Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences Volume 23, Number 1 issn 1946-8113 Spring 2011 inthis issue



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journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences

Volume 23, Number 1 ISSN 1946-8113 Spring 2011

INTHIS ISSUE

An Empirical Investigation of the Existence of Organizational Typologies ………………………….

K. Gregory Jin, Ronald Drozdenko, Sara Deloughy

Financial Performance: Evidence from Sugar Industry of Pakistan ………………………………….

S M Amir Shah and Syed Tahir Hijazi

Taking Stock of the PCAOB and Investor Confidence Sunita Ahlawat and Sucheta Ahlawat

Insider Trading: A Test of Market Efficiency Darrell J. Asbell and Frank W. Bacon

Pathways to Global Markets: Case of McDonald‘s Globalization

………………………………………………………………...David E. Smith and Darryl J. Mitry An Empirical Examination of Interrelationships between Budgetary Variables: Government

Spending vs. Government Tax Policy

………...………..…………..Tracy L. Bundy, Alan B. Deck, Dan R. Ward and Suzanne P. Ward
Strategic and Altruistic Philanthropy: Different Roles, Differing Motivations Bryan S. Dennis

An Efficiency Measure and its Importance in Air Transportation: the Operating Ratio and its

Importance to Financial Leverage Decisions Richard D. Gritta and James Seal

Stock Valuation and Behavioral Finance Gurdeep K. Chawla

A Hostile Racial Environment: How Hostile Does it have to be? ……………………………………

..Henry Findley, Eva Dodd-Walker, Lee Vardaman, Ping He, Steve Garrott and Robert Wheatley The Public Sector Manager as a Bully: Analysis of Litigated Cases

Helen LaVan, Marsha Katz and Michael Jay Jedel

Employee vs. Contractor: Controversial Battlegrounds, the Courts Rule

Michael Chiasson, Kevin Breaux and Shawn Mauldin

Damages Awards and U.S. Businesses: Do Campbell and Exxon Spell Relief?

Jerry Furniss, Jack Morton, Michael Harrington and Douglas Miller

Computer Simulation to Introduce Knowledge Management

…………………………………………… Bruce Neubauer, Michael Rogers and Rong Yang

A Study on Performance Appraisal Rating Errors in Selected Banks of NCR

…………… Varsha Dixit and Sunil Kumar

Price Discovery in Gold, Silver and Crude Oil Spot and Futures Markets in Emerging and

Developed Economies……………………………………… M.Thenmozhi and S. Priya

Green Policy Uncertainty upon Global Market Adoption between Business and Government

…………….…………………………..… ……. Tom Suraphol Apaiwongse

Airbus and the Production of the A380: A Consideration of Multicultural Differences in Globally

Distributed Operations …… Donna L. Roberts, Robert O. Walton and William J. Muldoon

A SERVPERF Model of Vietnamese Banking Industry

Quoc Cuong Nguyen, Sirion Chaipoopirutana and Howard Combs
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

P.O. Box 502147, San Diego, CA 92150-2147: Tel 909-648-2120

Email: mondal@asbbs.org http://www.asbbs.org

ISSN 1946-8113

Editor-in- Chief

Wali I. Mondal

Assistant Editor: Mahenoor Osman

Henderson State University



Editorial Board

Mina Baliamoune-Lutz University of North Florida

Gerald Calvasina University of Southern Utah




Anthony F. Chelte Midwestern State University

Shamsul Chowdhury Roosevelt University




Steve Dunphy Indiana University- Northwest

Ellis B. Heath Valdosta State University




William J. Kehoe University of Virginia

Robyn Lawrence University of Scranton




Douglas M. McCabe Georgetown University

Bala Maniam Sam Houston State University




Roger Williams Morehouse College

Darshan Sachdeva California State University, Long Beach




Allen Schaeffer Missouri State University

David Smith National University




Linda Whitten Skyline College

Saiful Huq University of New Brunswick



The Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences is a publication of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences (ASBBS). Papers published in the Journal went through a blind-refereed review process prior to acceptance for publication. The editors wish to thank anonymous referees for their contributions.

The national annual meeting of ASBBS is held in Las Vegas in February of each year and the international meeting is held in August of each year. Visit www.asbbs.org for information regarding ASBBS.

1


JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

ISSN 1946-8113
Volume 23, Number 1 Spring 2011


TABLE OF CONTENTS

An Empirical Investigation of the Existence of Organizational Typologies


K. Gregory Jin, Ronald Drozdenko, Sara Deloughy 4

Financial Performance: Evidence from Sugar Industry of Pakistan

S M Amir Shah and Syed Tahir Hijazi 13

Taking Stock of the PCAOB and Investor Confidence


Sunita Ahlawat and Sucheta Ahlawat 22

Insider Trading: A Test of Market Efficiency


Darrell J. Asbell and Frank W. Bacon 33

Pathways to Global Markets: Case of McDonald‘s Globalization David E. Smith and Darryl J. Mitry ……………………………………….42

An Empirical Examination of Interrelationships between Budgetary Variables:
Government Spending vs. Government Tax Policy
Tracy L. Bundy, Alan B. Deck, Dan R. Ward and Suzanne P. Ward 53

Strategic and Altruistic Philanthropy: Different Roles, Differing Motivations Bryan S. Dennis …………………………………………………………... 59

An Efficiency Measure and its Importance in Air Transportation: the
Operating Ratio and its Importance to Financial Leverage Decisions
Richard D. Gritta and James Seal 67

Stock Valuation and Behavioral Finance


Gurdeep K. Chawla 77

A Hostile Racial Environment: How Hostile does it have to be?

Henry Findley, Eva Dodd-Walker, Lee Vardaman, Ping He, Steve
Garrott and Robert Wheatley 86

The Public Sector Manager as a Bully: Analysis of Litigated Cases

Helen LaVan, Marsha Katz and Michael Jay Jedel 96

Employee vs. Contractor: Controversial Battlegrounds, the Courts Rule

Michael Chiasson, Kevin Breaux and Shawn Mauldin 120

Damages Awards and U.S. Businesses: Do Campbell and Exxon Spell Relief?


Jerry Furniss, Jack Morton, Michael Harrington and Douglas Miller 132

Computer Simulation to Introduce Knowledge Management


Bruce Neubauer, Michael Rogers and Rong Yang 147

A Study on Performance Appraisal Rating Errors in Selected Banks of NCR

Varsha Dixit and Sunil Kumar 156

Price Discovery in Gold, Silver and Crude Oil Spot and Futures Markets in Emerging and Developed Economies

M.Thenmozhi and S. Priya 166

Green Policy Uncertainty upon Global Market Adoption between Business and Government

Tom Suraphol Apaiwongse 178

Airbus and the Production of the A380: A Consideration of Multicultural Differences in Globally Distributed Operations

Donna L. Roberts, Robert O. Walton and William J. Muldoon 191

A SERVPERF Model of the Vietnamese Banking Industry

Quoc Cuong Nguyen, Sirion Chaipoopirutana and Howard Combs...198

3

Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences Vol 23, No 1; Spring 2011



AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL TYPOLOGIES

K. Gregory Jin

Ronald Drozdenko

Sara Deloughy

Western Connecticut State University



ABSTRACT

This paper presents the findings of analyses of our database of twenty-one organizational value characteristics sampled through surveys from three professional organizations, direct marketing, information technology and finance. Our objective was to determine if there was consistent evidence for the existence of the traditional organic and mechanistic organizational types. We further examined the data from one of the groups (financial professionals) to determine if there was support for the two types of bureaucracy, enabling and coercive, theorized by Adler and Borys (1996). Using factor analysis, we found evidence for the existence of mechanistic and organic organization types across all three professional groups. Within the mechanistic organizations, we found support for the existence of enabling and coercive bureaucracy. We discuss the implications of these findings with regard to specific value characteristics and the possible evolution of organizational types.



INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework for the examination of our database of twenty-one organizational value characteristics collected from three groups of professionals is based primarily on Adler and Borys‘ (1996) Typology of Organizations. Adler and Borys (1996) broke down the two organization types (organic and mechanistic) in terms of two conceptual dimensions, i.e., the type of formalization and the degree of formalization. Adler and Borys‘ (1996) typology of organizations is shown in Figure 1 as a starting framework for our empirical analyses and discussions. Figure 1 indicates the classic organic and mechanistic type of organizations in quadrants 1 and 4 respectively. In addition to these organic and mechanistic types, Adler and Borys‘ diagram introduces two more organizational types, i.e., coercive-organic, which is called ―autocracy‖ in quadrant 2, and enabling-mechanistic, which is called ―enabling bureaucracy‖ in quadrant 3.

Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences

Figure 1: A Typology of Organizations (Adapted from Adler and Borys, 1996, p. 78)






Type of Formalization

Degree of Formalization

Enabling

Coercive



Low

1 Organic

2 Autocratic



High

3 Enabling Bureaucracy

4 Mechanistic


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