Directions: Beneath each of the following questions are four lettered phrases or sentences marked (a), (b), (c), and (d), but only one best fits the answer. Please decide which one is the

Directions: Beneath each of the following questions are four lettered phrases or sentences marked (a), (b), (c), and (d), but ONLY ONE best fits the answer. Please decide which one is the closest correct answer. Then, write down the corresponding letter of the answer you have chosen on your answer sheet.

a. running b. crutch walking

c. hand hanging on a bar d. wheelchair propelling
2. A gait cycle is composed of stance and swing phases. The duration of the stance phase is approximately _____% of a gait cycle.

b. 62 b. 38 c. 27 d. 22

a. A double support phase is defined as the time when both feet are in contact with the ground simultaneously.

b. There is only one double support during one gait cycle.

c. The total duration of the double support phases during one gait cycle is approximately 22% of the gait cycle.

d. The presence of the double support phase is one of the characteristics to distinguish walking from running.
4. Knee flexion occurs during the midstance phase is necessary to _____ the center of the body mass by changing the vertical length of the supported leg.

a. elevate b. lower c. shift medially d. shift laterally

a. counterbalance the contraction of the plantarflexor by co-contraction

b. lower down the foot at a controlled speed by eccentric contraction

c. slap the foot against the ground by concentric contraction

d. provide sufficient clearance between the foot and the ground


6. The neutral position of the pelvis can be defined that _____ are located in the same vertical plane.

a. ASIS and symphysis pubis b. ASIS and PIIS

c. PIIS and symphysis pubis d. PSIS and PIIS
7. Which of the following phenomena would NOT take place if a normal-aligned adult stands naturally?

a. The heels of both feet separate 3" apart and the feet rotate 8-10 outwards.

b. The line of gravity of the body passes the calcaneocuboid joint.

c. The line of gravity of the body passes bodies of all cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

d. The line of gravity of the body passes the point 0.5-1 cm posterior to the center of the hip joint.
8. Development may be a factor resulting a poor posture. The adolescent may have soft tissue tightness because the bone grows _____ the muscle.

a. more rapid than b. equal to c. less rapid than

a. anterior cruciate ligament b. posterior cruciate ligament

c. medial collateral ligament d. lateral collateral ligament
10. When a healthy adult stands naturally, the angle between long axes of the pelvis and the femoral neck is approximately

a. 180° b. 160°～175° c. 150°～159° d. 140°～149°

a. iliofemoral b. pubofemoral c. ischiofemoral d. teres femoris

a. anterior b. posterior c. superior d. inferior

a. 0 b. 15 c. 13-18 d. 40

a. The orientation of the trabecular system can be followed to the weight bearing area.

b. The trabeculae from the center of the pelvis are continuous with the lateral trabecular system of the femur.

c. There are medial, lateral, medial accessory, lateral accessory trabecular systems in the femur.

d. The zone of the weakness of the femoral neck where there is no trabecular system is located at the inferior aspect of the femoral neck.
15. The Trendelenburg gait (瑪麗蓮夢露步態) is characterized by the pelvis dropping to the unsupported leg. Which of the following muscles may be most likely to be weak or paralyzed (麻痺)?

a. gluteus medius of the stance leg b. gluteus medius of the unsupported leg

c. gluteus minimus of the stance leg d. gluteus minimus of the unsupported leg
16. The function of the medial meniscus in the knee joint is

a. to stabilize the patella during knee flexion

b. to absorb the ground impact during weight bearing

c. to provide the mechanical leverage of the quadriceps

d. to prevent excessive anterior displacement of the tibia
17. Which of the following ligaments can prevent posterior displacement of the tibia?

a. the medial collateral ligament b. the lateral collateral ligament

c. the anterior cruciate ligament d. the posterior cruciate ligament
18. The function of the popliteus muscle is knee _____ and ____ of the tibia in the 90 of knee flexion position.

a. extension; inward rotation b. extension; outward rotation

c. flexion; inward rotation d. flexion; outward rotation
19. The screw home mechanism of the knee joint describes the phenomenon that continuous _____ of the femur accompanies the completion of knee extension during close kinematic chain motions.

a. upward b. downward c. inward d. outward

a. decrease b. increase c. the same

a. talonavicular joint b. first metaarsophalangeal joint

c. talocrural joint d. subtalar joint
22. During stance phase of the gait cycle, pronation of the subtalar joint makes the talus move _____ and the tibia rotate _____.

a. laterally and superiorly; outwards b. laterally and inferiorly; outwards

c. medially and superiorly; inwards d. medially and inferiorly; inwards
23. Concerning with the medial longitudinal arch, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

a. The apex of the medial longitudinal arch is at the navicular bone.

b. The arch becomes high when the subtalar joint is supinated and the plantar fascia is taut.

c. The intrinsic muscle is active to maintain the arch during static stance.

d. One of the mechanisms to maintain the arch in a static foot is the joint congruity of the tarsal and metatarsal joint
24. If the subject stands with the patella pointing straight forward, palpation of the malleoli reveals that the lateral malleolus has a more _____ and _____ location than the medial one.

a. posterior, distal b. posterior, proximal

c. anterior, distal d. anterior, proximal
25. As the foot prepares for push-off, supination of the subtalar joint is initiated to establish a rigid lever and pulleys for extrinsic muscles. Which of the following muscles may be active in this phase to complete subtalar supination?

a. gastrocnemius b. tibialis posterior

c. flexor digitorum longus d. all of the above
26. All of the following joints between the atlas and the axis are synovial joints EXCEPT

a. the anterior atlantoaxial joint b. the facet joint

c. the uncovertebral joint d. the subtalar joint
27. Which of the following motions occurs mainly in the altanto-occipital joint?

a. active flexion/extension in cervical neutral position

b. active rotation in cervical neutral position

c. active flexion/extension in cervical maximum rotated position

d. active rotation in cervical maximum flexed position
28. Which of the following statements about of anterior rotation (tilt) of the pelvic is NOT TRUE?

1. 
   The abdominal muscles are stretched.
   
2. 
   The hamstrings are tight.
   
3. 
   The back extensor may be stronger than the abdominal muscles.
   
4. 
   The back extensors are tight.
   

1. 
   The foot is pronated in order to absorb the shock.
   
2. 
   The pelvis will rotate posteriorly and laterally.
   
3. 
   The hamstrings muscles will be stretched.
   
4. 
   The rectus femoris is difficult to contract because of the nature of a two-joint muscle.
   

a. the rectus femoris b. the gastrocnemius

c. the biceps brachii d. the hamstring
31. The lumbar lordosis _____ when the pelvis tilt posteriorly during erect stance because the lumbar spine is _____ following posterior tilt of the pelvis at stance.

a. increases; flexed b. increases; extended

c. decreases; flexed d. decreases; extended
32. As the same motion in Question 31: the _____ muscles contracts _____ to complete this posterior tilt of the pelvis.

a. abdominal; concentrically b. abdominal; eccentrically

c. iliopsoas; concentrically d. iliopsoas; eccentrically
33. When the right sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts, the head is extended, sidebent to the ______, and rotated to the _____.

a. right, right b. right, left c. left, right d. left, left

a. Most of the body weight bearing is through the disc rather than the facet joints.

b. Forward bending exerts a posterior force on the nucleus that is forced to move posterior.

c. The lumbar disc consists of 80-90 % of water. This proportion of water decreases in the elderly people.

d. Both anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments stabilize the intervertebral discs in the lumbar region, which are as strong as these in the cervical spine.
35. In lower cervical region, the orientation of the facets of the apophyseal joint (facet joint) is typically

a. with an angle of 20 degrees from the transverse plane

b. in the sagittal plane with some curvature in the frontal plane

c. exactly in the frontal plane

d. in the transverse plane

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