations is a group of formally British controlled states. South Africa was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council from 2006-2008 and again from 2010-2012. In the past ten years South Africa has increased its partnership with Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS). South Africa’s President has said this relationship represents the largest trading partners with South Africa. President Zuma also stated that the BRICS would work together through organizations like the UN, G20, and IBSA.
The US Ambassador to South Africa is Patrick Gaspard. The South Africa ambassador to US is Ebirhim Rasool The United States and South Africa had no real relationship before 1929. In 1929, South Africa had the ability to act as an independent region within the British Empire. In the 1950’s-1960’s, the South African government and the United State had a program where the United States shared nuclear technology with the South African government. From the 1970’s to the 1990’s the relationship between South Africa and the United States was extremely limited, for two reasons. The first reason was the fact that South Africa started using the nuclear reactor that the United States gave them to produce a nuclear weapon. The reactor was originally given to South Africa for research purposes only. The second reason the relationship between the South Africa and United States was limited was the political party in power from 1948 to 1994. The Apartheid was a racial political party that severely limited the freedom and rights of everyone that was non-white. Most countries around the world pressed the South African Apartheid government to change the way it view its people. The Apartheid fell apart in 1994, and now most people that are in power in the South African government are part of the African National Convention. Since, 1994 the United States and South Africa have worked on several different issues. The two countries have a bilateral relationship. The United States’ aid to South Africa comes in many forms. The United States helps by providing healthcare and healthcare technology. This is a huge help to South African, because almost 10% of the population has Aids. The US helps training teachers to increase education standards. There are several other areas where the US helps. They include; training and supplying law enforcement, improving agriculture capacity, developing clean energy. South Africa has one of the highest percentages of rape among women, almost 1/5 women say they have been raped. The country also has one of the highest crime rates. It is a theory that most crime is black people attaching white people. The reason for this is the oppression the white people had on the black people during the Apartheid reign. Another major problem in South Africa is unemployment. The US Agency for International Development is helping to encourage small and midsized business that will decrease un-employment, decrease sexual assaults, and promote healthcare. South Africa provides the United States with many opportunities that wouldn’t be possible without their relationship. South Africa has taken a leadership position with the African Union. This position allows the US to have intelligence of the African Continent. Another key asset from the relationship between the US and South Africa is the opportunities for trade the US receives. There are several treaties and acts that make trade between the two countries easier. This is a big benefit for the United States. Specific laws to know, passport requirements State park regulations, information, and history Current issues at places we will visit Janet Stewart Specific laws to know, passport requirements: While traveling in South Africa visitors are subject to South African laws. There are differences, some small and some drastic, regarding South African laws, its legal systems, and in its forms of justice and punishment. If a visitor commits an offense of South Africa’s laws, even unknowingly, they can be expelled, arrested, fined and/or imprisoned. Below is a quick summarized version of some of the laws a visitor might want to know or might even be curious about: Drugs. The smuggling, possessing, trafficking, or using of illegal drugs is a serious offense in South Africa that can result in severe punishments. If convicted of a drug charge a visitor should expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. Homesexuality. South Africa has pending legislation which bans any discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Smoking. South African law prohibits smoking in most public spaces, including airports and railway stations. It is common for the restaurants to have designated smoking and non-smoking areas. Fireworks. Apart from a few special exceptions the lighting of fireworks by residents is only allowed eleven (11) days annually. No person may light or ignite fireworks in any place where animals are present, this includes domestic homes. No person may use fireworks on any agricultural holding or at any school or senior citizens’ residence without special authorization. No person can use fireworks within 500 meters of any gas station (petrol depot). Children’s Rights. The South African constitution provides for the rights of children in South Africa. The South African Government is also a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. This is very different from United States provisions because South Africa has some unique problems regarding children. The Children’s Rights provisions are based off of four major principles: 1. The right of the child to survival, development, and protection from abuse and neglect; 2. The right to have a voice and be listened to; 3. That the best interests of the child should be of primary consideration; and 4. The right to freedom from discrimination. The HIV and AIDS epidemic in South Africa has impacted children and made children’s rights an important issue. The HIV and AIDS epidemic is a major catastrophe which threatens South Africa’s ability to meet its commitments to its children. The HIV and AIDS epidemic intensifies the difficult circumstances of many children in South Africa that are already greatly affected by poverty, lack of access to resources and services, minimal infrastructure, fragmented families, and violence and abuse against women and children. Child-headed Households. Child-headed households are recognized as a family type in South Africa due to the impacts of HIV and AIDS. This is something that we do not see in the United States. A household is defined as child-headed when one of the following applies: 1. The parent or primary caregiver of the household is terminally ill or has died; 2. No adult family member is available to provide care for the children in the household; and/or 3. A child has assumed the role of primary caregiver in respect to the other children in the household in terms of providing food, clothing, and psychosocial support. Adoption Laws. In the past, adoption by a non-citizen of a child born of a South African citizen in South Africa was possible only if the non-citizen qualified for naturalization as a South African citizen. South African courts also had no legal power to undertake adoption procedures in respect of non-South African children by South Africans. Currently, South Africa has signed an international convention on inter-country adoptions. The Children's Act of 2005 sets out the procedure for inter-country adoptions. To legalize any inter-country adoptions it is important that social workers liaise directly with the Registrar of Adoptions in Pretoria. Who qualifies to adopt a child is as follows: 1. A husband and wife can jointly adopt a child; 2. Partners in a permanent life-partnership (including same-sex partners) can jointly adopt a child; 3. A married person whose spouse is the parent of the child, or by a person whose permanent domestic life partner is the parent of the child; 4. A widow or widower or an unmarried or divorced person can adopt a child; 5. Other persons sharing a common household and forming a permanent family unit; and 6. A biological father of a child who does not have guardianship in respect of the child or the foster parent of a child has the right to be considered as a prospective adoptive parent when the child becomes available for adoption. For more information on adoptions you can look at http://www.westerncape.gov.za/service/adopting-child. Instructions for US Citizens Arrested in South Africa. Pursuant to bilateral agreements with the United States, the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, and customary international law, if U.S. citizens are arrested in South Africa, they should request the police, prison officials, or other authorities to notify the nearest U.S. consulate of the arrest and circumstances, and to have all communications regarding the arrest forwarded to the nearest U.S. consulate. Driving Information. South African law does not require an international driver’s license for U.S. citizen tourists who are licensed to drive in the United States and who are in South Africa for less than six months. A valid driver’s license from any U.S. state or territory that has the signature and photo of the driver is valid to drive in South Africa for stays of less than six months. Please note that while South African law does not require an international driver’s license, insurance companies for both long-term residents and rental car customers often require proof of a South African or international driver’s license in order to honor an insurance claim, even when such proof was not requested at the time the policy was secured. Unlike the United States, where traffic moves on the right-hand side of the road, traffic in South Africa moves on the left, and the steering wheel is on the right-hand side of the car. Traffic laws are not followed closely by the locals so be ready for anything. Pedestrian Safety. Take extreme care when crossing streets. Accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians are too common in South Africa. Pedestrian deaths are a regular occurrence and during a quick search I found at least four cases involving U.S. citizen victims since 2008. South African drivers are often aggressive towards pedestrians and fail to yield the right-of-way, even in marked crosswalks, so be careful!!! Passport Requirements. South African law requires travelers to have one (1) totally blank (unstamped) visa page in their passport in order to enter the country. In practice, however, travelers often need to have more than one (1) blank page. There have been numerous instances in which South African immigration officers required travelers to have two (2) fully blank pages. Some travelers have been refused entry and returned to their point of origin. All travelers are strongly advised to have at least two (2) fully blank passport visa pages upon arrival in South Africa. Travelers without the requisite blank visa pages in their passports may be refused entry into South Africa, fined, and returned to their point of origin at their own expense. In many cases, South African authorities have not granted approval for U.S. Consular officers to assist U.S. citizen travelers by adding extra visa pages. As a general precaution, all travelers are advised to carry a photocopy of the photo/bio information page of their passport and keep it in a location separate from their passport. State park regulations, information, and history: This portion of the report on South Africa includes information regarding entrance into the national parks, as well as a little history on Kruger National Park and the baboons in the Cape of Good Hope Reserve. Indemnification. Usually at the national parks visitors will be required to sign indemnification forms that waive the visitor’s right to file any claim, action, judgment, and costs or expenses against the national park for any injury to person or property while in the park. Identification. All visitors need to make sure that they have an acceptable means of identification with them when visiting the national parks. Driving Information. Stick to the speed limit! All general rules of the road apply within the Kruger National Park and the other national parks. You are not allowed to drive “off-road” or on roads with a “no entry” sign. Each camp has its own gas station! In Africa, you have to fill up at every opportunity, because one never knows where the next gas station is located! Driving a vehicle in a reckless or negligent manner or in a deliberate disregard for the safety of a person, animal, or property is a serious offense and can result in charges being filed. Gate Times. Gate times for the parks must be strictly adhered to. After hours driving is not allowed in the Parks and will result in fines. Stay in Your Vehicle. At Kruger and several other parks you are required to stay in your vehicle at all times because there is a possible threat from dangerous animals. In these parks visitors may only alight from their vehicles in designated areas. No part of your body may protrude from a window or sunroof and doors should remain closed and locked at all times. If you have vehicle problems do not step out of your vehicle! Wait in your vehicle and call the park administration to send a breakdown service. In the ''Cape of Good Hope" nature reserve baboons have developed the ability to open car doors so especially lock those doors! In the past visitors have made the mistake of getting out of their vehicles and have been killed. They have been trampled by wild herds of animals, trampled by scared or aggressive animals, and even killed by wild cats that were hiding in the dense bushes and high grass. If attacked you will stand no chance! Animal Viewing. In Kruger especially, to ensure that you see all the animals you want, have a look at the spotting board in the various receptions to track the latest game spotting. Feeding Wildlife is Prohibited. The feeding or disturbing of animals is a serious offense. By feeding any wildlife you are potentially signing the animal’s death warrant, as they may become dependent and often become aggressive and dangerous to people and therefore have to be put down. Monkeys and baboons lose respect to people if you offer them food. In their eyes, you are becoming submissive when you offer them food and this can make them attack. An adult baboon has fangs almost as big as those of a lion. Litter-Free Zone. Remember, animals see litter as food! Therefore littering is prohibited. Wildlife. The wild animals will always have priority. Especially when approaching elephants, buffalo or rhinos, you should keep a safe distance! It can happen that elephants will block your path for several minutes or even hours. If you are rushing back to the gates during the evening, do not try and pass the herd of wild animals. Rather call the camp and let them know of your situation. Killing of Animals. Poaching and killing or injuring of animals is strictly prohibited. Noise and Cell Phones. Several national parks, including Kruger, have stringent noise restrictions which are enforced between 21:30 and 06:00. The use of cell phones is permitted only in camps, gates, and in cases of emergency. Behaving in an offensive, improper, indecent or disorderly manner including the playing of any radio, compact disc player, music system, musical system or instrument, or in any way cause of any noise in any manner likely to disturb any species or specimen or other person is strictly prohibited. Taking Pictures. Please try to take photos without flash. Elephants are easily disturbed by flash cameras. Pets. No pets are allowed. The only exception is for guide dogs for the visually impaired. If a pet is brought to a park the owner is fined and the pet put down. Flora & Fauna. No plant, animal, wildlife, or any natural or cultural items may be removed from a national park without permission. To cut, damage, destroy or be in possession of any plant or part, including dry wood or firewood is a serious offense. Importing of any specimen of an alien or listed invasive species into a national park is prohibited. Alcohol. The consumption of alcohol in public areas is prohibited. Smoking. Smoking restrictions are different for each park so pay attention to each parks’ rules. Fire Hazard. Starting or causing of any fire other than in a fireplace or container purposely made available for fire is strictly prohibited in the parks. Malaria. The Kruger National Park is a malaria zone. All visitors are encouraged to adhere to their doctor’s instructions. There is a 24 hour malaria hotline that is available if needed, the number is 0822341800. Cape of Good Hope Baboons. The Cape of Good Hope is one of the Parks we will be visiting. The Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus) are found on the Cape Peninsula and are the only protected population of this species in Africa. They subsist on fruits, roots, honey, bulbs, insects and scorpions. During low tide, they may be seen roaming the beaches, feeding on sandhoppers and shellfish, behavior believed to be unusual in primates. Please be aware that baboons can be dangerous and are attracted by food. Visitors must not feed or tease them. DO keep a safe distance from baboons; DO move away slowly if a baboon approaches you; DO NOT display food when baboons are visible; DO NOT open the windows or doors of your car when baboons are present; DO NOT feed baboons. You will be fined. Kruger National Park History. The park was first proclaimed in 1898 as the Sabie Game Reserve by the then president of the Transvaal Republic, Paul Kruger. He first proposed the need to protect the animals of the Lowveld in 1884, but his revolutionary vision took another 12 years to be realized when the area between the Sabie and Crocodile Rivers was set aside for restricted hunting. On May 31, 1926 the National Parks Act was proclaimed and with it the merging of the Kruger National Park. The first motorists entered the park in 1927 for a fee of one pound. Historical sites and information. There are almost 254 known cultural heritage sites in the Kruger National Park, including nearly 130 recorded rock art sites. There is ample evidence that prehistoric man roamed the area between 500,000 and 100,000 years ago. More than 300 archaeological sites of Stone Age man have been identified in the park. There are also many historical tales of the presence of Nguni people and European explorers and settlers in the Kruger area and there are significant archaeological ruins at Thulamela and Masorini. Current Issues at Places OALP Plans to Visit: Crocodile Farming. South Africa’s crocodile farming industry is under scrutiny following an application by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) to change laws which governs the treatment of crocodiles in captivity. One of the NSPCA’s concerns regarding the industry as a whole relates to the use of electrical stunning. Electric stunning is widely used in crocodile farming, here and elsewhere, and the South African Crocodile Farmers’ Association (SACFA) which represents half of the country’s 60 crocodile farmers and “90% of its output” argues its beneficial use. The SACFA argues that studies show that stunning is effective without being cruel, and that it “results in improved safety for crocodiles and people”. SACFA is working to draw up standard guidelines for the use of stunning machines and after a trial period intends to offer training to members. The NSPCA has also sought criminal charges against crocodile farmers for violations of the Animal Protection Act in the Pongola area. The charge is for keeping crocodiles in single pens which are “too small, too shallow, and unsheltered”. Irrespective of size, the NSPCA views the concept of single pens as cruel to a social species, which should therefore not be allowed. Do these arguments sound familiar? More information on crocodile farming laws can be found at https://law.resource.org/pub/za/ibr/za.sans.631.2009.html. Wine Regulations. In 1973, the Wine of Origin System was introduced and it established boundaries for South Africa’s winelands. The winelands are divided into official regions, districts, wards and estates. South Africa’s wine regulations are defined by the South Africa Wine and Spirit Board and are enforced by South Africa Wine Industry Information and Systems (SAWIS). A wine label can carry the designation of a Wine of Origin, which shows that the wine is one of the highest quality wines in South Africa. In order to carry this designation, 100% of the grapes must be from the defined appellation, 75% of the wine must be from the specified vintage and 75% of the wine (85% if exported to the EU) must be from the stated grape variety. If a wine label carries the name of a place, such as a region, sub-region or appellation, 75% of the grapes must come from that place. If two grapes are named on the label, the grapes must be stated in the order of importance, such as Cabernet-Merlot when the wine contains more Cabernet Sauvignon than Merlot. When a wine label carries the name of a grape variety, the wine must be made from at least 75% of that grape variety. Sources: Chris Kidd www.southafrica.info/about/history/national-symbols.htm#ixzz2mdh7y9QE www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography www.sahistory.org.za www.sahistory.org.za/south-african-and-world-leaders www.southafrica.info http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa Mandela, Nelson. 1995. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. A Back Bay Book Publishing Company Meriruth Cohenour www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/323870/Paul-Kruger www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/aboutgandhi/biography_southafrica.htm www.gov.za www.mondotimes.com/1/world/za/335/5066/30734 www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography www.sahistory.org.za www.sahistory.org.za/south-african-and-world-leaders www.southafrica.info www.southafrica.info/about/history/gandhi070609.htm#.UpUR5NKshNc www.world66.com/africa/southafrica/johannesburg/cybercafes/ Hain, Peter. 2010. Mandela: The Concise Story of Nelson Mandela. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, London. Justin Lingo http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa http://www.nationmaster.com/country/sf-south-africa/mil-military \ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html http://www.gov.za/ Communication with David Handyside, resident from South Africa who moved to US in mid-2000’s
www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/southafricanlegalresearch.cfm www.environment.co.za/environmental-issues-news/know-the-fireworks-laws.html Guest, Emma. 2002. Children of AIDS; Africa’s Orphan Crisis. Pluto Press, London http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1008.html www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/tourism_reservations/park-regulations www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/tourism/history.php www.westerncape.gov.za/service/adopting-child www.southafrica.info/about/sustainable/conservation-030506.htm www.southafrica.info www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2005-038%20childrensact.pdf https://law.resource.org/pub/za/ibr/za.sans.631.2009.html www.pir.sa.gov.au/wine/sa_wine_industry_council
Stacy Howeth Sandra Stevenson Tracey Payton Miller Jamie Cummings
A glimpse of society today in South Africa looks quite different than any previous moment in time. The country and its people have made strides in changing the widespread societal problems and oppression within their borders. As in most countries today, the threat of racism, violence and unfairness remains an issue, but South Africa has come a long way. Previous to 1994, apartheid was in existence. Apartheid means “apartness.” The Afrikaner National Party established apartheid in 1948. The purpose was to basically take over the South African population by eliminating the rights any race besides the white class of people. At the time, there were three major classes: white, black or African and Coloured people, who were of mixed decent. The Coloured group had two major subgroups of Indians and Asians. There were two influential pieces of legislation that created legal boundaries between the mentioned races: the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was established in 1949 and forebodes a marriage union between white and non-white individuals. At the time of enactment, there had only been 75 recorded mixed marriages, as compared to the over 28,000 documented marriages of whites. The Immorality Act became law in 1950 and prohibited adultery, attempted adultery or related immoral acts between white and non-white people. Both of these laws were repealed in one legislative move in 1985. The official legislation was called the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act. But these were not the only legislative actions taken to segregate whites and non-whites. Another impactful wave of legislation pushed by the Afrikaner National Party during apartheid was the elimination of the voting rights of Coloured and African people. Territories within South Africa were reviewed and altered to favor white government. The purpose was to hold Africans “hostage” to their newly established homeland and revoke citizenship in the general South African borders. It was this point in time that black people were required to carry passport-type documentation to access non-black areas. The controlling government went on to gain control of the educational system. They denied blacks of higher education opportunities. Eventually, the same oppressive government decided to move approximately 60,000 non-white people to an alternative area of South Africa. The individuals moved were of African, Indian, Chinese and Coloured decent. This monumental movement was called the Western Areas Removal Scheme. This movement led to the foundation of the Congress of the People, who adopted a Freedom Charter. It established four points: 1) The People Shall Govern 2) All National Groups Shall Have Equal Right 3) The People Shall Share In The Country’s Wealth 4) The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It The creation of this charter and the organization of the non-white political groups grew stronger and stronger. By 1959, the Pan African Congress was founded. Yet in 1960, the government banned African political organizations. It appears that this was the beginning of the end of apartheid. It was just a few years later that Nelson Mandela and other movement leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment. One cannot discuss the current standing of South Africa without mentioning Nelson Mandela. His is widely considered the driving force behind the much-improved standard of living in his native country. His involvement began in 1944, by joining the African National Congress. As noted, Mandela was imprisoned in 1964. Mandela was housed in a special confinement, separate from the “common” people of the same resistance movement. The theory was that the influence of the commander would be abolished. Instead, approximately 30 leaders of various political organizations were kept together in what was known as B Section of the prison. While imprisoned, Mandela embodied leadership qualities. On several occasions, he led the prisoners in fights against unfair labor, petitions to authorities and hunger strikes. Government officials often visited him. In 1976, the Minister of Prisons, Jimmy Kruger, offered his release. The condition was that he be quarantined to a certain area of South Africa. Mandela refused. For about a year, Mandela secretly wrote his own autobiography. He hid the writing passages in the prisoners’ vegetable garden, to be ultimately smuggled out by a fellow prisoner, who was to be released before him. Prison construction workers eventually foiled the plan when digging in the area. Mandela was released in 1990, after 27 years in prison. He spent the next few years traveling around South Africa and visiting countries around the world. The research and knowledge gained of other countries’ social, political and general makeup served as inspiration for reform. Mandela called for disciplined and peaceful protest upon his return to South Africa. Mandela was elected unopposed as president of South Africa in 1994. Since 1994, South Africa has focused on economic, social and political standings. The transition to democracy was initially sparked by the political sector. The African National Congress continued to build on the original Freedom Charter with emphasis on the following focuses: Building “an integrated and growing economy from which all South Africans can benefit” Striving ‘for macro-economic balances that support sustainable growth and development … as requirements that ensure higher rates of growth, labor-absorption and poverty-reduction” Putting in place “an industrial strategy and corresponding program which continually identifies and addresses constraints to investment to help build an economy characterized by high levels of manufacturing activity, modern services, expanding trade, cutting edge technology and a vibrant small business and cooperative sector. Ensuring that ‘benefits of growth are shared by all, there will be a focus on creating decent jobs and ensuring an improving quality of life for workers. Government will implement programs to eliminate economic dualism and exclusion. These include skills development, specific attention to industries that lend themselves to involvement by marginalized communities, access to micro-credit and small business assistance, land reform, public works projects and promotion of sustainable livelihoods at community and household levels. In recent years, the South African economy has grown at unprecedented levels – specifically around 4% on average between 1994 and 2006. Additionally, and as a result, the growth of economy has increased the creation of jobs in the country. If South Africa continues to expand trade options, stimulate economies and job creation, utilize collective bargaining and the like… it will continue to evolve for the better. South Africa will not forget its dark past, when apartheid was in place. But it can strive to continue to move forward as a more productive, positive and peaceful place to live. Sources: About.com: African History Http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cal/cs201/apartheid.hist.html Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949. Enacted by the Parliament of South Africa. Republic of South Africa. 2012-2013. Annual Report. Department of Environmental Affairs South African History Online: http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nelson-rolihlahla-mandela South Africa’s National Liberation Movement: http://www.anc.org.za Thompson, L. 1996. A History of South Africa. Revised edition. Yale University Press. New Haven and London. Etiquette in South Africa Sandra Stevenson Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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