Linux Operations and Administration

Review Questions

1. 
   There can be multiple root directories in Linux. True or False?
   

2. 
   Describe a benefit of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).
   

3. 
   What command do you use to display your current directory?
   

4. 
   What command do you use to change to a different directory?
   

5. 
   What command is used to view the contents of your current directory?
   

6. 
   The cd /home/user command uses the relative method. True or False?
   

7. 
   The -l option effects the ls command by:
   

8. 
   After entering ls -a, how can you tell which files are hidden?
   

9. 
   Describe three options you can use with the ls command.
   

10. 
    Which of the following information is displayed after issuing the ls -l command? (Choose all that apply.)
    

c. File type

11. 
    Describe three man page sections.
    

12. 
    After you use the ls command, the following files are displayed:
    

List the files displayed with each of the following options:

a. file1, file2, file3, file.a, file.b, file.c, files (all files)

b. file1, file2, file3, files

c. No files are displayed.

d. files

13. 
    What command creates an empty file?
    

14. 
    What command deletes files and directories?
    

15. 
    What command deletes empty directories?
    

16. 
    What command creates directories?
    

17. 
    Explain how the -r option affects the rm command.
    

18. 
    What command is used to rename or move a file?
    

19. 
    What command is used to copy a file?
    

20. 
    Explain the difference between an inode table, an inode, and an inode number.
    

21. 
    How does the -i option affect the ls command?
    

22. 
    Explain the difference between hard links and symbolic links.
    

23. 
    How does the -s option affect the ln command?
    

24. 
    What Linux command can you use to switch users without actually logging off your system?
    

Activities

Step 3: The student’s home directory (/home/username) should be displayed.

Step 4: The current working directory is /etc, which is not the same as the student’s home directory. The student used the absolute method to change to the /etc directory.

Step 5: The student is in the root (/) directory.

Step 6: The cd command without arguments switches the student to his or her home directory.

Step 7: All files and directories starting with an uppercase D are displayed onscreen because of the BASH command completion feature.

Step 4: The timestamp will be different for each student.

Step 6: Answers will vary, depending on the options students choose.

Activity 3-3

Step 2: Adding a number to the man command displays only a specific section of the man page.

Step 4: Specifying h* in the command means only files and directories starting with “h” are listed.

Step 5: This command displays all files and directories ending with a period, followed by one character.

Step 9: The student switches to the /home directory because it’s the only subdirectory of root starting with “h.”

Step 7: The timestamp should change for actfile2 and actfile3 but not actfile1.

Step 9: The directory can’t be deleted because it’s not empty.

Step 11: Yes, the directory should be empty.

Step 4: The actfile1 file is renamed as actfile2.

Step 5: The actfile2 file is moved to the parent directory.

Step 6: Students should be in their home directories.

Step 7: A copy of actfile2 is created and renamed as actfile3.

Step 8: The actfile2 file is copied and moved to the Activity3-6 directory, which then contains only this file.

Step 3: The inode number is 3858 for actfile1.

Step 7: Two links are associated with actfile1. The link count changed because a link associated with actfile1 was created.

Step 8: Yes, the file is removed, but the data isn’t gone because there were two links. The data isn’t deleted until all the hard links are deleted.

Step 9: actfile1 has only one link because the other link was deleted in Step 8.

Step 10: The link count is 1 because it’s a symbolic link.

Step 11: The inode number isn’t the same because it’s a symbolic link.

Activity 3-8

Step 2: The student shouldn’t be able to change to the /root directory because his or her account doesn’t have root permissions.

Case Projects

Case Project 3-1: Working with Modified Files

The touch command is used to view a file’s timestamp, and the cp command is used to copy files from one directory to another.

First, students should change the directory to Michio’s home directory (cd /home/michio), and then create the symbolic link (ln -s /workgrp/project/sci.journal myjournal). Next, students should use similar commands for the other three science instructors.