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U
S
GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
WASHINGTON
: For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Publishing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov
Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) Fax (202) Mail Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 1
28–110 PDF
COMMITTEE PRINT
" !
115
TH
C
ONGRESS
2d Session
S. P
RT
2018 115–21
PUTIN’S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT
ON DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA AND
EUROPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR
U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY
A MINORITY STAFF REPORT PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE
O
NE
H
UNDRED
F
IFTEENTH
C
ONGRESS
S
ECOND
S
ESSION
J
ANUARY
10, 2018 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html
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COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
BOB CORKER, Tennessee, Chairman
JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho MARCO RUBIO, Florida RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin JEFF FLAKE, Arizona CORY GARDNER, Colorado TODD YOUNG, Indiana JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia ROB PORTMAN, Ohio RAND PAUL, Kentucky BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware TOM UDALL, New Mexico CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut TIM KAINE, Virginia EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey
T
ODD
W
OMACK
, Staff Director
J
ESSICA
L
EWIS
, Democratic Staff Director
J
OHN
D
UTTON
, Chief Clerk
(II)
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CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal v Executive Summary .................................................................................................
1 Chapter 1: Putin’s Rise and Motivations ...............................................................
7 Ascent to the Top ..............................................................................................
8 Return of the Security Services .......................................................................
10 The Kremlin’s Paranoid Pathology .................................................................
13 Chapter 2: Manipulation and Repression Inside Russia ......................................
15 Influencing Ideology, Politics, and Culture ....................................................
17 Controlling the Public Narrative .....................................................................
24 Corrupting Economic Activity .........................................................................
31 Chapter 3: Old Active Measures and Modern Malign Influence Operations ......
35 A Brief History of Soviet Active Measures .....................................................
37 Modern Malign Influence Operations .............................................................
37 The Kremlin’s Disinformation Platforms .......................................................
40 Chapter 4: Weaponization of Civil Society, Ideology, Culture, Crime, and Energy ...................................................................................................................
47 The Role of State Foundations, GONGOs, NGOs, and Think Tanks ...........
47 The Kremlin’s Cultivation of Political Extremes ...........................................
50 The Use of the Russian Orthodox Church ......................................................
53 The Nationalization of Organized Crime ........................................................
54 The Export of Corruption .................................................................................
57 The Leveraging of Energy Supplies for Influence ..........................................
58 Chapter 5: Kremlin Interference in Semi-Consolidated Democracies and Transitional Governments ...........................................................................................
65 Ukraine ..............................................................................................................
67 Georgia ..............................................................................................................
73 Montenegro .......................................................................................................
77 Serbia .................................................................................................................
81 Bulgaria .............................................................................................................
89 Hungary ............................................................................................................
94 Chapter 6: Kremlin Interference in Consolidated Democracies ..........................
99 Baltic States Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia ...............................................
100 Nordic States Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden .............................
109 The Netherlands ...............................................................................................
113 United Kingdom ...............................................................................................
116 France ................................................................................................................
121 Germany ............................................................................................................
127 Spain ..................................................................................................................
133 Italy ...................................................................................................................
137 Chapter 7: Multilateral & US. Efforts to Counter the Kremlin’s Asymmetric Arsenal ..................................................................................................................
141 Collective Defenses Against Disinformation and Cyber Attacks ..................
141 European Energy Diversification and Integration .........................................
144 EU and US. Efforts to Sanction Malicious Actors ........................................
145 US. Efforts to Create Alternative and Accurate Quality Programming .....
148 Assessing the State Department’s Global Engagement Center ....................
149 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................
153
(IV)
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Page iv
A
PPENDICES
Appendix A 1999 Apartment Building Bombings ................................................
165 Appendix B Alleged Political Assassinations .......................................................
171 Appendix C Russian Government’s Olympic Cheating Scheme .........................
175 Appendix D Russia’s Security Services and Cyber Hackers ...............................
181 Appendix E Attacks and Harassment Against Human Rights Activists and Journalists in Russia ...........................................................................................
187 Appendix F Flawed Elections in the Russian Federation Since 1999 ................
191 Appendix G Harsh Treatment of LGBT Individuals and Women in the Russian Federation .....................................................................................................
193 Appendix H Disinformation Narratives, Themes, and Techniques ....................
195 Appendix I Letter from Senator Cardin to European Ambassadors ..................
199
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