Infrastructure Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. Infrastructure
Download 78.67 Kb.
|
| Infrastructure
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. Infrastructure is the basic facilities needed for the functioning of a community or society. In other words, it is the basic physical or organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprises. The 12th 5YP envisaged the investment requirement in infrastructure to the tune of $1trillion, with 47% of this fund coming from the private sector.
Energy: India will produce 71% of its energy needs domestically by 2016-17, and 69% by 2021-22. The remaining will be met through import. Integrated energy policy (IEP) 2031-32
Coal: India’s reserve as on March, 2012 was 293.5billion tones (40% proven and some 40bn tons proven) & Domestic production-540million tons in 2011-12 (import-100mn tons) need to increased to 795mn tons by 2016-17; even then there will be import need of 185mn tons.
Oil & Natural Gas: 73% import dependent, 90% import by 2031-32. India’s Refining Capacity – 215mmt in 2013, exporting 60.84mmt of petroleum products worth $50bn (20 refineries: 17 public & 3 Pvt.). Steps taken by the govt.:
(Sweden has declared that they will have nothing to do with oil by 2050). Hydro: potential of around 1, 45,000MW: environmental, and relief and rehabilitation issues. (157 projects-57,672MW, 38-mega dam with 320MW capacity, 12% free to Arunachal Pradesh). Nuclear: 20 power plant running – 4780MW, two at Kudankulam (2000MW) yet to connect to grid, five under construction (3300MW)
Major Issue: Safety and Environment (Sweden, Germany and Japan will discard Nuclear Energy by 2040). Other sources: Coal Bed Methane (CBM): 4th largest proven reserved. 33 exploration block- Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, M.P, T.N, Odisha, Rajasthan… Production started – 0.28mmscmd (million metric standard cubic meters per day). Gas/Chathrate Hydrates: Methane Gas trapped inside ice in coastal sea, ocean sediments, polar seabed, and permafrost (around 300mt deep in temperate region and nearer in polar region). Shale Gas: 2012 – draft policy for the exploration and exploitation: “Shale Gas in India: look before you leap”. It is being considered by a group of ministers. India is believed to have technically recoverable resources of 96 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of wet shale gas.
Nuclear Fusion: ITER-international thermonuclear experimental reactor, Cadarache, France; started in 2005-07 to be completed by 2018. It has 7 member countries: Japan, China, India, S. Korea, US, Russia and EU. 50MW input power to produce 500MW output. Renewable Energy: Potential – 89,760MW, present installed capacity-28,000MW & plan to double renewable energy generation by 2017. Small Hydro: less than 25MW, 3496MW installed with potential of 15,000MW.
Wind: more than 18,000MW in operation, and total capacity of 49,130MW.
Tidal and Wave Energy: ocean currents are the store house of infinite energy. West coast of India is the most favorable region for harnessing this energy. Geothermal Energy: when the Magma from the interior of earth comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy. Also the hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells is used in the generation of thermal energy. Himalayan region has major potential. Bio-energy/ Biomass: energy derived from biological products which include agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes (1200MW/17,000MW). Waste to Energy (WtE) incineration – Okhla – 16MW has taken off but yet to connect to Grid, Ghazipur- 10MW, Narela-Bawana – 36MW Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’s (MNRE) flagship program on ‘energy recovery from urban and industrial waste’, announced in May 2011 aimed to generate 84MW of power from waste by providing subsidies upto Rs 10cr to developers. Negative effect of WtE incineration:
Central Pollution Control Board and Chennai based Non-profit org. Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) revealed life threatening levels of particulates and toxic chemicals including Dioxins which is 30-40 times above permissible level in Okhla, Delhi. Those who live close to incinerator since 2009 are experiencing incidences of cancer and low birth weight.
(Sustainable waste management option; prevent, reuse and recycle). Alternative: Plasma Gasification of municipal waste.
Challenges in power sector: total installed capacity-2, 14, 000MW; Industrial sector-45%, domestic-22%, agriculture-17% and commercial-8.9%); Transmission & Distribution Loss (India-24%, world average-15%, US & EU-4%, China-7%), Power theft (20,000cr annual loss), under pricing and subsidies. The overall power shortage-8.6% and peak shortage of -9%. Power sector reform:
Initiatives taken in Power Sector:
Other initiatives in energy sector:
Energy Security: it means having access to the requisite volumes of energy at affordable prices, i.e., supply must be impervious to disruptions and sufficient quantity must be available in time from variety of sources. Communication:
National Telecom Policy 2012:
Present status: TRAI begged the total no. of internet subscribers in India as of March 31, 2013 at 164.81 million and broadband penetration-1%; 12mn, 7/8 access internet through mobile, expected to cross 165mn by March 2014. However, comScore put the no. of internet users in India at 74 million. Net users spend the most time on Facebook, followed by LinkedIn and twitter. While the most unique visitors sites is Google, and the most popular site for news is Yahoo. Broadband policy 2004: 22.8mn internet subscribers including 13.7mn broadband by 2012.
National Optic Fiber Network (NOFN)-2.5lakh broadband connections to gram panchayat for e-health, e-education, e-governance, funded under universal service obligation fund (USOF)-7310 towers set up by 2012. USOF has also signed an agreement with the BSNL to provide rural wire-line broadband connectivity with a speed of 512Kbps. Village Public Telephones Scheme has covered 97% of villages. Two years after the Department of Telecom (DoT) decided to set up a telecom equipment testing lab at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore to address security issues, foreign vendors have now refused to share their design details with the premier academic institute as it could hurt their business interests. This sudden turn of events will now further delay the setting up of a full-fledged ‘Telecom Testing and Security Certification Centre’ (TTSCC), which should have become fully operational by April 2013. It will also hurt India’s preparedness towards creating the ‘Telecom Security Directorate’ as mandated by the National Security Council. TTSCC could be established under the DoT.
Project Arrow launched in 2008: IT driven project to modernize the Post Offices to become part of core banking solution and real time banking services, better mail delivery, remittances, insurance, saving, Speed Post-One India One Rate Scheme for just Rs.39 for any consignment weighing up to 50gms (Leasing out land, develop shopping complexes in postal departmental land, etc. are the other initiatives). Transport: Road, Railways, Waterways and Airways. Civil Aviation: 15 international airports out of the total 187 airports (manage by the Airport Authority of India, set up in 1994). Construction of airports through PPP: IGI T3 – Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Greater Mumbai and Completely Pvt.-Kolkata & Chennai.
Issues: Aviation Industry - $20bn debt.
Steps taken:
Railways: Introduced in 1853 between Bombay & Thane: 34Km.
Major Issues:
Steps required:
Steps initiated:
Eastern DFC 1839 Km: Dankuni, Kolkata-Ludhiana, Punjab (target-2017, WB-66% funding) Western DFC 1499Km: JNPT Mumbai- Dadri/Rewari, Delhi-UP (target-2016, Japan International Cooperation Agency-77% funding).
Feasibility study underway:
Small wrist-watch like device to monitor driver’s posture, pulse, etc. constantly. If the driver consumed alcohol and is half asleep in the cabin, station manager would get alarmed and automatically stop the train. Russia has been using for Loco-pilots (train pilots)
Applies brakes without pilots and avoid collision of human errors, rain, fog, sabotage… (Anti-Collision Device-Raksha Kavach was invented by Rajaram Bojji and patented by Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd). IR requires Rs.16, 000cr to implement all these steps. Kakodkar Committee Railway Safety – 1lakhcr Sam Pitroda Committee on modernization of IR – 5.6lakhcr IR Vision 2020: Annual outlay of Rs 1.4lakhcr is required over a decade with estimated annual gross budgetary support of Rs.50, 000cr by the central govt. need to fix the 15,000 unmanned level crossings which is responsible for 40% of the accident in 2011, in the next 5yrs. Water Ways: Shipping-95% of India’s trade volume and 68% in terms of value. Seaports: 13 major ports accounted for 74% of the cargo transport (12 govt. & 1 corporate owned-Ennore port), 187 notified intermediate and minor ports. Two new major port being proposed: Sagar in W.B & in A.P to add 100million tones of capacity. Commodity transport in terms of volume: POL (petroleum, oil & lubricants)> Container Cargo> Other Cargo> Coal. Inland Waterways: NW1: Allahabad-Haldia: 1620Km, 1986 NW2: Sadiya- Dhubri: 891Km, 1988 NW3: Kottapuram-Kollam: 205Km, 1991 NW4: Kakinada-Pondicherry: 1095Km, nov.2008 NW5: Talcher-Dhamra(Brahmani river): 623Km, nov.2008 NW6: Lakhipur-Bhanga (River Barak)-target; 1st phase 2016-17 & 2nd phase 2018-19: 121Km, 2013 Road: NH-2% of the total roads NH/Expressways-70,000Km, State Highway-1,54,522Km: National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) National Highway Development Project (NHDP);
Total – 55,460/19,239 completed till December 2012. New Initiatives:
Urban Infrastructure: JNNURM (65mission cities) was launched for 7yrs, but it has been extended till April 2014. Its sub-components under the Unban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) include: Urban renewal, water supply, sanitation, sewerage and solid waste management, urban transport, development of heritage areas, and preservation of water bodies. It has also emphasized on 3 key mandatory pro-poor to enhance the capacity of urban local bodies:
The Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT): a sub-component of the JNNURM for development of infrastructure facilities in all towns and cities other than the 65 Mission Cities covered under its UIG sub-mission. So far it has covered 672 towns and cities under UIDSSMT. Urban Transport: under JNNURM, proposal for Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) have been approved in Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Indore, Jaipur, Pune-Pimpri-Chinchwad, Rajkot, Kolkata, Surat, Vijayawada and Vishakapatnam. Purchase of 15,260 bus have been approved and till nov.2012, more than 12,620 modern intelligent transport system (ITS)-enables low-floor and semi-low-floor buses have been delivered to the states/cities. Metro Rail Projects: NCR-3rd phase 103.5Km started, Bangalore-42.3Km by dec.2013, Kolkata-14.67Km by 2015, Chennai-46.5Km by 2015, Kochi-25.6Km, Mumbai-42.94Km, Hyderabad-71.16Km and Jaipur-7Km. Achievements of the govt. in Infrastructure sector in the last few years:
India Infrastructure Finance Company (IIFCL) set up in 2006 for long term projects by providing up to 20% of the project cost both through direct lending to project companies and by refinancing banks and financial institutions. It raised fund both from domestic and international market on the strength of govt.’s guarantees. At the end of 12th plan it will become a catalyst for mobilizing resources for financing infrastructure by providing guarantees for bonds issued by private infrastructure companies rather than expanding its direct lending operations. This would enable mobilization of insurance and pension funds, external debt, and household savings. Infrastructure Debt Fund (IDF): tax free bonds up to Rs.50, 000cr- 1st IDF NBFC set up by ICICI, BoB, CITI, and LIC. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): RIDF-XIX in 2013-14 to Rs.20, 000cr for warehouse, god-own, cold storage, silos… Viability Gap Funding (VGF): 20% cost to be borne by the govt. with a corpus of Rs.2000cr; 13 new projects qualified under VGF-cold chains and post harvest storage, education, health, and skill development, NIMZ, oil/gas/LNG storage facility, irrigation, telecom, infrastructure in agri. Market… PPP: toll, annuity, VGF, Negative grant…BOT-expressway, BOO-Mobile tower, BOOT- highway, DBOT (design built operate transfer), DBFO (design built fund operate), BLT (built lease transfer) WB report- India received almost half of Pvt. Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) since 2006, in developing countries, and 98% of the total regional investment with a total investment of $20.7 billion in 2011. By end dec.-2012, there were 900 PPP projects in infrastructure sector. Challenges:
## ONGC acquisition of Crude oil asset abroad: (Indian companies investment commitment to date in overseas market-$100billion, actual investment-$25billion) Overseas oil assets don’t constitute energy security-neither ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) nor its Chinese counterpart actually brings any significant quantities of oil from any of its overseas assets. Most of OVL’s overseas oil production is sold in the local or international markets and the company is compensated in cash payments. Gazprom was nominated the sole export agency for gas exports from Sakhalin. As for gas, OVL does not bring to India even a molecule of gas produced in its own fields in Sakhalin, Vietnam or Myanmar. China fares better in this regard, primarily because it has had the foresight to build transnational gas pipelines. Even in the case of producing fields, equity participation is subject to certain contractual terms with the host government. Sharing equity with other partners as in a consortium or joint venture is also subjected to the terms of the consortium or joint venture agreement or the operating agreement between parties. August: OVL acquired 10% stake in Mozambique gas field from Anadarko Petroleum Corp of US. It also acquired in June, along with OIL, 10% stake in the same block from Videocon Group, and 2 blocks each in Columbia and Bangladesh. Types of participation: Production sharing agreements-usually has an express provision with the host government wherein the foreign investor can take his share of production in kind (ownership of the mineral vests with the host government, except in the U.S. impose Domestic Market Obligations where the operator is required to sell part or all the production to the local market). Sometimes, the domestic market has prior claim and only surpluses can be exported. Certainly OVL can exercise its option to take its profit share ex ante and bring the oil or gas to India wherever it is able to do so. Service contracts- envisage only a pre-determined fee, not a share in production,
References: Indian Economy by Dutt & Sundaram and Ramesh Singh, India year book, Economic Survey, The Hindu, Times of India, Yojan and, Union Budget. Ringthing Hongchui Directory: uploads -> FileUpload uploads -> Police Militarization uploads -> City of rising star regular meting thursday, july 14, 2016 uploads -> Township of winfield uploads -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 uploads -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program What We Want Now! FileUpload -> General Studies On Indian History About Governor Generals of India FileUpload -> Gmat rc 117Passages 一、gmat new 63Passages FileUpload -> The Indian Space Programme in 2012: a review FileUpload -> Rural and Urban Development FileUpload -> Defence: what: r eusable Launch Vehicle td Download 78.67 Kb. Share with your friends:
|