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Class Pd_______ APUSH Period 1: 1491-1607 Review Overview Contact between Europeans and the natives of America touched off a trans-Atlantic trade in animals, plants, and germs known as the Colombian Exchange. This trade altered the way people around the globe lived and thought. Within a hundred years, Spanish and Portuguese explorers and settlers developed colonies using natives and enslaved Africans for labor in agriculture and mining precious metals. Natives and Africans resisted oppression by maintaining elements of their cultures. The Spanish and the Portuguese were quickly followed to the Americas by the French and the Dutch, and later by the English. Period 1 begins with how people lived in 1491, a year before the arrival of European Christopher Columbus in the Americas. His arrival initiated lasting contact between people on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. It ends in 1607 with the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Key Concepts 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting and transforming their diverse environments. 1.2: Contacts among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Colombian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
These should not be seen as an exhaustive list of key terms and people. Instead, they should be viewed as a general timeline that covers the main events and policies of the time period. Economic Development and Social Diversification Among Native Societies The population in region north of Mexico (present day US & Canada) may have been under 1 million to more than 10 million. By the time of Columbus, most who lived in what is now US/Canada lived in semi-permanent settlements in groups usually not more than 300. The men made tools and hunted, while women gathered plants or grew crops. Maize: In the 1490sThe spread of maize (corn) cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas
languages, most of which belonged to just one language family – Indo-European). The largest native language families were the Algonquin in the northeast, Siouan on the Great Plains, and Athabaskan in the southwest.
In the Southwest and Northwest, native societies survived on a mix of foraging and hunting Pueblo: A name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US. Pueblos were also apartment- like structures made of adobe and mud that formed the “towns” of the Pueblo people. They developed irrigation systems and so survived primarily by farming.
longhouses. They survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering. (famous for totem poles) Mobile Lifestyles in Native Societies Native societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and western Great Plains, where climate prevented reliable cultivation of crops, by developing largely mobile lifestyles Nomadic tribes: such as Sioux and Apache survived primarily on buffalo hunting while trading with others for agricultural goods and artifacts Native Societies in the Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard, some societies developed a mixed agriculture and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Iroquois Confederation: A political union of 5 tribes (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk) living in present-day northeastern US. Their culture combined hunting and farming. From 1500s through American Revolution, they were a powerful force, battling rival American Indians as well as Europeans.
descendants of the woodland mound builders and built timber lodging along rivers. Rivers and Atlantic Ocean provided plentiful food.
Until late 1400s, Americans and the people of Europe, Africa and Asia had no knowledge of people on the other side of the Atlantic. Columbus’s voyages finally brought people in to contact across the Atlantic. Several factors made an oceanic crossing and exploration possible New Technology: Thanks to the Renaissance which promoted artistic and scientific activity in 15th and 16th centuries in Europe old technology was improved - gunpowder, compass, mapmaking, shipbuilding (caravel) new technology was introduced – sextant: measured the angle between a celestial object and the horizon – became essential to navigation at sea. Printing press of 1450 led to spread of knowledge across Europe
century. The reuniting of Spain under Isabella and Ferdinand in the 15th century, the conquest of Granada, and the launching of Columbus signaled new leadership, hope and power for Catholics in Europe.
sites considered sacred by both groups in 11th-13th centuries. Though Europeans failed to retake the Holy Land, they were introduced to exotic goods from the east, launching a new interest in access to trade. Protestant Reformation: This created a religious motive for exploration. It was the early 1500s revolt of many Christians in northern Europe against the authority of the Catholic Church. The Protestant/Catholic split caused Catholics and Protestants to want to spread their own version of Christianity abroad.
culture and loyalty toward central gov’t. European monarchs relied on trade for revenue, on the church to justify their rule. They used their power to search for riches and to spread their religion to new overseas dominions.
Europeans sought new trade routes in a quest to increase trade with Africa, India and China. The overland route was long and expensive, and eventually the Ottomans blocked the route in 1453. Prince Henry the Navigator: Fostered a navigation school in Portugal . Portugal assumed easiest way to Asia was south around Africa, then east to China Vasco da Gama: 1st European to reach India by this route European Colonization in the New World European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity (God, Gold, Glory) Columbus: western route across Atlantic to China (or so he thought…). Instead, unknowingly discovered a “New World.” Led a voyage to present-day Bahamas in 1492 and claimed the land he explored for the king and queen of Spain. By 1504, Columbus had made four voyages to America. (believing he had found a western route to Asia)
Sailed from Canary Islands – reached Bahamas 10/12/1492. The voyage achieved some glory for Spain, but not much gold or anything else of value Columbus’s voyage changed the world by facilitating permanent interaction between people from all over the world Exchanges The introduction of new crops and livestock (ex horses and cows) by the Spanish had far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns, as well as on economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere Columbian Exchange: The exchange of people, plants, and animals and germs between Europe, Africa and North America that occurred after Columbus’s arrival in the Western Hemisphere Effects of Exchange on Europe: learned about many new plants and foods. The result? Better nutrition and population growth in Europe. The disease Syphilis was introduced to European societies Effects of Exchange on Native Americans: Europeans introduced sugar gain, pigs, horses, the wheel, and guns. Also introduced deadly European germs and diseases to which natives had no immunity such as smallpox and measles. This led to a mortality rate of 90%.
Spain and Portugal were the first to claim territories in the Americas. To minimize conflict and competition between the two Catholic nations, the Pope drew a line of demarcation, dividing the Atlantic Ocean. Spain & Port sign Treaty of Tordesillas . All lands west were granted to Spain, all lands East to Portugal (Thus, Brazil = Portuguese; Mexico etc. = Spain) Spanish and Portuguese Exploration and Conquest Spain owed its expanding power to its explorers and conquerors (conquistadores) – secured Spain’s initial supremacy in the Americas Balboa: crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific O. Magellan: first to circumnavigate the world Cortes: conquest of the Aztecs of Mexico Pizzaro: conquest of the Incas of Peru Ponce de Leon: claimed Florida for Spain in 1513 St. Augustine: 1565. a Spanish colony (in present-day FL) that has become the oldest, continuously-occupied European settlement in the US New Mexico: Santa Fe established in 1610. Harsh efforts to Christianize the American Indians led to the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. Texas: Spanish established settlements in TX. These communities grew in early 1700s as Spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore lower Mississippi River California: Spanish established permanent settlements at San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. Also established a series of missions along California coast. Spanish Economics in the New World Conquistadores sent back gold and silver to Spain, increased the gold supply 500%. Made Spain the richest and most powerful nation in the world in the 16th century. Spain’s wealth encouraged other nations to turn to the Americas in search of riches Indian Labor and African Labor in the Spanish Colonies In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the encomienda system to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals (like silver), and other resources (like sugar), was gradually replaced by African slavery It also led to racially mixed populations Encomienda system: Spanish system to regulate and control Native Americans. The Spanish crown granted Spanish colonists land and a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The Indians had to farm or work the mines. After the Indian populations were devastated by disease, the Spanish brought enslaved people from West Africa Mestizo: A term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both European and American Indian Mulatto: A term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both European and African
Zambo: A term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both African and American Indian Spanish and Portuguese Slave Trade Since ancient times, people in Europe, Africa and Asia had enslaved people captured in wars. In 15th century, Spanish and Portuguese traders reached West Africa and partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas (especially after epidemics wiped out many local populations). Sugar Trade: Producing sugar with slave labor was so profitable that when Europeans later establish colonies in the Americas using slave labor there. Spanish Treatment of Native Americans With little experience dealing with people who were different from themselves, Spanish and Portuguese explorers poorly understood the native peoples they encountered in the Americas. This led to debates over how American Indians should be treated and how “civilized” these groups were compared to European standards. Juan de Sepulveda: Spaniard who argued that Indians were less than human and thus benefited from serving the Spanish in the encomienda system. He supported the Spanish Empire’s right of conquest and colonization in the New World. Sepulveda argued in favor of the Christianization of Native Americans.
persuaded the king to institute the New Laws of 1542 which ended Indian slavery, halted forced Indian labor, and began to end the encomienda system which kept the Indians in serfdom. (parts of these laws were later repealed) English Claims English first began claiming territory in the late 1400s, but became preoccupied with events at home (Henry VIII break with Catholic Church). Exploration resumed under Elizabeth I in late 1500s. Then England challenged Spanish shipping in both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. John Cabot: explored coast of Newfoundland in 1497 Sir Francis Drake: attacked Spanish ships, seized their booty, and attacked Spanish settlements on coast of Peru
Sir Walter Raleigh: attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke (off NC coast) in 1587. This colony was lost. It remains a mystery what happened to them. English Treatment of Native Americans English settled in areas without large native empires that could be a controlled workforce. They also came as families instead of single young men (like the Sp. and Ports) so marriage with natives was uncommon. The English generally had no respect for American Indian cultures, viewing them as savage or primitive. The English occupied the land and forced the small, scattered tribes to move away from the coast to the west to inland territories. They expelled the natives rather than subjugating them. Pilgrims: initially coexisted, traded and shared ideas. Indians taught settlers how to grow crops (maize) and how to hunt. The Europeans traded furs and English manufactured goods like tools and weapons. Post-Pilgrim: conflict and open warfare. French Claims Like the English, the French were slow to develop colonies across the Atlantic (preoccupied with religious conflict between the Catholics and Huguenots (Fr Protestants). Developed a strong interest in claiming North American land in the 1600s. Samuel de Champlain: 1608. Established first permanent French settlement in Quebec. Father Jacques Marquette: explored upper Mississippi river Robert La Salle: explored the Mississippi basin which he named Louisiana (after king Louis XIV) French Treatment of Native Americans The French looked for furs and converts to Catholicism. Viewed the Indians as potential economic and military allies. Compared to Spanish and Brits, the French had decent relationships with tribes they encountered. They built trading posts and exchanged French goods for beaver pelts etc. They had few colonists so they were seen as less of a threat to the native population than did other Europeans. Dutch Claims During 1600s, the Netherlands began to sponsor voyages of exploration. Henry Hudson: hired by Dutch to seek westward passage to Asia through North America. 1609, sailed up what is today the Hudson River. He established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam (later NY). The Dutch gov’t granted a private company, the Dutch West India Company, the right to control the region for economic gain Native American Reaction to European Colonization North American tribes saw themselves as groups distinct from each other. As a result, they never posed much of a united response to European encroachment. After decimation from violence and disease, Indian tribes had to adopt ways to survive. Some tribes formed alliances with European powers in hopes of gaining support in order to survive. Many tribes migrated west to get away from European invasion. Extra Help Gilder Lehrman: pay special attention to the timeline, documents. Great video reviews too. http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/1 Crash Course US History: Episodes 1-3: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=crash+course+us+history Textbook Chapter Reviews: http://www.apushreview.com/new-ap-curriculum/period-1-1491-1607/ Period 1 Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rSS9Y53jVI
There will be two short answer questions on the Period 3 Test. The questions will be chosen out of the following three. All four of these questions were taken from previous US History AP Exams. Thus, the grading rubric and samples of good responses can be found online. I would pre-write/practice/etc. before the test. Only two of the three will be on the test. Answer all parts of every question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. #1 Answer (a), (b), (c). Briefly explain how ONE specific historical development represents an accomplishment of the National government under the Articles of Confederation. Briefly explain ONE specific argument critics used in the 1780s to support revising the Articles of Confederation. Briefly explain ONE specific way in which the United States Constitution addresses a criticism of the Articles of Confederation. #2 Answer (a), (b), (c). Identify ONE factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and its North American colonies in the period 1763-1776, and briefly explain how this factor helped lead to the American Revolution. Identify a SECOND distinct factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and its North American colonies in the same period, and briefly explain how this factor helped lead to the American Revolution. Identify a Third distinct factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and North American. #3 Using the excerpts, answer (a), (b), (c). “As to the history of the revolution, my ideas may be peculiar, perhaps singular. What do we mean by the revolution? The War? That was no part of the revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.? Former president John Adams to former president Thomas Jefferson, August 1815
American war. The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed. It remains yet to establish and perfect our new forms of government; and to prepare the principles, morals, and manners of our citizens, for these forms of government, after they are established and brought to perfections.” Benjamin Rush, Signer of Declaration of Independence, and delgate to the Continental Congress, January 1787 Briefly describe ONE significant difference between Adams’ understanding and Rush’s understanding of the American Revolution. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Adams’ interpretation. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Rush’s interpretation. Directory: page page -> [0] B. Hardware [2] page -> [1] B. Hardware [1] page -> The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended page -> Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan page -> Review of the ra IV hurricane operational plan page -> Cyclone programme Download 58.86 Kb. Share with your friends:
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