Cyber defense
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- CIBERDEFENSA
| The Internet 026. The Internet is an open and independent network of networks that operates worldwide and is run by nonprofit organizations (companies, universities, governments, and others) working together to meet their needs. 027. Physically, it uses apart of the total resources of currently existing public telecommunications networks. 028. Technically, it works using two basic protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). 029. The Internet is the fundamental part of cyberspace. In any military operation in cyberspace, it is essential to identify critical Internet points that may affect the development of the mission in particular, internet service providers (ISPs) and internet exchange points (IXPs). 030. An Internet service provider (ISP) is a commercial organization (in many cases, the telecommunications operators) with permanent connection to the Internet, that sells temporary connections to customers. 031. An Internet exchange point (IXP) is a physical infrastructure through which internet service providers (ISPs) exchange Internet traffic. GUÍA DE CIBERDEFENSA ORIENTACIONES PARA EL DISEÑO, PLANEAMIENTO, IMPLANTACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE UNA CIBERDEFENSA MILITAR 18 Internet interconnection is conducted through a three-tier hierarchical structure. 033. The top level (Tier 1) is fora small number of ISPs that connect directly to each of the other Tier ISPs and to a large number of Tier ISPs. 034. Any Tier ISP has global connectivity therefore, it can reach any Internet point in the world without having to pay any fee for traffic exchange. 035. Tier ISPs typically have regional or national coverage, connecting only to a few Tier ISPs, and in some cases, must pay a fee for traffic exchange. 036. Tier 3 ISPs have limited coverage, connecting through Tier 2 ISPs and having to pay to transmit traffic on other networks. 037. The Internet is a distributed system and, consequently, no single political power can make a significant impact on the entire global Internet network. However, the risk that a nation may get disconnected from the internet is real. In fact, some countries have developed systems that make it possible to isolate their country’s internet from world servers and thus guarantee national operation, even in the case of international cyberspace conflict. 038. A country’s disconnection from the Internet is a potential strategic risk with serious consequences. Due to the phenomenon of globalization, most of nation’s services depend on external connections, therefore, even if there is total national connectivity, an isolation from the Internet would have serious internal repercussions. 039. The degree of risk that a country get cutoff from the Internet depends directly on the number, robustness and resilience of the national internet connection points (ISPs and IXPs). 040. The number of Tier ISPs and IXPs per country is small and thus are critical assets for national cyber defense. 041. In addition to having a sufficient number of ISPs and IXPs to avoid the risk of internet isolation, the ISP/IXP infrastructure must be under the control of different entities, both public and private, since the decentralized government of the Internet is its greatest strength. 042. The hidden web (deep and dark web) is a collection of websites Download 2.54 Mb. Share with your friends:
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