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- COMMITTEE PRINT " ! 115THCONGRESS 2d Session S. PRT2018 115–21 PUTIN’S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT
| U S GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE WASHINGTON : For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) Fax (202) Mail Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 1 28–110 PDF COMMITTEE PRINT " ! 115 TH C ONGRESS 2d Session S. P RT 2018 115–21 PUTIN’S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT ON DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY A MINORITY STAFF REPORT PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE O NE H UNDRED F IFTEENTH C ONGRESS S ECOND S ESSION J ANUARY 10, 2018 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5012 Sfmt 5012 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. 9 REPORT seneagle FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS BOB CORKER, Tennessee, Chairman JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho MARCO RUBIO, Florida RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin JEFF FLAKE, Arizona CORY GARDNER, Colorado TODD YOUNG, Indiana JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia ROB PORTMAN, Ohio RAND PAUL, Kentucky BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware TOM UDALL, New Mexico CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut TIM KAINE, Virginia EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey T ODD W OMACK , Staff Director J ESSICA L EWIS , Democratic Staff Director J OHN D UTTON , Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. 9 REPORT FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal v Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Putin’s Rise and Motivations ............................................................... 7 Ascent to the Top .............................................................................................. 8 Return of the Security Services ....................................................................... 10 The Kremlin’s Paranoid Pathology ................................................................. 13 Chapter 2: Manipulation and Repression Inside Russia ...................................... 15 Influencing Ideology, Politics, and Culture .................................................... 17 Controlling the Public Narrative ..................................................................... 24 Corrupting Economic Activity ......................................................................... 31 Chapter 3: Old Active Measures and Modern Malign Influence Operations ...... 35 A Brief History of Soviet Active Measures ..................................................... 37 Modern Malign Influence Operations ............................................................. 37 The Kremlin’s Disinformation Platforms ....................................................... 40 Chapter 4: Weaponization of Civil Society, Ideology, Culture, Crime, and Energy ................................................................................................................... 47 The Role of State Foundations, GONGOs, NGOs, and Think Tanks ........... 47 The Kremlin’s Cultivation of Political Extremes ........................................... 50 The Use of the Russian Orthodox Church ...................................................... 53 The Nationalization of Organized Crime ........................................................ 54 The Export of Corruption ................................................................................. 57 The Leveraging of Energy Supplies for Influence .......................................... 58 Chapter 5: Kremlin Interference in Semi-Consolidated Democracies and Transitional Governments ........................................................................................... 65 Ukraine .............................................................................................................. 67 Georgia .............................................................................................................. 73 Montenegro ....................................................................................................... 77 Serbia ................................................................................................................. 81 Bulgaria ............................................................................................................. 89 Hungary ............................................................................................................ 94 Chapter 6: Kremlin Interference in Consolidated Democracies .......................... 99 Baltic States Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia ............................................... 100 Nordic States Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden ............................. 109 The Netherlands ............................................................................................... 113 United Kingdom ............................................................................................... 116 France ................................................................................................................ 121 Germany ............................................................................................................ 127 Spain .................................................................................................................. 133 Italy ................................................................................................................... 137 Chapter 7: Multilateral & US. Efforts to Counter the Kremlin’s Asymmetric Arsenal .................................................................................................................. 141 Collective Defenses Against Disinformation and Cyber Attacks .................. 141 European Energy Diversification and Integration ......................................... 144 EU and US. Efforts to Sanction Malicious Actors ........................................ 145 US. Efforts to Create Alternative and Accurate Quality Programming ..... 148 Assessing the State Department’s Global Engagement Center .................... 149 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................... 153 (IV) VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. 9 REPORT FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER Page iv A PPENDICES Appendix A 1999 Apartment Building Bombings ................................................ 165 Appendix B Alleged Political Assassinations ....................................................... 171 Appendix C Russian Government’s Olympic Cheating Scheme ......................... 175 Appendix D Russia’s Security Services and Cyber Hackers ............................... 181 Appendix E Attacks and Harassment Against Human Rights Activists and Journalists in Russia ........................................................................................... 187 Appendix F Flawed Elections in the Russian Federation Since 1999 ................ 191 Appendix G Harsh Treatment of LGBT Individuals and Women in the Russian Federation ..................................................................................................... 193 Appendix H Disinformation Narratives, Themes, and Techniques .................... 195 Appendix I Letter from Senator Cardin to European Ambassadors .................. 199 VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:06 Jan 09, 2018 Jkt PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\HEARING FILES\COMMITTEE PRINT 2018\HENRY\JAN. 9 REPORT FOREI-42327 with DISTILLER Download 0.63 Mb. 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