Diathesis Oppositions and Verb Morphology. Present and Aorist Systems in Ancient and Modern Greek
Download 0.75 Mb.
|
| prosdialekhthêi, hirḕn zēmíēn toûton tôi Apóllōni opheílein, hósēn dḕ eípas (Hdt. III 52) ‘At the last Periander made a proclamation, that whosoever should receive him into their houses or address him should be held liable to a fine consacrated to Apollo, and he named the sum’, (b) ho dè neṓteros, tôi oúnoma ên Lukóphrōn, ḗlgēse akoúsas hoútō hṓste apikómenos es tḕn Kórinthon háte phonéa tês mētròs tòn patéra oúte proseîpe, dialegoménōi te oúte prosdielégeto historéontí te lógon oudéna edídou (Hdt. III 50) ‘but the younger, whose nae was Lycophron, was struck with such horror when he heard them that when he came to Corinth he would speak no word to his father, as being his mother’s murderer, nor would he answer him when addressed nor make any reply to his questions’; (a) [...] amphì dè kaulòn / phásganon erraísthē [...] (Il. XVI 338-9) ‘and the sword was shattered at the hilt’, (b) tôi ké hoi egképhalós ge dià spéos álludis állēi / theinoménou hraíoito pròs oúdeï […] (Od. IX 458-9) ‘then would his brains be dashed on the ground throughout the cave, some here, some there, once I had struck him’; (a) [...] oudé ti oîda / keínōn, hoí t’esáōthen Akhaiôn hoí t’apólonto (Od. III 184-5) ‘nor know I anything of those others, who of the Achaeans were saved, and who were lost’, (b) ékhontes hēgemónas sṓzōntai es tàs koruphàs tês Mukálēs (Hdt. IX 104) ‘they might have guides to bring them safe to the heights of Mycale’; (a) Ho mén nun tôn Perséōn toútōn thánatos hoútō katalamphtheìs esigḗ́thē (Hdt. V 22) ‘Thus was the death of these Persians suppressed and hidden in silence’, (b) gnṓmēi gàr toiaútēi khréōmenos epitropeúoi àn amōmḗtōs toû plḗtheos, sigôitó te àn bouleúmata epì dusmenéas ándras hoútō málista (Hdt. III 82) ‘his judgment being like to himself, he will govern the multitude with perfect wisdom, and best conceal plans made for the defeat of enemies’; (a) estálē ôn es Delphoùs perì gónou (Hdt. V 92) ‘he set out to Delphi to enquire concerning issue’, (b) álloi dè stéllesthe katà stratón […] (Il. XXIII 285) ‘But you others make yourselves ready throughout the army’; (a) kaì esterḗthē mèn toû ophthalmoû ek toû trṓmatos ho Intaphrénēs (Hdt. III 78) ‘Intaphrenes was not slain by the wound, but lost his eye’, (b) níkēs te stéretai prós t’aískhesin álgea páskhei (Hes., Op. 211) ‘for he is deprived of the victory, and suffers pains in addition to his humiliations; (a) kaí kōs iskhurotérōs estráphē (Hdt. III 129) ‘so violently [his foot twisted]’, (b) hōs d’hót’àn én te kúnessi kaì andrási thēreutêisi / káprios ēè léōn stréphetai sthéneï blemeaínōn (Il. XII 41-2) ‘And as when, among hounds and huntsmen, a wild boar or a lion wheels about, exulting in his strenght’; (a) hōs dè sunelékhthē ho stratós (Hdt. VII 173) ‘when the army had mustered’, (b) ho mèn dḕ pezòs oúkō sunelégeto (Hdt. VIII 131) ‘They had not yet begun the mustering of their army’; (a) katà taûta esphálēsan (Hdt. IV 140) ‘[it] was the very cause of their illsuccess’, (b) Ameíbetai pròs taûta Xérxēs “Artábane, tôn apephḗnao gnōméōn sphálleai katà taútēn dḕ málista […]” (Hdt. VII 52) ‘“Artabanus,” Xerxes answered, “there is no opinion which you have declared wherein you are so misled as in this”’; (a) àps dè melagkhroiḕs géneto, gnathmoì dè tánusthen (Od. XVI 175) ‘once more he grew dark of color, and his cheeks filled out’, (b) […] tánutai dé te pâsa diapró (Il. XVII 393) ‘and all the hide is stretched to the utmost’; (a) metà dè toútous Aiginētéōn pentakósioi etákhthēsan (Hdt. IX 28) ‘after them in the array, five hundred Aeginetans’, (b) teleutaîoi dè kaì prôtoi Athēnaîoi etássonto, kéras ékhontes tò euṓnumon, oktakiskhílioi (Hdt. IX 28) ‘At the end, and first in the line, were the Athenians, on the left wing, eight thousand men’; (a) ṑ pópoi, ê méga érgon huperphiálōs etelésthē / Tēlemákhōi hodòs hḗde […] (Od. IV 663-4) ‘out upon him, truly a proud deed has been insolently brought to pass by Telemachus’, (b) [...] tà dè dḕ nûn pánta teleîtai (Od. II 176) ‘now all this is being brought to pass’; (a) autàr epeì tárpēsan edētúos ēdè potêtos (Od. V 201) ‘but when they had had their fill of food and drink’, (b) autàr epeí hra góoio tetárpeto dîos Akhilleús (Il. XXIV 513) ‘But when noble Achilles had had his fill of weeping’; (a) autàr epeì sítou tárphthen dmōiaí te kaì autḗ (Od. VI 99) ‘then when they had had their joy of food, she and her handmaids’, (b) autàr epeí hra góoio tetárpeto dîos Akhilleús (Il. XXIV 513) ‘But when noble Achilles had had his fill of weeping’; (a) apò dè taútēs tês dikhostasíēs etéthē nómos en Spártēi (Hdt. V 75) ‘from this disunion a law was made at Sparta’, (b) […] en tôi tà mégista áethla títhetai katà lógon mounomakhíēs (Hdt. V 8) ‘wherein the greatest prizes are offered for the hardest fashion of single combat’; (a) etimḗthē méntoi hupò Lakedaimoníōn oudèn hêsson (Hdt. VII 213) ‘but he was none the less honoured for it by the Lacedaemonians’, (b) kárta gàr en toîsi Pérsēisi hai agathoergíai es tò prósō megátheos timôntai (Hdt. III 154) ‘for good service among the Persians is much honoured, and rewarded by high preferment’; (a) ek dè tínakhthen odóntes [...] (Il. XVI 348) ‘and his teeth were shaken out’, (b) […] amphì dé pḗlēx / smerdaléon krotáphoisi tinásseto marmaménoio / Héktoros […] (Il. XV 608-10) ‘and round about his temples terribly shook the helmet of Hector as he fought’; (a) hoûtos d’aû Laertiádēs polúmētis Odusseús / hòs tráphē en dḗmōi Ithákēs kranaês per eoúsēs (Il. III 200-1) ‘that one is Laerte’s son, Odysseus of many wiles, who was reared in the land of Ithaca, rugged though it is’, (b) têi homoû etrephómēn […] (Od. XV 365) ‘With her was I brought up’; (a) hós, epeidḕ esphagiázeto Pausaníēs, katḗmenos en têi táxi etrōmatísthē toxeúmatii tà pleurá (Hdt. IX 72) ‘He, when Pausanias was offering sacrifice, was wounded in the side by an arrow where he sat in his place’, (b) épipton dè autôn en toútōi tôi khrónōi polloì kaì pollôi pleûnes etrōmatízonto (Hdt. IX 61) ‘and in the meanwhile many of them were slain and by far more wounded; (a) eí per gár ke bleîo poneúmenos ēè tupeíēs (Il. XIII 288) ‘for if you were stricken by an arrow in the toil of battle, or struck with a thrust’, (b) eí te túptoitó tis autôn hup’ekeínōn tinós, eboḗtheón te pántes (Hdt. VI 138) ‘if one of themselves were beaten by one of the others, they would all run to his aid’; (a) hupeleíphthēsan dè hoûtoi nuktòs epelthoúsēs (Hdt. I 82) ‘these three were left alive at nightfall’, (b) makhoménōn dè sphéōn kaì ginoménōn isopléōn upeleíponto ex andrôn exakosíōn treîs (Hdt. I 82) ‘Neither could gain advantage in the battle; at last, of six hundred there were left only three’; (a) muroménoisi dè toîsi phánē hrododáktulos Ēṑs (Il. XXIII 109) ‘and rosy-fingered Dawn shone on them while still they wailed around the piteous corpse’, (b) […] hékathen dé te phaínetai augḗ (Il. II 456) ‘and from afar can the glare be seen’; (a) [...] apò d’éphthithen esthloì hetaîroi / pántes homôs [...] (Od. XXIII 331-2) ‘and his noble comrades perished all together’, (b) […] ho mèn mála tēlóthi pátrēs / éphthit’, emeîo dè dêsen arês alktêra genésthai (Il. XVIII 99-100) ‘Far, far from his own land has he fallen, and had need of me to be a warder off of ruin’; (a) […] ēd’ephílēthen / ek Diós […] (Il. II 668-9) ‘and [they] were loved by Zeus’, (b) [...] epeì philéesthe par’autêi (Il. XIII 627) ‘when it was with her that you had found hospitality’; (a) [...] hṑs tót’Akhaioì / thespesíōs ephóbēthen huph’Héktori kaì Diì patrì (Il. XV 636-7) ‘so wondrously were the Achaeans one and all then driven in rout by Hector and father Zeus’, (b) ou gár pṓ ti Trôes arēiphílōn hup’Akhaiôn / protropádēn phobéonto melaináōn apò nēôn (Il. XVI 303-4) ‘for not yet were the Trojans driven in headlong rout from the black ships by the Achaeans, dear to Ares’; (a) all’epeì ephrásthēs kaí toi theòs émbale thumôi (Od. XIX 485) ‘but now since you have found me out and a god has put this in thy heart’, (b) allà kat’autoùs aièn hóra kaì phrázeto thumôi (Il. XVI 646) ‘but ever [he] looked down on them, and considered in his heart’; (a) […] ho dè phresìn hêisi khárē kaì eélpeto níkēn (Il. XIII 609) ‘yet he rejoiced at hearth, and hoped for victory’, (b) […] méga dè Trôes kekháronto (Il. XVI 600) ‘but mightily did the Trojans rejoice’; (a) kaì tóte dḕ perì kêri Poseidáōn ekholṓthē (Il. XIII 206) ‘and then it was that Poseidon grew furious at heart’, (b) Hḗrēi d’oú ti tóson nemesízomai oudè kholoûmai (Il. VIII 407) ‘But against Hera I have not such great indignation or wrath’; (a) [...] oú ké moi húpnos epì blephároisi khutheíē (Od. XIX 590) ‘sleep should never be shed over my eyelids’, (b) […] kat’ophthalmôn d’ékhut’akhlús (Od. XXII 88) ‘and over his eyes the mist poured down’; (a) allà pleîston dḕ en humîn epseústhēmen (Hdt. IX 48) ‘nay, we have been grievously mistaken in you’, (b) all’állōs komidês kekhrḗmenoi ándres alêtai / pseúdont’, oud’ethélousin alēthéa muthḗsasthai (Od. XIV 124-5) ‘on the contrary wanderers in need of sustenance tell lies at random, and have no desire to speak the truth’.
(11) Diagram
(12) Diagram
(13) Diagram
(18) Table A
table A (23) Diagram
(26) Diagram
(30) Table B
table B (31) Table C
table c 1* Thanks to Josep Alba-Salas for his help in translating this paper and to Marina Benedetti, Carla Bruno, George E. Dunkel, Seppo Kittilä, Leonid Kulikov, Nunzio La Fauci, Takuya Nakamura and Silvia Pieroni for their helpful suggestions. This research has been developed within the national research project Contact and change in the history of Mediterranean languages (prin 2008). Cf. Tronci (2005), which focuses on non-finite verb forms as well. For collecting all verb forms, I have used also the Index homericus by Gehring (1891) and the Index of verb-forms in Herodotus by Stork (1987). 2 As Benveniste (1966) has stated: “ce qui caractérise en propre le verbe indo-européen est qu’il ne porte référence qu’au sujet, non à l’objet” (see also La Fauci’s 1989 remarks about this matter). 3 Texts and translations of examples are taken from: Homer. Iliad, Edited by Jeffrey Henderson, Translated by A.T. Murray, Revised by William F. Wyatt, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London England: Harvard University Press, 19992; Homer. Odyssey, Edited by Jeffrey Henderson, Translated by A.T. Murray, Revised by George E. Dimock, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London England: Harvard University Press, 19952; Homeric Hymns, Homeric Apocrypha, Lives of Homer, Edited and Transalted by Martin L. West, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London England: Harvard University Press, 2003; Hesiod. Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and Translated by Glenn W. Most, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London England: Harvard University Press, 2006; Herodotus. The Persian Wars, Edited by Jeffrey Henderson, Translated by A.D. Godley, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London England: Harvard University Press, 1920-1925. Somewhere I slightly modified some translations. As far as glosses are concerned: det = determiner, rel. = relative (pronoun), 1 = first person, 2 = second person, 3 = third person, acc = accusative ; act = active, afx = affix, aor = aorist, dat = dative, fut = future, gen = genitive ; impf = imperfect, ind = indicative, mid = middle, nom = nominative pf = perfect, pl = plural ; prs = present, ptcp = participle, sg = singular, subj = subjunctive. 4 As far as inflection is concerned, cf. Chantraine (1953: 171ff.), Kühner-Gerth (1898-1904), Schwyzer (1959: 657ff.), Humbert (1945: 100ff.), Meillet-Vendryes (1963: 304ff.), Rijksbaron (1984), Bakker (1994), Duhoux (2000). 5 For a morphological description of the sigmatic class, see Schwyzer (1959). 6 From a crosslinguistic perspective, the matter is more complex, but the idea that the affix -ē- has a “stative” (or “fientive”) value is the common, unquestionable starting point of all researches: “L’aoriste en *-ē- en indo-européen exprimait l’état; employé absolument, il était apte à render le passif” (Meillet-Vendryés 1963: 228; see also Jasanoff 1978, 2003, Di Giovine 1996; for the label “fientive” see Harðarson 1998). Some studies deal with the relationship between the two different affixes -ē- and -thē-: Wackernagel (1890), Chantraine (1928), Benveniste (1935), Prévot (1935), Ruipérez (1991). About verb forms with -thē- cf. Peters (2004). 7 See also La Fauci (2000), (2003), (2004), (2006), for a description of the approach and methodological procedures. 8 The picture I suggest is somewhat simplified. For a survey, see Schwyzer (1954: 763-764), Browning (1983), Hesse (1980), Mackridge (1987), Holton et al. (1997), and Manney (2000). 9 See Ambrosini (1982), reference to Italian data in particular. 10 For an overview of the principles and assumptions of Relational Grammar, see Perlmutter (1978), (1982), (1983), La Fauci (1984), (1988), Perlmutter and Rosen (1984), Rosen (1988 [1981]), Alba-Salas (2002, ch. 3), and Blake (1990). 11 The syntagmatic relationship of the Subject and (Direct) Object in the final stratum is a sufficient, but not necessary condition for active inflection to occur, as can be seen by comparison with intransitive structures that show active inflection forms (the so-called unergative structures). 12 See Perlmutter (1984). 13 The examples given illustrate the main kinds of syntactic structures in which sigmatic forms with middle inflection occur: I have found in my corpus some examples of reciprocal constructions and “possessive middle” constructions. Although these kinds of structures fall outside the scope of my paper, I would suggest that they also involve multiattachment, just like the constructions analyzed here. 14 For the notion of antipassive constructions, see La Fauci (1984). 15 The function of final Object is marked by accusative case, but not all nouns with accusative case have the final Object function (see, for instance, constructions with double accusative). 16 The morphosyntactic phenomenon described in La Fauci (1988) is the distribution of auxiliation patterns in Romance languages. This distribution shows interesting similarities with the distribution of verb inflection, at least in some Indo-European varieties, as suggested in La Fauci and Tronci (2009). 17 In traditional studies “middle” is used to refer to (verb forms of) structures which are neither active nor passive from a functional standpoint (see Wackernagel 1926). It goes without saying that this classification goes back to the Ancient Greek grammarians: “Diathéseis eisì treîs, enérgeia, páthos, mesótēs: enérgeia mèn hoîon túptō, páthos dè hoîon túptomai, mesótēs dè hē potè mèn enérgeian potè dè páthos paristâsa, hoîon pépēga diéphthora epoiēsámēn egrapsámēn” (Dionysius Thrax, Ars grammatica I 49, 1). As for the term “middle”, there is some confusion about form and function. In this paper “middle” refers to verb morphology, and middle (in capitals) to the syntax. 18 From my perspective, the Indo-European origin of affixes -ē- and -thē- is not relevant here (for an account, see Tronci 2005). 19 It is not the same in so-called “passive future” forms, in which the affixes -ē-/-thē- combine both with middle and active inflection, depending on the different Greek dialects (cf. Schwyzer 1959: 783). 20 This relationship has been remarked by Hackstein (1997/98), Benedetti (2005), and García-Ramón (2004). 21 In the following, I give one example for each lexical item showing both verb forms: (a) […] kaì még’ Download 0.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||