Linguistics The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.
INDING YOUR WAY WITH POETRY
Adjective
A word which describes a noun.
For example, “The yellow table.”
Alliteration
Several words beginning with the
same consonant. For example,
“The silent sea swells.”
Anthology
A collection of passages from
literature, usually poems, in
one book.
Figure of Speech
Language which is not literal but
used for effect.
Imagery
Language which produces pictures
in the mind of a reader
by appealing to the senses.
Literal
Keeping strictly to the original
meaning of a word.
Metaphor
A form of comparison which does
not use
‘like’ or ‘as’. For example, a
poet describes loneliness like this:
“In the night
I am a solitary bellbird, singing
on my own.”
Noun
The name of a person, place or thing.
For example, “The yellow table.”
Rhyme
The repetition of words or syllables
which sound the same:
fl at, bat, chat.
Rhythm
The ‘beat’ ‘like’ ‘as’. “Her hand
claw.”
‘verse’.
Structure
The particular organisation of words
and lines a poet has used in a poem.
Syntax
The way the words are organised in
a sentence in relation to each other.
Verb
An action or ‘doing’ word like smile,
wink, chatter.
Verse
How a poem is divided up.
I remember the last red rose
and that it darkened a little
every day, drawing into itself every = determiner
almost black at the end in its almost = adverb
bright green bottle
on the white sill by the kitchen window,
and the winter weather waning
the garden greening, beyond –
I remember it died, months ago.
The last hard clasp of hands
and the standing together
in the blue winter twilight
with infinite gentleness talking
inconsequentially through
someone’s silent weeping – that too
is over; we scattered long ago
to our afternoon hours
to work and to sleep.
But the night is querulous and full
of arrangements; composing
answers to letters, remembering
obligations, I am held as
at a dull meeting; dry-eyed,
tired-minded, I hear no voices
but the night wind
meddling at the silence
In a great sorrow we are helpless:
children, we trust the pitiless stars
to lead us by the hand; this small
darkness is a shut room.
It is not pain we fear, but triviality.
Lauris Edmond
Images in my head.
Infinite = adjective, without any limit or end.
Inconsequential = adjective, unimportant or insignificant.
Inconsequentially = adverb
Verse 1
Creates in our minds an image of death, an image of things changing. Adjectives based on colour.
Verse 2
Winter is coming to an end. An image of sadness.
Verse 3
An image of lying in bed. Not relaxing, but thinking about things over and over again. No peace to sleep
Verse 4
Acceptance – can’t do anything about it. We have to accept fate – nature.
Legend of Symbols for the Cognātarium
Symbol
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Meaning
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●
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The green bullet lists words that are derived from the same morpheme, but have variant spelling.
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●
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The red bullet lists words that are not in fact related to the subject morpheme, although the reader might assume that they are related.
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●
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The blue bullet lists “Same as” stems, “See also” stems, and other commentary on the subject morpheme.
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●
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The aqua (cyan) bullet lists foreign words that are derived from the same morpheme.
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||
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This symbol marks the start of the etymology of the morpheme.
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This symbol in the etymology means “from” and indicates the source of the morpheme. For example “ Gr” means from Greek.
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This symbol in the etymology means “to” and indicates words that arise from the term to the left. For example “L pati patiens” means that Latin patiens is derived from pati.
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*
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This asterisk symbol in the etymology means hypothetical, or not attested. It means that the root is hypothesized based on linguistic evidence, but that no written record of the stem has been found. All Indo-European roots are so marked, as we have no written evidence of the Proto-Indo-European language.
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†
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This dagger symbol means the origin is unknown.
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Glossary for the Cognātarium
Abbreviation
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Definition
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abbrv.
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abbreviation
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abl.
|
ablative
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acc.
|
accusative
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adj.
|
adjective
|
adv.
|
adverb
|
Afr
|
African
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Afrik
|
Afrikaans
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alt.
|
alternative
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Am
|
American
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AmFr
|
American French
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AmInd
|
American Indian
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AmSp
|
American Spanish
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Anglo-Fr
|
Anglo-French
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Anglo-Ind
|
Anglo-Indian
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Anglo-Ir
|
Anglo-Irish
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Anglo-L
|
Anglo-Latin
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Anglo-Norm
|
Anglo-Norma
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Ar
|
Arabic
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Aramaic
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Aram
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Arm
|
Armenian
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Assyr
|
Assyrian
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aug.
|
augmentative
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Austral
|
Australian
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Bab
|
Babylonian
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back-form.
|
back-formation
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Beng
|
Bengali
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BrazPort
|
Brazilian Portuguese
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Bret
|
Breton
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Brit
|
British
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Bulg
|
Bulgarian
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caus.
|
causative
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Cdn
|
Canadian
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CdnFr
|
Canadian French
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Celt
|
Celtic
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Ch.
|
church
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Chin
|
Chinese
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Class
|
classical
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colloq.
|
colloquial
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comb.
|
combination, combining
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comp.
|
compound
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compar.
|
comparative
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conj.
|
conjunction
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Dan
|
Danish
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dat.
|
dative
|
deriv.
|
derivative, derived
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dial.
|
dialectical
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dim.
|
diminutive
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Du
|
Dutch
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dupl
|
duplicate
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E
|
English
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e.g.
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exempli gratia (for example)
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EFris
|
East Frisian
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Egypt
|
Egyptian
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Engl
|
English
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equiv.
|
equivalent
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Esk
|
Eskimo
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esp.
|
especially
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est.
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estimated
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et al.
|
et alii (and others)
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etc.
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et cetera (and so forth)
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Etr
|
Etruscan
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etym.
|
etymology
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fem.
|
feminine
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fig.
|
figuratively
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Finn
|
Finnish
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Fl
|
Flemish
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fol.
|
following entry
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Fr
|
French
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Frank
|
Frankish
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freq.
|
frequentative
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Fris
|
Frisian
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fut.
|
future
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Gael
|
Gaelic
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Gaul
|
Gaulish
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gen.
|
genitive
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Ger
|
German
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ger.
|
gerund, gerundive
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Gmc
|
Germanic
|
Goth
|
Gothic
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Gr
|
Classical Greek
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Gr(Ec)
|
Ecclesiastical Greek
|
gram.
|
grammar
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Haw
|
Hawaiian
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Heb
|
Classical Hebrew
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Heb-Aram
|
Hebrew-Aramaic
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Hung
|
Hungarian
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i.e.
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id est (that is)
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Ice
|
Icelandic
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IE
|
Indo-European
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imper.
|
imperative
|
imperf.
|
imperfect
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incl.
|
including
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Ind
|
Indian, Indic
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indic.
|
indicative
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inf.
|
infinitive
|
infl.
|
influenced
|
intens
|
intenisve
|
interj.
|
interjection
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Ir
|
Irish
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Iran
|
Iranian
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irreg.
|
irregular
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It
|
Italian
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Jpn
|
Japanese
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Kor
|
Korean
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L
|
Classical Latin
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L(Ec)
|
Ecclesiatical Latin
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LGr
|
Late Greek
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LGr(Ec)
|
Ecclesiastical Late Greek
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linguist.
|
linguistic(s)
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lit.
|
literally
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Lith
|
Lithuanian
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LL
|
Late Latin
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LL(Ec)
|
Ecclesiastical Late Latin
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LME
|
Late Middle English
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LowG
|
Low German
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LWS
|
Late West Saxon
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masc.
|
masculine
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MDu
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Middle Dutch
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ME
|
Middle English
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Mex
|
Mexican
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MexSp
|
Mexican Spanish
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MFl
|
Middle Flemish
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MFr
|
Middle French
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MGr
|
Medieval Greek
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MHeb
|
Medieval Hebrew
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MHG
|
Middle High German
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MIr
|
Middle Irish
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ML
|
Medieval Latin
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ML(Ec)
|
Ecclesiastical Medieval Latin
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MLowG
|
Middle Low German
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ModE
|
Modern English
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ModGr
|
Modern Greek
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ModHeb
|
Modern Hebrew
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ModL
|
Modern Latin
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MScot
|
Middle Scottish
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N
|
northern
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NAmFr
|
North American French
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Netherl
|
Netherlands, Netherlandic
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neut.
|
neuter
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NGmc
|
North Germanic
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nom.
|
nominative
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Norm
|
Norman
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NormFr
|
Norman French
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Norw
|
Norwegian
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NZ
|
New Zealand
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obj.
|
object, objective
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obs.
|
obsolete
|
occas.
|
occasionally
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OCelt
|
Old Celtic
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ODan
|
Old Danish
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ODu
|
Old Dutch
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OE
|
Old English
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OFr
|
Old French
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OFris
|
Old Frisian
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OHG
|
Old High German
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OIce
|
Old Icelandic
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OInd
|
Old Indic
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OIr
|
Old Irish
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OIt
|
Old Italian
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OL
|
Old Latin
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OLowFranc
|
Old Low Franconian
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OLowG
|
Old Low German
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ON
|
Old Norse
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OPers
|
Old Persian
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OProv
|
Old Provençal
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OPrus
|
Old Prussian
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orig.
|
origin, originally
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OS
|
Old Saxon
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Osco-Umb
|
Osco-Umbrian
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OSlav
|
Old Church Slavonic
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OSp
|
Old Spanish
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OSw
|
Old Swedish
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OWelsh
|
Old Welsh
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PaGer
|
Pennsylvania German
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part.
|
participle, participial
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pass.
|
passive voice
|
perf.
|
perfect tense
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Pers
|
Persian
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pers.
|
person (grammar)
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PGmc
|
Proto-Germanic
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phr.
|
phrase
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PidE
|
pidgin English
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PIE
|
Proto-Indo-European
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pl.
|
plural
|
pl. n.
|
plural noun
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poet.
|
poetic
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Pol
|
Polish
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pop.
|
popular
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Port
|
Portuguese
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poss.
|
possessive
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pp.
|
past participle
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prec.
|
preceding entry
|
prep.
|
preposition
|
pres.
|
present tense
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pret.
|
preterit
|
priv.
|
privative
|
prob.
|
probably
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pron.
|
pronoun
|
Prov
|
Provençal
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prp.
|
present participle
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Prus
|
Prussian
|
pseud.
|
pseudonym
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pt.
|
past tense
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redupl.
|
reduplication, reduplicated
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ref.
|
reference, refer
|
refl.
|
reflexive
|
Rom.
|
Roman
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Russ
|
Russian
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SAmSp
|
South American Spanish
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Sans
|
Sanskrit
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Scand
|
Scandinavian
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Scot
|
Scottish
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Sem
|
Semitic
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Serb
|
Serbian
|
sing.
|
singular
|
sing. n.
|
singular noun
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SinoJpn
|
Sino-Japanese
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Slav
|
Slavic, Slavonic
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Sp
|
Spanish
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sp.
|
spelling, spelled
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specif.
|
specifically
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subj.
|
subject
|
subjunc.
|
subjunctive
|
superl.
|
superlative
|
Swed
|
Swedish
|
TalmudHeb
|
Talmudic Hebrew
|
transl.
|
translated, translation
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Turk
|
Turkish
|
ult.
|
ultimately
|
uncert.
|
uncertain
|
v. aux.
|
auxiliary verb
|
var.
|
variant, variety
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vi.
|
intransitive verb
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VL
|
Vulgar Latin
|
Vulg.
|
Vulgate
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WAfr
|
West African
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WFris
|
West Frisian
|
WGmc
|
West Germanic
|
WInd
|
West Indian
|
WS
|
West Saxon
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