Commission staff working document

18 Dettmer, M., German employees exchange wage cuts for equity. A share of future profits, spiegel online, 2009, available online at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,640304,00.html.

19See the Commission Communications: ‘From Financial crisis to recovery: A European framework for action’, COM(2008) 706, and ‘A European Economic Recovery Plan’, COM(2008) 800.

20 See: March 2009 Commission Communication for the Spring European Council ‘Driving European recovery’, COM(2009) 114.

21For an extensive analysis on labour market transitions during the crisis, see: Arpaia, A. and N. Curci, ‘EU labour market behaviour during the Great Recession’, European Commission (DG ECFIN), European Economy, Economic Paper No 405, June 2010.

22Detailed analysis on STW schemes during the crisis can be found in Arpaia, A., N. Curci, E. Meyermans, J. Peschner and F. Pierini, ‘Short-time working arrangements as response to cyclical fluctuations’, European Commission (DG ECFIN), European Economy, Occasional Paper No 64, June 2010. A joint paper, prepared in collaboration by Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs and Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2010/pdf/ocp64_en.pdf.

23ECOFIN Council Conclusions on exit strategies for crisis-related measures in the labour and product markets, of 16 March 2010.

24Commission Communication ‘Europe 2020 — A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’, COM(2010) 2020.

25Short-time working arrangements as a response to cyclical fluctuations. Occasional paper 64, June 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2010/pdf/ocp64_en.pdf.

26In Germany, short-time working accounted for only 25 % of the total reduction in average hours from 2008 to 2009, while reductions in the volume of paid over-time work and debiting working-time accounts were both responsible for a 20 % reduction in hours (other leave covered by sick leave etc.): Bach, H.-U. and Spitznagel, E., 2009, ‘Kurzarbeit: Betriebe zahlen mit — und haben was davon‘, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, IAB Kurzbericht 17/2009:

http://doku.iab.de/kurzber/2009/kb1709.pdf.

27Cassa integrazione guadagni.

28Employment in Europe 2010: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=593.

29This is published by unit ENTR/B2 — Industrial competitiveness policy: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial competitiveness/documents/index_en.htm#monthly_notes.

30ECORYS, Measuring and Benchmarking the Structural Adjustment Performance of EU industry, May 2009 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/_getdocument.cfm?doc_id=5328.

31CCMI Opinion on the European aviation relief programme: http://eescopinions.eesc.europa.eu/EESCopinionDocument.aspx?identifier=ces\ccmi\ccmi071\ces1944-2009_ac.doc&language=EN.

32CCMI opinion on the European shipbuilding industry: dealing with the current crisis: http://eescopinions.eesc.europa.eu/EESCopinionDocument.aspx?identifier=ces\ccmi\ccmi069\ces644-2010_ac.doc&language=EN.

33‘General Motors announces Europe-wide restructuring plans’, May 2010 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2010/02/articles/eu1002029i.htm.

34Temporary Community framework for State aid measures to support access to finance in the current financial and economic crisis (2009/C16/01):

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:016:0001:0009:EN:PDF.

35Factories of the future public/private partnership initiative: http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/factories-of-the-future_en.html.

36Green Cars Initiative: http://ec.europa.eu/research/transport/info/green_cars_initiative_en.html.

37A European strategy on clean and energy efficient vehicles, COM(2010) 0186: http://www.ipex.eu/ipex/cms/home/Documents/doc_COM20100186FIN.

38 The Cohesion Policy is one of the main instruments supporting investments in growth and jobs. "The Cohesion Policy: Responding to the economic crisis", is a review of the implementation of cohesion policy measures adopted in support of the European Economic Recovery Plan SEC(2010) 1291 final.

39Recommendation on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (2008/C 111/01): http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:111:0001:0007:EN:PDF.

40European guidelines for validating non-formal and informal learning. Cedefop, 2009: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4054_en.pdf.

41Resolution of the Council and of the representatives of the Member States meeting within the Council of 28 May 2004 on Strengthening Policies, Systems and Practices in the field of Guidance throughout life in Europe.

42Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council of 21 November 2008 on better integrating lifelong guidance into lifelong learning strategies.

43Career Guidance. A Handbook for Policy Makers. The European Commission. OECD. OECD Publishing, December 2004. ISBN: 9789264015210.

44Commission Communication ‘Europe 2020 — A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’, COM(2010) 2020.

45The European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion financed a study on ‘Transferable skills across economic sectors — Role and importance for employment at European level’ in order to identify which skills are transferable across sectors, groups of sectors and occupations, currently and during the 10 next years, which are the instruments and methods to be used for a better mobility of the workers through the development of transferable competences and which is the role of the main actors in this field. This article is based on the results of this study. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=101&langId=en&furtherPubs=yes

46New Skills for New Jobs: anticipating and matching labour market and skills needs. COM(2008) 868 final: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0868:FIN:EN:PDF.

47New Skills for New Jobs: Action Now. A report by the Expert Group on New Skills for New Jobs prepared for the European Commission. February 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4508&langId=en.

48Europe 2020 — A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020.

49Youth on the Move. COM(2010) 477 final: http://ec.europa.eu/education/yom/com_en.pdf.

50For further details, see http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=784&langId=en.

51https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/anticipedia/document/show.do?id=2945.

52For a detailed description of the ISCO classifications see: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco88/major.htm.

53 http://www.walqing.eu (FP7, 2010-2012) — Walqing focuses on work in growing jobs in Europe with problematic working conditions, precarious employment, and/or lack of social integration. It specifically addresses the representation of vulnerable groups in these jobs such as migrant and ethnic minority workers, some groups of women and younger and older workers.

54 Walqing working paper 2010.1, Structural growth of employment in Europe Balancing Absolute and Relative Trends, by Sem Vandekerckhove, Bart Capéau and Monique Ramioul of HIVA-K.U.Leuven.

55New Skills for New Jobs COM(2008) 868 final: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0868:FIN:EN:PDF.

56A Shared Commitment for Employment COM(2009) 257 final: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/09/st10/st10628.en09.pdf.

57Expert Group on New Skills for New Jobs (2010), New Skills for New Jobs: Action Now, European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=568&langId=en.

58An agenda for new skills and jobs: A European contribution towards full employment COM(2010) 682: ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=6328&langId=en.

59Sector Councils on Employment and Skills at EU level — A study into their feasibility and impact: https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/anticipedia/document/show.do?id=2947.

60CCMI opinion on matching skills: sector councils on employment and skills: http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.en.ccmi-opinions.14368.

61The challenges of the automotive industry — Towards a European partnership for the anticipation of change: http://www.anticipationofchange.eu/fileadmin/anticipation/Logos/EU_partnership_en.pdf.

62For more details, see http://www.anticipationofchange.eu/.

63CLEPA and EMF joint declaration: http://www.clepa.eu/index.php?id=388.

64European strategy on clean and energy-efficient vehicles COM(2010) 186 final: http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0186:FIN:EN:PDF.

65European Commission (2010), ‘European SMEs under Pressure, Annual Report on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises 2009’, Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/performance-review/pdf/dgentr_annual_report2010_100511.pdf.

66For further information, see http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/index_en.htm.

67For further information, see http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/entrepreneurship/sme_envoy.htm.

68European Commission (2009) Guide for training in SMEs, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=782&newsId=544&furtherNews=yes.

69 For more details, see http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/index_en.htm.

70 The LLL2010 project (supported by the EC’s 6th Framework Programme for Research, 2006-2011 — http://lll2010.tlu.ee/) studied lifelong learning through a network of fourteen institutions in different countries/regions: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, England, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, Scotland, Slovenia and Russian Federation. It conducted research with adults who are participating in formal education (or studies the reasons for non-participation), within small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and within schools, universities and other providers of adult education.

A summary of the research on formal LLL practices within SMEs was published in the Journal of Workplace Learning (Vol. 22 No 1/2, 2010, pp. 79-93): ‘Formal adult learning and working in Europe: a new typology of participation patterns’ by Günter Hefler and Jörg Markowitsch, Danube University, Krems, Austria. This paper was the winner of the Best Paper Award at the 6th International Conference on Researching Work and Learning, Denmark, June 2009.

71 The first country report, from New Zealand, is available under the following link: http://www.oecd.org/document/46/0,3343,en_2649_34417_44999662_1_1_1_1,00.html.

72Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0047:0199:EN:PDF.

73 The market economy operator principle is a test based on the conduct of a reasonable private investor or private creditor and consists of determining whether the undertaking which benefits from any state support measure could have obtained the same economic advantage this measure brings on the market.

74 Community guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty, OJ C 244, 01.10.2004, p. 2.

75 An overview of the rescue and restructuring cases can be found under this link: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/index.cfm?clear=1&policy_area_id=3.

76 The application of State aid rules to measures taken in relation to financial institutions in the context of

the current global financial crisis: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/banking_crisis_paper.pdf.

77The recapitalisation of financial institutions in the current financial crisis: limitation of aid to the minimum necessary and safeguards against undue distortions of competition, 2009/C 10/03: http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:010:0002:0010:EN:PDF.

78Communication from the Commission on the treatment of impaired assets in the Community banking sector: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/impaired_assets.pdf.

79Communication from the Commission on the return to viability and the assessment of the restructuring measures in the financial sector in the current crisis under the State aid rules: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:195:0009:0020:EN:PDF.

80Communication from the Commission — Temporary Community Framework for State aid measures to support access to finance in the current financial and economic crisis.

81Communication from the Commission amending the Temporary Community Framework for State aid measures to support access to finance in the current financial and economic crisis: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/atf_en.pdf.

82Communication of the Commission applying Articles 92 and 93 of the Treaty to short-term export- credit insurance: http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997Y0917(01):EN:NOT.

83 Case N 80/2009 — State guarantees in favour of Volvo cars (OJ C 172, 24.07.2009).

84 Case NN 41/2009 — Rescue Aid to LDV (OJ C 212, 05.09.2009).

85 State Aid Scoreboard, Autumn 2010 Update, p.11. See http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0701:FIN:EN:PDF.

86 The Temporary Framework for the real economy has not been prolonged after 1st January 2012. From this date, normal State aid rules should apply.

87http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/esf/index_en.htm.

88 Report on ‘The European Social Fund: adaptability and continuing training of workers’, Bernard Brunhes International, 2010.

89Regulation (EC) No 1081/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5 July 2006) on the European Social Fund and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1784/1999.

90For more details, see: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=326&langId=en.

91 Communication from the Commission to the European Council on A European Economic Recovery Plan, COM(2008) 800.

92 Regulation (EC) No 546/2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 1927/2006 on establishing the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund.

93For the purpose of the EGF the economic sector is defined as a NACE Revision 2 Division, Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 establishing the statistical classification of economic activities NACE Revision 2 and amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 3037/90 as well as certain EC regulations on specific statistical domains.

94For the purpose of the EGF the region is defined at NUTS II level, Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS).

95This category consists in particular in career guidance, skills certification, personalised action plans, open information services for jobseekers, etc.

96 Communication from the Commission ‘Europe 2020 — A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’, COM(2010) 2020.

97This contribution is based on Regions 2020: Regional vulnerability — Globalisation (Update of the Commission Staff Working Paper: Regions 2020 ‘An Assessment of Future Challenges for EU Regions’, which was published in November 2008).

98 Crips, F. et al. (2009), Regional challenges in the perspective of 2020. Regional disparities and future challenges. Background paper Globalisation. Study carried out for the European Commission. Brussels.

99For more details, see: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/expost2006/
wp4_exec_summary_en.pdf.

100The contribution of restructuring to labour productivity is calculated by dividing an adjusted figure for labour productivity in 2007 by productivity in 2000. The adjusted productivity figure in 2007 is calculated by combining sectoral productivity of 2000 with the distribution of sectoral employment in 2007. Productivity is calculated as GDP in constant prices divided by employment. Sectoral GDP is adjusted to the sectoral share of GVA. The analysis is based on a six-sector breakdown: Agriculture, Industry, Construction, Trade, Financial and business services and Public services.

101Regions with a GDP per capita which is below 75 % of the EU average.

102More information can be found at www.urbact.eu/unic.

103http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/cooperation/interregional/ecochange/
regiostars_11_en.cfm?nmenu=4.

104See European Commission (2008) Communication on the review of the application of Directive 2002/14/EC in the EU, COM(2008) 146, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008DC0146:EN:HTML, and accompanying Commission staff working document, SEC(2008) 334, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008SC0334:EN:HTML.

105Proposal for a Directive on the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purposes of informing and consulting employees (Recast) COM(2008) 419: http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=197188.

106Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&langId=en.

107Judgment of 10 September 2009, Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK ry and Others v Fujitsu Siemens Computers Oy.

108Judgment of 16 July 2009, Mono Car Styling SA, in liquidation v Dervis Odemis and Others.

109Judgment of 10 December 2009, Ovido Rodríguez Mayor and Others v Herencia yacente de Rafael de las Heras Dávila and Others.

110Judgment of 11 February 2010, Ingeniørforeningen i Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening.

111Judgment of 16 October 2008, Kirtruna SL and Elisa Vigano v Red Elite de Electrodomésticos SA and Others.

112Judgment of 27 November 2008, Mirja Juuri v Fazer Amica Oy.

113Judgment of 12 February 2009, Dietmar Klarenberg v Ferrotron Technologies GmbH.

114Judgment of 11 June 2009, Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic.

115Judgment of 16 October 2008, Svenska staten v Anders Holmqvist.

116Judgment of 16 July 2009, Raffaello Visciano v Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale (INPS).

117European Commission (2009) ‘Restructuring in Europe 2008. A review of EU action to anticipate and manage employment change’ pp. 106-113. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=103&newsId=434&furtherNews=yes.

118For details, see European Commission (2009) ‘Restructuring in Europe 2008. A review of EU action to anticipate and manage employment change’ p. 109.

119The text is available here: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/dsw/public/actRetrieveText.do?id=8735.

120The study is available here: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/dsw/public/actRetrieveText.do?id=8711.

121The concept of employability in the railway sector. Recommendations. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/dsw/public/actRetrieveText.do?id=8555.

122 Joint declaration on training and qualification in the ground-handling sector: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/dsw/public/actRetrieveText.do?id=8773.

123Restructuring in the Electricity Industry: A Toolkit for Socially Responsible Restructuring with a Best Practice Guide: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/dsw/public/actRetrieveText.do?id=8751.

124See http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&langId=en&intPageId=214.

125See http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&langId=en&intPageId=214.

126Commission staff working document — The role of transnational company agreements in the context of increasing international integration COM(2008) 419 final. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&langId=en&intPageId=214.

127http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=157&langId=en&furtherCalls=yes&callType=2.

128Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of 8 October 2001 on the Statute for a European company (SE).

129Council Directive 2001/86/EC of 8 October 2001 supplementing the Statute for a European company with regard to the involvement of employees.

130Involvement of employees means any mechanism, including information, consultation and participation, through which employees’ representatives may exercise an influence on decisions taken within the company.

131Study on the operation and the impacts of the Statute for a European Company (SE) — 2008/S 144-192482. Ernst & Young. December 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/docs/2010/se/study_SE_9122009_en.pdf.

132Report on the application of the SE Statute (COM(2010) 676 final: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0676:EN:NOT.

133http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/docs/se/report112010/sec2010_1391_en.pdf.

134Information from the ETUI’s worker participation website: http://www.worker-participation.eu/.

135All of the national background papers can be found on the following website: http://arenas.itcilo.org/.

136‘Organising transitions in response to restructuring. Study on instruments and schemes of job and professional transition and re-conversion at national, sectoral or regional level in the EU.’ Eckhard Voss, Wilke, Maack and Partner.

137See ‘The role of Public Employment Services related to ‘Flexicurity’ in the European Labour Markets’, Report for DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, March 2009.

138For more information on flexicurity, see: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/employment_strategy/flex_meaning_en.htm.

139Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity: More and better jobs through flexibility and security (COM(2007) 359 final), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0359:FIN:EN:PDF.

140Flexicurity Pathways. Turning hurdles into stepping stones. Report by the European Expert Group on Flexicurity, June 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=1519&langId=en.

141Extending flexicurity: the importance of short-time working schemes. ERM report 2010. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/htmlfiles/ef1071.htm.

142 ‘Employment insecurity of European individuals during the financial crisis. A multi-level approach’ (Heejung Chung — Wim van Oorschot, Tilburg Univeristy, The Netherlands), undertaken in the framework of www.

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