Nathan Barber Santa Margarita Catholic hs

Santa Margarita Catholic HS

By Carl Degler, Stanford University

Carl Degler, in this provocative article, takes issue with the popular notion that the Puritans were people who had “the haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be happy” as advocated by Mencken, Macaulay, & Heffner who got it all wrong! They are not repressed sex misfits and bigots, but rather, keepers of the Victorian moral code with the highest levels of education anywhere in the colonies.

• 
  Mencken, Macaulay, and Heffner distort rather than illuminate the essential character of Puritans.
  
• 
  The word, “Puritan” has become encrusted with a good many barnacles that need to be stripped away. Often historians must declare what something is not, as well as, what it is! In the case of Puritanism—it is not synonymous with repression, fear, and sexual abstinence at all levels.
  
• 
  This current usage of the adjective form of the term is misleading, incorrect, and unfair. Puritans cautioned against excess of merry-making. The Mather quote is appropriate: “Wine is of God… but the drunkard is from the Devil.”
  
• 
  Among the Cotton clan, John Cotton saw little to object to in dancing between the sexes as long as it was not lascivious.
  
• 
  In matters of dress the Massachusetts colony endeavored to wear “something modest” Puritan dress was the opposite of severe, long hair was acceptable among the upper-class. They detested that men and women of a mean condition should take upon themselves the garb of gentlemen.”
  
• 
  If the Puritans are to be saved from the canard of severity of dress, it is also worth while to soften the charge that they were opposed to music and art!
  
• 
  Well known American Puritans like Samuel Sewell and John Milton were sincere lovers of music. After all this was the age of Bach, Handel, Gluck and Monteverdi.
  
• 
  The King Charles collection of art was dispersed, but Cromwell and others bought several pieces of it for themselves. Puritans, unlike Quakers, did not object to portrait painting.
  
• 
  Modern scholars have professed to find in Puritanism, evidence of sexual repression and inhibition. It would be false to suggest that Puritans did not subscribe to the canon of simple chastity. It was equally erroneous to think that their sexual lives were crabbed or that sex was abhorrent to them. Court records of Massachusetts show that sexual issues dominated the concern and that the sexuality of the Puritans was wide-open and virile.
  
• 
  Because as another divine said, “use of the Marriage Bed” is “founded in man’s nature.” It is difficult to reconcile the usual view of the stuffiness of Puritans with the literally hundreds of confessions to premarital sexual relations in the extant church records. These confessions were made by the saints, not the unregenerate.
  
• 
  Strict moral surveillance by the authorities was a seventeen-century rather than a Puritan attitude.
  
• 
  Relations between the sexes in Puritan society were often much more loving and tender than the mythmakers would have us believe.
  
• 
  Anne Bradstreet wrote a number of poems devoted to her love for her husband in which the sentiments are distinctly romantic.
  

• 
  It would be a mistake…to try to make these serious dedicated men and women into rakes of the Renaissance. They were sober human folk. God sent you into the world not as “play-house” but as work-house. Perry Miller said, “only a man convinced of the inevitable and eternal character of evil could fight it so hard and so unceasingly.
  
• 
  The Puritan, at his best, was a “moral athlete”. More than most men the Puritan strove with himself and his fellow men to attain the moral high ground. Puritans drove himself and his society to tremendous heights of achievement material and spiritual.
  
• 
  To realize how different Puritans could be, one need only to contrast Roger Williams and John Cotton. But despite the range of differences they were all linked by at least on characteristic. That was their belief in themselves, in their morality and in their mission to the world!
  
• 
  In his ceaseless striving for signs of salvation and knowledge…the Puritan placed great reliance upon his intellect.
  
• 
  Always the mere emotion of religion was to be controlled by reason. Because of this, the university trained Puritan clergy prided themselves in the truth that “glory of God was intelligence.”
  
• 
  Convinced of reason’s great worth, it was natural that the Puritan should also value education. Ignorance is the mother of heresy, poverty, and discrimination!
  
• 
  Doubt as one may, Samuel Eliot Morison’s claims for the secular origins of Harvard, his evidence of the typically Renaissance secular education was available to all of New England.
  
• 
  Schools were a necessity for families, communities, churches, and colonies.
  
• 
  No other colony in the seventeenth-century imposed such a high educational standard upon simple people farming as the Puritans did.
  
• 
  Unlike the Puritans, the Quakers exhibited little impulse toward popular education.
  

• 
  Though the line which runs from the early New England schools to the distinctly American system of free public education is not always progressively upward. The Puritan innovation of public support and control on a local level was the American prototype of a proper system of popular education!
  
• 
  Puritans sought social and religious balance in life. Their cultural legacy was a high point in literature.
  

Oates, Portait of America. Volume I, 6^th edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 28-37 and the same reading can be found in Carl Degler’s book, Out of Our Past. Pp. 9-22.

Alan Taylor, The American Colonies Penguin Books pp. 158-186

Weber State University

American Civilization 1700

Prof. John Braithwaite

Assignment #2

“The Personal Side of Developing People”

Larkin takes a look at this young American Republic and their ways of life, particularly their personal practices such as what they wore, their likes and dislikes, what they did to occupy their free time (amusements), and even their sexual preferences and practices.

• 
  It was very common for the people to wear dull and inexpensive clothing; to have facial hair, and to make physical gesture which did not depict their feeling.
  
• 
  Blacks in their celebrations used bodily expressions that were strange to whites.
  
• 
  Farmers walked awkwardly, slouching from side to side-these different gestures and conduct characterized average American people
  
• 
  According to Larkin, each class and group of people were distinct in the way they carried themselves.
  
• 
  The conditions in which the early American lived were quite repulsive, along with urine odors throughout the house and offices, the mixing of smells of dung, from horses and buffalo [in western areas] decorated the bars.
  
• 
  Pigs cleaned the streets of food liter—and along with them came more infection and disease among those who took the swine for food. (poor classes)
  
• 
  Privy habits differed in the areas of the country—the chamber pots [bed pans] were widely used.
  
• 
  Bedding accommodations were dirty and infested with insects, lice, and mites, along with the same for children who were likewise infested.
  
• 
  Means to improve sanitation and personal cleanliness were made through efforts such as washing once a day(almost), moving wash basins into bedchambers from the kitchen and later on, into personal water closets and bathtubs—the rich got cleaner—the poor got dirtier.
  
• 
  Drinking [which was considered “healthy and fortifying”] was largely a part of society [generally among white males], thus, taverns played a significant role in their drinking as a means for socials and such, not for a lady to become drunk—this was shameful and hence, one sees the gender differences.
  
• 
  Violence and fighting always accompanied men and their drinks. Not just on the frontier but in towns and cities as well.
  
• 
  Thieves were publicly punished for their crimes which were looked upon as joyous and celebrated equality. These were almost holidays.
  
• 
  Due to drunken accidents, campaigns began to promote temperance and respectability to civilize the “American man” and as a result, drinking along with its advocates declined in popularity in some areas.
  
• 
  American Temperance Society was founded in 1826
  
• 
  Religion had become a respectable exercise and many new American religions surfaced during the Age of Jackson
  
• 
  Forms of public punishment changed—John Hancock wrote, “…mutilating or lacerating the body…” was an indignity to human nature, yet southerners continued the practice with custom.
  
• 
  It was common action for men and women to become sexually acquainted before taking their vows of marriage, and in so doing; it was also common for the marriage to be accelerated due to early pregnancies. (Blacks were also involved with such customs), hence, this heightened sexuality aroused even the married to resort to prostitution and liaisons.
  
• 
  Bundling (or the act of a single man and woman to lie together, fully clothed) was a widely accepted form in courtship.
  
• 
  A greater emphasis on control (sexually) surfaced, and more focus was placed on personal establishment in the working world, before marriage or any possible altering or aspects (of sexual activity)—and consequently the common size of the family decreased. Apprehension of contraception and its use grew dramatically, thus after 1830, the birthrate declined. Alcott and Graham argued that these sexual relations be limited.
  
• 
  Social customs such as smoking, snuffing, and chewing began to lose favor amongst the honorable and respectable when at one time they were shared by all alike.
  
• 
  To top off these changes with the young republic, the old English customs of bowing the head, tipping the hat, and other similar quirks, slowly diminished to the all too recognizable American “hand-shake” so simple yet so equal.
  

“Cowboys don’t bath, they just dust off!”

Weber State University 1998-7 am T-Th

Professor John Braithwaite

“Why The Union Won”

THESIS: Years passed in turmoil. Thousands of Americans died. Major changes resulted in the country, industrial, political, emotional, socially and culturally. All of these issues from the war that would change history forever. The war went on and only one side could overcome the other and come out victorious. The Union Army emerged the winner. There are many assumptions why the Union Army overcame the Confederates; therefore leaves us the question, “Why did the Union win?”

A. Confederate armies were surrendering.

B. Confederate President flees toward: convicted falsely with connection to Lincoln’s assassination

C Steamboat Sultana sinks in the Mississippi

D Gangs, guerillas, and outlaws ravaged the region for years afterwards.

E 620,000 soldiers died. This does not included civilian deaths.

A, God was on the side heaviest battalions

1. North had superior man power of at least 3 to 1, the Union Army at least 2 to 1.

2. North had greater advantage economically and logistically.

3. However, if was possible for the South to overcome the disadvantages

B. Internal division which weakened the Confederacy.

1. Conflicts between governors, disaffection of non-slave holders from a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight, opposition habeus corpus, disloyalty from slaves, and growing doubts from slave holders.

2. “Weakness in morale” a “loss of the will to fight.”

3. However, the North experienced the same types of internal struggles

a. Opposition to conscription, taxation, suspension of habeas corpus, etc.

b. Whit as well as blacks grew disaffected with war to preserve slavery.

4. North had the institutionalization of obstruction in the Democratic Party in the North which compelled the Republicans to close the ranks in support of war policies and overcome opposition.

C. Quality of leadership. (Military and Civilian)

1. Northern leadership

a. Gradual development of superior northern leadership

b. Better strategic leadership in the West.

c. Remarkable war leadership by Lincoln

d. Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman and others

2. Southern Leadership

a. Early was the South enjoyed better leadership

b. Beauregard, Lee, Albert Sidney and Joseph E. Johnston, Stonewall Jackson.

c. South neglected the war in the West.

d. Bumbling leaders who performed miracles of organization and improvisation.
III. Four major turning points which sculpture the eventual outcome.

1. 
   Great counter-offensives by the Southern leaders in summer of 1862
   
   1. 
      Assured a prolongation in the conflict.
      
   2. 
      Created potential Confederate success.
      
2. 
   Defeat of Confederate invasions in Maryland and Kentucky and stalled European mediation. Fall of 1862.
   
   1. 
      Perhaps prevented Democratic victory in the northern elections
      
   2. 
      Set the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
      
3. 
   Union victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga. Fall of 1863.
   
4. 
   Sherman’s capture of Atlanta, Philip Sheridan’s destruction of rebel army in the Shenandoah Valley. Summer of 1864.
   
5. 
   Defeat cause demoralization and loss of will.
   
6. 
   Victory pumps up morale and the will to win.
   

IV. Consequences of the war:

1. 
   Secession and slavery were killed.
   
2. 
   Results brought on transfiguration of American society.
   
3. 
   War marked a transition of the United States to a singular noun.
   
4. 
   Speeches given by Lincoln on importance of the Union. “This last best hope…etc
   
5. 
   Change in the federal government:
   

2. Powerful shift of political power from South to the North

3. Traditional ideals kept by the South.

4. Government of limited powers that protected the rights of property and protected. the yeoman farmer from “industrialization.”

5. Saw Black Republican party as “essentially a revolutionary party.”

F. Destroyed the Southern vision of America and ensured the Northern vision would become the American vision.

PRECIS #9—Jared Dee Huggard

Professor Braithwaite—T&Th 8:00 am

Weber State University

by Dr. Paul Fussell, in Portrait of America. Pp 152-164

We can acquire insight as to what warfare was really like during the Great War [WW I] by looking at the physical, military, and tactical aspects of trench warfare as well as the effects it had on the soldiers both physically and psychologically.

• 
  There were over 12,000 miles of trenches on the allied side and an astounding 25,000 miles accredited to the Central Powers.
  
• 
  The British line contained nearly 800 battalions of 1,000 men each.
  
• 
  Trenches began in nearby towns and gradually deepened.
  
• 
  British trenches were wet, cold, and smelly while German trenches were very well constructed and comparably comfortable.
  
• 
  There was an ever-present stench of rotting flesh caused by the casualties of the war that could not be properly disposed of.
  
• 
  Some trenches had several feet of water because the table was very high and the annual rainfall was high as well.
  

• 
  The idea of trench warfare to gain ground and terrorize the opponent with as little damage to one own troops.
  
• 
  There were three types of trenches: firing trenches, communications trenches, and saps [used for fighting]
  
• 
  Two new and American inventions were used in trench warfare: barbed wire and the machine gun—later on, the hand grenade was also used.
  
• 
  The British always had the hope that a general breakout in the fighting would occur and consequently their trenches were hastily built.
  
• 
  As equipment improved so did the success in the battles by the allied forces. Soft cloth hats used at the beginning of the war were replaced by helmets. Respirators were also later used to protect from gas inhalation.
  

• 
  Seven thousand British men and officers were killed and wounded daily in the trenches.
  
• 
  Soldiers had to learn excellent self control because of constant threat that hung over them from a non-stop bombardment of shelling.
  
• 
  Scanty rations were brought to the men in sand bags and hastily prepared or eaten. Many advances were made in the way a soldier eats. Fresh meat and bread were in high demand.
  
• 
  Because of such death rates, a report of casualties was made each evening and form-letters of condolence became commonplace.
  
• 
  Health became a problem. Lice were rampant and there was little that professional “delouser’ could do to control it. Rats ran rampant and spread disease and fed on the rotting corpses.
  
• 
  At the onset of the war the men were not equipped properly and there were many hurt and killed as a result. The felt hat thing for example.
  
• 
  The men in the trenches experienced an “unreal, unforgettable enclosure” Often times they spent the whole time disoriented and lost any how.
  
• 
  When Gen. Pershing saw this, he forbade American to get into the trenches which sparked a military conflict between himself and the French General, Marshall Foch.
  

Trench warfare wasn’t just a part of the World War I. I believe it is safe to say that World War I was trench warfare. [At least until the Americans arrived in 1918] Technology has allowed warfare to escalate until the present time where modern warfare inventions have made trench warfare obsolete. Nevertheless, was is war and I believe it is helpful to study the facts and compare the details of this form a warfare to those that we are familiar with today such as tank combat, air to air battle, and jungle warfare. As in the thesis, more than anything we learn what the war really was like. I find it particularly interesting and useful to note the direct effects it had on the soldiers [and civilians] as well as the actual effectiveness of it in winning the war.

Weber State University

American Civilization 1700

Prof. John Braithwaite

Assignment #3

“Andrew Carnegie—The Master of Steel!”

The Civil War and the years to follow planted the industrial seeds that gave root to entrepreneurship and economic growth in America. Many tycoons and money hungry giants surfaced the American society and held to the power and control that they had attained. Yet among the chief’s of the economy arose one who was the example and paved the way for business world we know today. Through “Andy” [Carnegie], one could measure the failures and successes that he was able to realize as an industrial statesman during the “Gilded Age.”

• 
  Andrew Carnegie was during his time (and even beyond) considered the richest man in the world.
  
• 
  Over the course of his life, he had given away $324,657,399 of his wealth, and estimated total of 90% of his wealth.
  
• 
  At the age of 33, he had great hopes of retiring at 35 and not making work his life, yet, he worked for many more years, not unwilling to give up his business affairs when the time came.
  
• 
  He had once said, “the man dies rich thus dies disgraced!”
  
• 
  Carnegie grew up around radical (industrial movements that left an impression on him.
  
• 
  “Death to Privilege” was his motto as a young republican derived from seeing his uncle fight against economic disputes in Scotland.
  
• 
  From one uncle [G. Lauder] he embraced the love of poetry and literature.
  
• 
  The Industrial Revolution forced his family business to sell out-this shocked him, and as a result, his family moved to America to better their chances.
  
• 
  He first worked for small wages [$1.20.3.00], but then was promoted to a messenger boy where he excelled, became the best, and was later able to obtain a job with the railroad working under Thomas A. Scott.
  
• 
  His enthusiasm and initiative paid off when he took control of a particular railroad mishap while Scott [his employer] was away.
  
• 
  He then began investing as the opportunities arose (such as Adams Express and T.T. Woodruff), which in turn resulted in money making events.
  
• 
  Due to the money he was able to acquire on the side from his investments, he quit the railroad and pursued his interests in iron.
  
• 
  He saw and took opportunities to combine British capital with American expanding business, increasing his wealth and strong circle of influential friends which enabled Carnegie with the monopolizing tools of his trade.
  
• 
  During a visit to a British mill, he came across the Bessemer Converter [which revolutionized the iron industry, combining iron with other metals resulting in steel], it was with this invention that he formed the Carnegie, McCandles and Company
  
• 
  Carnegie became the king of steel for three reasons:
  
  • 
    Steel replaced iron in every aspect and the need was tremendous
    
  • 
    Carnegie was surrounded by purely talented men [such as: Wm Jones, Henry C. Frick, and Charles Schwab]
    
  • 
    Carnegie himself was a salesperson and business diplomat
    

• 
  Under the “Iron-clad” agreement, stock holders could only sell to the company, and so Frick disagreed and wanted to get out.
  
• 
  Business grew fierce due to competition and Carnegie’s desire to get out.
  
• 
  Charles Schwab gave a speech resulting in personal meetings with J.P. Morgan, who offered to buy Carnegies enterprise.
  
• 
  Carnegie made an offer and J.P. Morgan accepted, buying out Carnegie
  
• 
  Later, it was said of Carnegie that his sentiments on $and business did not match his actions.
  
• 
  Working conditions in the towns and plants that Carnegie had developed were found to be horribly unpleasant.
  
• 
  Carnegie had dined with kings and queens yet in the end, he lived according to his thoughts; giving all of his money away [90%] and forming libraries, foundations, and institutions of music and education. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace!]
  
• 
  Amazingly, in the end he was able to live up to his conviction though they contradicted all else lived.
  

Santa Margarita Catholic HS

“The African slave trade, which began in the late fifteenth century and continued for the next 400 years is one of the most important phenomena in the history of the modern world . . . the slave trade and slavery is the cultural diffusion that took place when ten million Africans were brought to the western hemisphere.” Nash argues that the answer lies in a combination of racial prejudice and labor needs in early America.

• 
  A half century before Columbus, Antam Goncalvez, made the first European landing in the sub-Sahara region of Africa.
  
• 
  The notion of “backwardness” and cultural impoverishment was the myth that perpetuated after the slave trade had transported millions of Africans to the Western Hemisphere.
  
• 
  The people of Africa may have number 50 million, they lived in widely in different ecological zones, they had increased rapidly over the past 2000 years,
  
• 
  A number of extraordinary empires had developed—the Kingdom of Ghana and at the center was the kingdom of Mali with extensive wealth, university, and scientific achievements in medicine and metallurgy.
  
• 
  Lesser kingdoms came from Zimbabwe and Benin. They were skilled in metal works, weaving, architecture, and complex religious rites. Cultural development occurred at varying rates.
  
• 
  The slave trade itself seems to have begun in 1472 when Ruy do Sequira of Portugal reached the coast of Benin. European powers raided African coast for slaves. Africans were sold by other Africans for guns, iron, copper, brass and textiles, while Europeans received gold, ivory, and slaves.
  
• 
  The African slave trade began in the second half of the 15^th century, it served to fill the labor shortages in the economies of Europe (centered on mercantilism!)
  
• 
  Once the gold and silver of the New World were found in Mexico and Peru, they turned to sugar, coffee, and tobacco all demanding human labor for profit.
  
• 
  From the late 15^th century to mid-19^th century—almost 400 years—Africans were taken from their ancestral homelands to fil the labor needs in the colonies of North and South America.
  
• 
  Once established on a large scale, the Atlantic slave trade dramatically altered the patter of slave recruitment in Africa. (See Map p.38)
  
• 
  More than anything else, it was sugar, that transformed the slave trade.
  
• 
  In the forcible recruitment of slaves, adult males were consistently preferred over women and children. Women in Africa were the agriculturalists of society and, in matrilineal and matrilocal kinships systems, were too valuable to be spared.
  
• 
  For the Europeans the slave trade itself became an immensely profitable enterprise.
  

• 
  Once captured, the slaves were marched to the sea in coffles over 500 miles
  
• 
  The anger, bewilderment, and desolation that accompanied the forced march, was only the first leg of a 5,000 mile journey to the New World
  
• 
  Cruelty followed cruelty. Slaves were branded with a hot iron to signify ownership and nationality (Spanish, Portuguese, French, or English) [See diagram of slave ship]
  
• 
  The primary sources of demand were Brazil, the West Indies, and later the southern US tobacco, rice, and cotton plantations.
  
• 
  Suicide was prevalent while they were still on African soil. That was a great financial loss.
  
• 
  Taking into consideration the mortality involved in the capture, the forced march to the sea, and the middle passage, only 1 in 2 lived to see the New World.
  

• 
  Even though familiar with Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese African slave labor, the English colonists did not turn to solve the labor problems.
  
• 
  However, African stereotyping of slaves made it easier for the English when they did turn to slavery.
  
• 
  Mainland colonies made it easy to employ slaves based upon what English planters had set the precedent on the sugar islands of the Caribbean.
  
  • 
    By 1680 there were only 7,000 slaves in the colonies
    
  • 
    By in Virginia and Maryland, it was primarily white indentured servitude
    
  • 
    The reasons for the shift to slave based economy was two-fold:
    

1. 
   English entry into slave trade gave the South opportunity for cheap labor
   
2. 
   Also, the supply of white indentures from England began to dry up
   

• 
  Thus it was late 17^th century the number of Africans began to grow based upon the exodus of white indentures.
  
• 
  Finally, the two words, Negro and slave, were one in the same and convertible.
  
• 
  In the north, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, slavery only existed on an occasional basis. In New York, the English who filter in saw no reason to change the Dutch slave trade
  
• 
  Gradually, the number of slaves increased and legal codes controlled their activities. These “black codes” were borrowed from the law books of the English West Indies.
  
• 
  Thus slavery was everywhere in the colonies and had to adapt to a more circumscribed world.
  
• 
  Discriminatory steps were slight, in comparison to the stripping away of the rights of slaves.
  
  • 
    Slaves lost their rights to testify in courts
    
  • 
    To engage in commercial activity
    
  • 
    To hold property
    
  • 
    To travel without permission
    
  • 
    Or, to engage in legal marriage
    
  • 
    Some colonies prohibited the right to education and religion
    

• 
  The movement to annul slaves rights had both pragmatic and psychological dimensions
  
• 
  New York passed a slave code that rival the southern colonies after the 1712 revolt
  
• 
  Thus occurred one of the great paradoxes in American history—the building of what some thought was to be a utopia in the wilderness upon the backs of black men and women wrenched from their African homeland and forced into a system of abject slavery.
  
• 
  The massive enslavement of Africans profoundly affected white racial prejudice. In this long evolution of racial attitudes in America, nothing was of greater importance than the enslavement of Africans.
  

APUSH Pd 1

Mr. Bosley

02 February 2009

Robert L. Heilbroner