Diathesis Oppositions and Verb Morphology. Present and Aorist Systems in Ancient and Modern Greek
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| loúei kaì sitízei (Hdt. VI 52) ‘they should watch the mother and see which of the children she washed and fed before the other’; (a) eí te nikôito sumbalṓn, apállaxis ouk ên […] (Hdt. IX 13) ‘and f he should be worsted in a battle there was no way of retreat’, (b) […] hó gàr aûte néous posì pántas eníka (Il. XXIII 756) ‘he surpassed all the youths in swiftness of foot’; (a) en Héllēsi mén nun neṓtatoi tôn theôn nomízontai eînai Hērakléēs te kaì Diónusos kaì Pán (Hdt. II 145) ‘among the Greeks, Heracles, Dionysus, and Pan are held to be the youngest of the gods’, (b) Pérsai gàr theòn nomízousi eînai tò pûr (Hdt. III 16) ‘for the Persians hold fire to be a god’; (a) apikómenos dè exeinízeto en toîsi basilēíioisi hupò toû Kroísou (Hdt. I 30) ‘and when he had come, Croesus entertained him in his palace’ [lit. ‘he was entertained by Croesus in his palace’, (b) hóson gàr kateîkhe khrónon autoús, toûton pánta epoíee kaì háma exeínize megaloprepéōs (Hdt. VI 128) ‘for as long as he kept them with him he did all for them and entertained them with magnificence’; (a) ḗtoi mèn oikéoito pólis Priámoio ánaktos (Il. IV 18) ‘then might the city of king Priam still be an habitation’, (b) all’éth’ hupōreías ṓikeon polupídakos Ídēs (Il. XX 218) ‘but they still dwelt on the slopes of many-fountained Ida’; (a) […] hōs olékontai / nēusìn épi glaphurêisin huperbasíēs héneka sphês? (Il. XVI 17-8) ‘how they are being slain beside the hollow ships because of their own presuptuous act?’, (b) hoi dé te tàs olékousin epálmenoi […] (Od. XXII 305) ‘and the vultures pounce upon them and slay them’; (a) homologéetai dè kaì hup’Athēnaíōn […] (Hdt. V 87) ‘and the Athenians too acknowledge’, (b) homologéousi dè kaì Aigúptioi dià taûta timân tàs órnithas taútas (Hdt. II 75) ‘and the Egyptians give the same reason for honouring these birds’; (a) hoi dè Kappadókai hupò Hellḗnōn Súrioi onomázontai (Hdt. I 72) ‘now the Cappadocians are called by the Greeks Syrians’, (b) ên Kandaúlēs, tòn hoi Héllēnes Mursílon onomázousi, túrannos Sardíōn (Hdt. I 7) ‘Candaules, whom the Greeks call Myrsilus, was the ruler of Sardis’; (a) polloì d’outázonto katà khróa nēléi khalkṓi (Il. XII 427) ‘and many were wounded in the flesh by throsts of the pitiless bronze’, (b) Trôes […] / oútazon sákos eurù panaíolon […] (Il. XIII 551-2) ‘the Trojans tried to strike his broad, shining shield’; (a) epeàn ôn mēdén sphi paradidôtai toû húdatos […] (Hdt. III 117) ‘so whenever no water is given to them’, (b) sù dḗ moi apódos toûton, kaì egṓ soi tòn sòn Skúlēn paradídōmi (Hdt. IV 80) ‘do you give him back to me, and I give up your Scyles to you’; (a) toûto dè tò deîpnon paraskeuázetai hápax toû eniautoû en hēmérēi têi egéneto basileús (Hdt. IX 110) ‘this banquet is served once a year, on the king’s birthday’, (b) en dè toútōi tá te aipólia kaì tàs poímnas kaì tà boukólia ho Kûros pánta toû patròs sunalísas es tōutò éthue kaì pareskeúaze […] (Hdt. I 126) ‘and meanwhile, gathering together his father’s goats and sheep and oxen in one place, he slew and prepared them’; (a) toîsi mèn álloisi kaì autôi Astuágei paretithéato trápezai epípleai mēléōn kreôn (Hdt. I 119) ‘dishes of sheeps’ flesh were set before Astyages and the others’, (b) […] kaì tôi nekrôi pántōn paraplēsíōs paratitheî tôn kaì toîsi álloisi (Hdt. IV 73) ‘he sets before the dead man about so much of the fare as he serves to the rest’; (a) […] ei dé ti paraphéroito, esthíontas àn ou paúesthai (Hdt. I 133) ‘were this too given to the Greek (say the Persians) he would never cease eating’, (b) xeínōn dé hoi elthóntōn tôn àn lógon poiêtai, tàs kephalàs taútas paraphérei (Hdt. IV 65) ‘and if guests whom he honours visit him he will serve these heads’; (a) dià toûto dé hoi tà dôra pémpetai parà toû basileúontos aieì en Pérsēisi (Hdt. VII 106) ‘for this cause it is that the gifts are sent by whoever is at any time king of Persia’, (b) […] pémpei es autoùs pâsan tḕn híppon (Hdt. IX 20) ‘he sent against them all his horse’; (a) hēméras dè tesserákonta hoútō hoi idiôtai periágontai, épeita tháptontai (Hdt. IV 73) ‘all but the kings are thus borne about for forty days and then buried’, (b) ésti gàr toû Hēphaístou tṓgalma toîsi Phoinikēíoisi Pataíkoisi empheréstaton, toùs hoi Phoínikes en têisi prṓirēisi tôn triēréōn periágousi (Hdt. III 37) ‘this image of Hephaestus is most like to the Phoenician Pataici, which the Phoenicians carry on the prows of their triremes’; (a) epeíte dè hoi Mêdoi trēkhéōs perieíponto […] (Hdt. VII 211) ‘the Medes being so roughly handled’, (b) toùs dè állous toùs élabon en têi nēì taútēi perieîpon hōs andrápoda (Hdt. VII 181) ‘but the rest that they took in that ship they used as slaves’; (a) éntha dè pollòn mèn méthu píneto […] (Od. IX 45) ‘but there much wine was drunk’, (b) [...] ho d’endukéōs kréa t’ḗsthie pîné te oînon (Od. XIV 109) ‘but Odysseus eagerly ate flesh and drank wine’; (a) katà kṓmas hekástas hápax toû éteos hekástou epoiéeto táde (Hdt. I 196) ‘It is this: once a year in every village […]’ [lit. ‘once a year in every village it was made’], (b) hoûtos ho Dēiókēs erastheìs turannídos epoíee toiáde (Hdt. I 96) ‘Deioces was enamoured of sovereignty, and thus he made this’; (a) hoûtoi mèn dḕ taûta hupokrinámenoi kaì ou dóntes tà khrḗmata epoliorkéonto (Hdt. VIII 112) ‘so for thus answering and refusing to give they were besieged’, (b) epelaúnōn gàr epoliórkee tḕn Mílēton trópōi toiôide (Hdt. I 17) ‘this was the manner in which he attacked and laid siege to Miletus’; (a) kaì pân tò ástu eporthéeto (Hdt. I 84) ‘and all the city like to be sacked’, (b) hoi Sámioi toùs khṓrous autôn epórtheon (Hdt. III 58) ‘the Samians set about ravaging their lands’; (a) epōléonto dè epì sunoikḗsi (Hdt. I 196) ‘selling all the maidens as lawful wives’ [lit. ‘and they were sold as lawful wives’], (b) egṑ taútēn pōléō mèn oudenòs khrḗmatos (Hdt. III 139) ‘I will not sell you my cloak’; (a) ô Themistóklees, en toîsi agôsi hoi proexanistámenoi hrapízontai (Hdt. VIII 59) ‘At the games, Themistocles, they that come forward before their time are beaten with roads’, (b) ópisthe gàr hoi hēgemónes tôn teléōn ékhontes mástigas errápizon pánta ándra, aieì es tò prósō epotrúnontes (Hdt. VII 223) ‘for their captains came behind the companies with scourges and drove all the men forward with lashes’; (a) […] poíē te, têi ou speíretai hē khṓrē, bathutátē (Hdt. IV 53) ‘and [there is] very rich grass where the land is not sown’, (b) kuámous dè oúte ti mála speírousi Aigúptioi en têi khṓrēi (Hdt. II 37) ‘the Egyptians sow no beans in their country’; (a) […] spházetai es tòn táphon hupò toû oikēiotátou heōutês (Hdt. V 5) ‘and then [she is] slain over the tomb by her nearest of kin’, (b) metà dè aginéontes katà héna hékaston tôn paídōn ésphazon es tòn krētḗra (Hdt. III 11) ‘then they brought the sons one by one and cut their throats over the bowl’; (a) épeita dè tháptousi […] khôma dè khéantes agôna titheîsi pantoîon, en tôi tà mégista áethla títhetai katà lógon mounomakhíēs (Hdt. V 8) ‘after that they make away with the body […], and when they have built a barrow they set on foot all kinds of contests, wherein the greatest prizes are offered for the hardest fashion of single combat’, (b) tôi d’ára nikēthénti títhei dépas amphikúpellon (Il. XXIII 656) ‘and for the loser he set out a twohandled cup’; (a) [...] theòs d’hṑs tíeto dḗmōi (Il. V 78) ‘and [he] was honoured by the people like a god’, (b) [...] hòn Trôes homôs Priámoio tékessi / tîon […] (Il. V 535-6) ‘[Deicoon] whom the Trojans honored like the sons of Priam’; (a) mnēsómetha brṓmēs mēdè trukhṓmetha limôi (Od. X 177) ‘let us take thought of food, and not waste away from hunger’, (b) tóssoi mētér’emḕn mnôntai, trúkhousi dè oîkon (Od. I 248) ‘all these woo my mother and lay waste my house’; (a) […] hai d’ephéronto kakêi anémoio thuéllêi / aûtis ep’Aiolíēn nêson […] (Od. X 54) ‘but the ships were borne by an evil blast of wind back to the Aeolian island’, (b) hōs nûn hēmérē hḗde kakòn phérei Argeíoisin (Il. VIII 541) ‘so surely as now this day brings evil on the Argives’; (a) […] epeì philéesthe par’autêi (Il. XIII 627) ‘when it was with her that you had found hospitality’ [lit. ‘because you are beloved by her’], (b) ei dè kaì Héktorá per philéeis […] (Il. VII 204) ‘or if you love Hector too’; (a) ou gár pṓ ti Trôes arēiphílōn hup’Akhaiôn / protropádēn phobéonto melaináōn apò nēôn (Il. XVI 303-4) ‘For not yet were the Trojans driven in headlong rout from the black ships by the Achaeans, dear to Ares’, (b) [...] eí min hápantes / athánatoi phobéousi [...] (Il. XXI 266-7) ‘if all the immortals […] were driving him in rout’; (a) ēè phulássontai nêes thoaì hōs tò páros per (Il. X 309) ‘[and spy out] whether the swift ships be guarded as before’, (b) autàr egṑ sûs tásde phulássō […] (Od. XIV 107) ‘I guard and keep these swine’.
2. Aorist system (a) […] hōs epì kakôi anthrṓpou sídēros aneúrētai (Hdt. I 68) ‘[…] that the discovery of iron has been to men’s hurt’, (b) kaì makrôi ên autôn thōmasiṓtata tà hoi Phoínikes aneûron (Hdt. VI 47) ‘most marvellous by far were those of them that were found by the Phoenicians’ [lit. ‘the Phoenicians found’]; (a) […] atár toi hetaîros apéktato […] (Il. XVII 472) ‘he who was your comrade is slain’, (b) hēmeîs d’hérma pólēos apéktamen […] (Od. XXIII 121) ‘whereas we have been killing the stay of a whole city’; (a) […] hós te stathmoùs keraḯzōn / éblēto pròs stêthos, […] (Il. XVI 752-3) ‘while he lays waste the farmstead, has been struck on the breast’, (b) hṓs s’ébalon Trôes, […] (Il. IV 157) ‘since the Trojans have thus struck you’; (a) […] têi hr’éskheto meílinon égkhos (Il. XX 272) ‘[...] in which the spear of ash was stayed’, (b) […] oudé min éskhe / póntos halòs poliês […] (Il. XXI 58-9) ‘nor has the deep of the gray sea stayed him’; (a) ēè dieprátheto ptólis andrôn euruáguia (Od. XV 384) ‘was a broad-wayed city of men sacked […]?’, (b) ōikhómeth’es Thḗbēn [...] / tḕn dè diapráthomén te [...] (Il. I 366-7) ‘we went to Thebes […] and sacked it’. Appendix 2. Aorist forms with active inflection in both passive and active syntactic constructions. (a) ei gàr anagkastheíē ho Pérsēs ménein en têi Eurṓpēi […] (Hdt. VIII 108) ‘For […] if the Persian be cut off and compelled to remain in Europe’, (b) prôta mèn toùs Ludoùs ēnágkase tàs Kúrou entolàs epiteléein (Hdt. I 157) ‘first of all [he] compelled the Lydians to carry out Cyrus’ commands’; (a) sesḗmantai […] hósa és te surmaíēn kaì krómmua kaì skóroda anaisimṓthē toîsi ergazoménoisi (Hdt. II 125) ‘there are writings […] showing how much was spent on purges and onions and garlic for the workmen’, (b) apépnixan dè autás, hína mḗ spheōn tòn sîton anaisimṓsōsi (Hdt. III 150) ‘as for the rest, they gathered them together and strangled them, that they should not consume their bread’; (a) zōgrētheìs apḗkhthē es Sáin pólin (Hdt. II 169) ‘and taken captive he was brought to Sais’, (b) […] óphra se nósphin apḗgage Pallàs Athḗnē (Od. IV 289) ‘[and held him thus] until Pallas Athene led you away’; (a) deimaínontes mḕ haì mèn empórion génōntai, hē dè autôn nêsos apoklēisthêi toútou heíneka (Hdt. I 165) ‘because they feared that the islands would become a market and so their own island would be cut off from its trade’, (b) hōs dè ouk épeithe tòn Górgon, enthaûtá min phuláxas exelthónta tò ástu tò Salaminíōn ho Onḗsilos háma toîsi heōutoû stasiṓtēisi apeklḗise tôn puléōn (Hdt. V 104) ‘but when he could not persuade Gorgus, he and his faction waited till his brother had gone out of the city of Salamis, and shut him out of the gates’; (a) ho dè Hérmippos pròs toùs mèn apepémphthē ou didoî (Hdt. VI 4) ‘but Hermippus gave not these letters to those to whom he was sent’ [lit. ‘they were sent’], (b) all’emè prìn apépempse [...] (Od. XIV 334) ‘but me he sent forth first’; (a) hōs háphthē tákhista tò lḗion […] (Hdt. I 19) ‘it so happened that the fire set to the crops’, (b) hókōs stuppeîon perì toùs oistoùs perithéntes hápseian etóxeuon es tò phrágma (Hdt. VIII 52) ‘[and besieged them] by shooting arrows wrapped in lighted tow at the barricade’; (a) [...] hōs ek toû khṓrou toútou harpastheíē hupò Pēléos (Hdt. VII 191,2) ‘how that it was from this country that she had been carried off by Peleus’, (b) hōs hóde khên’hḗrpax’atitalloménēn enì oíkōi (Od. XV 174) ‘and [this eagle] snatched up the goose that was bred in the house’; (a) epeidḕ dè egephurṓthē ho póros (Hdt. VII 36,4) ‘when the strait was thus bridged’, (b) […] gephúrōsen dè kéleuthon / makrḕn ēd’eureîan […] (Il. XV 357-8) ‘bridging for the men a pathway long and abroad’; (a) hoútō mèn haútē egnṓsthē tò prôton (Hdt. IV 43,1) ‘thus the first knowledge of Libya was gained’, (b) íkhnia gàr metópisthe podôn ēdè knēmáōn / hreî’égnōn apióntos […] (Il. XIII 71-2) ‘for easily did I recognize the signs he left of feet and of legs as he went from us’; (a) taûta dè enthaûta egráphē (Hdt. IV 91) ‘such was the inscription’ [lit. ‘this was written’], (b) kaì épeita en tôi xúlōi toû deltíou égrapse tḕn basiléos gnṓmēn (Hdt. VII 239) ‘and then he wrote the king’s intent on the wood’; (a) […] epeì dḕ prôta theôn iótēti damásthē (Il. XIX 9) ‘since he has been slain once and for all by the will of the gods’, (b) […] dámasse dé min memaôta (Il. XI 98) ‘so he vanquished him in his fury’; (a) [...] hoì dḕ polées dámen Héktori díōi (Il. XVIII 103) ‘those many have been slain by goodly Hector’, (b) khersìn Akhillḗos dámase glaukôpis Athḗnē (Il. XXII 446) ‘flashing-eyed Athene had vanquished him at the hands of Achilles’; (a) diabàs dè es Khíon edéthē hupò Khíōn (Hdt. VI 2) ‘crossing over to Chios, he was taken and bound by the Chians’, (b) dêse d’opíssō kheîras eutmḗtoisin himâsi (Il. XXI 30) ‘and [he] bound their hands behind them with shapely thongs’; (a) kôs gàr àn ginṓskoi hòs oút’edidákhthē oúte eîde kalòn oudèn oikḗion […] (Hdt. III 81) ‘how can they have knowledge, who have neither learnt nor for themselves seen what is best?’, (b) hòn Kheírōn edídaxe dikaiótatos Kentaúrōn (Il. XI 832) ‘[Achilles] whom Cheiron taught, the most just of the Centaurs’; (a) […] héōs k’apò pánta dotheíē (Od. II 78) ‘until all was given back’, (b) […] kaì xeínia dôka (Od. XIX 185) ‘and [I] gave him gifts of entertainment’; (a) Phúlakos dè euergétēs basiléos anegráphē kaì khṓrēi edōrḗthē pollêi (Hdt. VIII 85,3) ‘Phylacus was recorded among the king’s benefactors and given much land’, (b) hóti pántes Olúmpia dṓmat’ékhontes / dôron edṓrēsan […] (Hes. E., 81-2) ‘since all those who have their mansions on Olympus had given her a gift’; (a) exēlásthē gàr hupò Hippárkhou toû Peisistrátou ho Onomákritos ex Athēnéōn (Hdt. VII 6) ‘for Onomacritus had been banished from Athens by Pisistratus’ son Hipparchus’, (b) deipnḗsas d’ántrou exḗlase píona mêla (Od. IX 312) ‘and when he had made his meal he drove his fat flocks forth from the cave’; (a) Tò mèn dḕ teîkhos toîsi Phōkaieûsi trópōi toiôide exepoiḗthē (Hdt. I 164) ‘In such a manner was the Phocaeans’ wall fully made’, (b) Kaì toûto mèn en Sái têi Athēnaíēi propúlaia thōmásia hoîa exepoíēse (Hdt. II 175) ‘Amasis made a marvellous outer court for the temple of Athene at Saïs’; (a) Hòs d’àn ḕ autôn Aiguptíōn ḕ xeínōn homoíōs hupò krokodeílou harpastheìs ḕ hup’autoû toû potamoû phaínetai tethneṓs, kat’hḕn àn pólin exeneikhthêi, toútous pâsa anágkē estì tarikheúsantas autòn kaì peristeílantas hōs kállista thápsai en hirêisi thḗkēisi (Hdt. II 90) ‘When anyone, be he Egyptian or stranger, is known to have been carried off by a crocodile or drowned by the river itself, such an one must by all means be embalmed and tended as fairly as may be and buried in a sacred coffin by the townsmen of the place where he is cast up’, (b) ho arkhiereùs exḗneiké sphi phiálas khruséas (Hdt. II 151) ‘the high priest brought out the golden vessels’; (a) hoì dè éphrasán moi hína exephorḗthē, kaì eupetéōs épeithon (Hdt. II 150) ‘they told me whither it had been carried, and I readily believe them’, (b) epeì dè edóthē, tà khrḗmata ex Elaioûntos es Sēstòn exephórēse (Hdt. IX 116) ‘so when the treasure was given him, he carried it away from Elaeus to Sestus’; (a) hoútō dḕ hē Hrodôpis eleutherṓthē (Hdt. II 135) ‘thus Rodopis was set free’, (b) Alkmeōnídai dè emphanéōs ēleuthérōsan (Hdt. VI 123) ‘but the Alcmeonidae did most plainly set their country free’; (a) […] hōs ou próteron tháptetai andròs Pérseō ho nékus prìn àn hup’órnithos ḕ kunòs helkusthêi (Hdt. I 140) ‘[and obscurely told] how the dead bodies of Persians are not buried before they have been mangled by bird or dog’, (b) tò d’àn helkúsēi, toûto têi meledōnôi tôn thēríōn didoî […] (Hdt. II 65) ‘then whatever be the weight in silver of the hair is given to the female guardian of the creatures’; (a) kaì Samíoisi moúnoisi tôn apostántōn apò Dareíou dià tḕn ékleipsin tôn neôn en têi naumakhíēi oúte hē pólis oúte tà hirà eneprḗsthē (Hdt. VI 25) ‘and by reason of the desertion of their ships in the sea-fight the Samians were the only rebel people whose city was not burnt, nor their temples’, (b) kaí nú k’enéprēsen purì kēléōi nêas eísas (Il. VIII 217) ‘and now he would have burned the shapely ships with blazing fire’; (a) kaí kōs taûta toîsi Karsì exaggélthē (Hdt. V 118) ‘it chanced that news of this was brought to the Carians’, (b) ei mḕ mētruiḗ [...] / Herméai exḗggeilen […] (Il. V 389-90) ‘had not the stepmother of the sons of Aloeus […] reported to Hermes’; (a) Tês dè Asíēs tà pollà hupò Dareíou exeurḗthē (Hdt. IV 44) ‘ But as to Asia, most of it was discovered by Darius’, (b) hòs moûnos dḕ pántōn anthrṓpōn sidḗrou kóllēsin exeûre (Hdt. I 25) ‘the only man of that age who discovered how to weld iron’; (a) kaì hoi fugónti hupò tôn Pulagórōn tôn Amphiktuónōn es tḕn Pulaíēn sullegoménōn argúrion epekērúkhthē (Hdt. VII 213) ‘and he being so banished a price was put on his head by the Pylagori when the Amphictyons sat together in their council at Thermopylae’ (b) hóti hoi tôn Hellḗnōn Pulagóroi epekḗruxan ouk epì Onḗtēi te kaì Korudallôi argúrion all’epì Epiáltēi tôi Trēkhiníōi (Hdt. VII 214) ‘they set a price on the head of the Trachinian Epialtes, not of Onetes and Corydallus’; (a) kaí sphi hup’Argeíōn epeblḗthē zēmíē khília tálanta ektîsai, pentakósia hekatérous (Hdt. VI 92) ‘and the Argives laid on them the payment of a fine of a thousand talents, each people five hundred’, (b) biblía grapsámenos pollà kaì perì pollôn ékhonta prēgmátōn sphrēgîdá sphi epébale tḕn Dareíou (Hdt. III 128) ‘He, thus chosen, got written many letters concerning many matters; then sealing them with Darius’ seal […]’; (a) heuréthē kephalḕ ouk ékhousa hraphḕn oudemían all’ex henòs eoûsa ostéou (Hdt. IX 83) ‘there was found a skull whereof the bone was all one without suture’, (b) heûren d’eurúopa Kronídēn áter hḗmenon állōn (Il. I 498) ‘there she found the son of Chronos, whose voice resounds afar, as he sat apart from the rest’; (a) kaì autós te Astuágēs ezōgrḗthē (Hdt. I 128) ‘Astyages himself was taken prisoner’, (b) heîle dè autòn Prokléa kaì ezṓgrēse (Hdt. III 52) ‘and [he] took Procles himself alive’; […] etáphē en têisi taphêisi en tôi hirôi (Hdt. III 10) ‘he was laid in the burial-place built for himself in the temple’, (b) […] ho dé min éthapse en têi boï̀ taútēi (Hdt. II 131) ‘then he buried her in this image of a cow’; (a) epeíte gàr halóntes ekakṓthēsan kaì oikophthorḗthēsan (Hdt. I 196) ‘sinc the conquest of Babylon made them afflicted and poor’ [li. ‘they had been conquered and ruined’], (b) […] epeì m’ekakṓsate líēn (Od. XX 99) ‘after you had grievously afflicted me’; (a) kaì dià taûta tarikheúousi, hína mḕ keímenos hupò euléōn katabrōthêi (Hdt. III 16) ‘and this is why they embalm the corpse, that it may not lie and be eaten by worms’, (b) autàr epeì dḗ, Phoîbe, katébrōs ámbroton eîdar (H.Ap. 127) ‘once you had eaten the divine food, Phoibos’; (a) hoútō te tò tríton Íōnes katedoulṓthēsan, prôton mèn hupò Ludôn, dìs dè epexês tóte hupò Perséōn (Hdt. VI 32) ‘Thus thrice had the Ionians been enslaved, first by the Lydians and then once and now yet again by the Persians’, (b) adikṓtaton dé, hóti toû deípnou heíneken Mḗdous katedoúlōse (Hdt. I 129) ‘most injust, in enslaving the Medes by reason of that banquet’; (a) hòs d’àn ékhōn tòn khrusòn tòn hiròn en têi hortêi hupaíthrios katakoimēthêi, hoûtos légetai hupò Skuthéōn ou dieniautízein (Hdt. IV 7) ‘Whoever at this festival falls asleep in the open air, having with him the sacred gold, is said by the Scythians not to live out the year’, (b) toûto dè xeînon tinà kaì ou Thēbaîon khrḗmasi peísas Download 0.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
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