Pestvidéki Ásványbánya Vállalat



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Szőke, Szakáll (Blonde Beard, Jenő Gerő, S. Z. Sakall) (Budapest, 2 February 1884 - Los Angeles, Hollywood, Calif. USA, 12 February 1955) – Actor and cabaret writer. After years of working in the civil service, in 1908 he started working for the Cabaret of the Modern Stage (Modern Színpad Kabrart) of Endre (Andrew) Nagy. From 1913 to 1917 he was Artistic Director of the Sör Cabaret, where he also played. In January 1919 he became Artistic Director of the Crystal Palace (Kristály Palota). In 1920 he appeared in the Black Cat Cabaret, (Fekete Macska Kabaré) and in the Winter Garden (Téli Kert). In 1922 and 1923, he was a member of the Palace Cabaret (Palace Kabaré) and, from 1922 to 1925, a member of the Apollo Cabaret (Apolló Kabaré). He also appeared with his troupe in Vienna. After 1928, he played on the stages of Vienna and Berlin. In 1928 he was Director of the Boulevard Theater of Berlin. After 1933, he was only able to play in Vienna because of the National Socialist takeover in Germany, but he did shoots of some films in Budapest. In 1937 he was invited to play in the Royal Theater (Royal Színház). In 1938 he emigrated to England, from where he went to the USA in 1940. He has 85 feature films to his credit, among them the famous Casablanca (1943), and Yankee Doodle, both directed by Michael Curtiz (Mihály Kertész). He appeared with Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Errol Flynn, Elizabeth Taylor, Gene Kelly and Judy Garland. Later, he appeared also in comic roles of prose, and musical works taking up entire evenings. He was a popular character actor. He wrote a number of successful one-act plays and film scripts. He appeared in Hungarian, German and American films, further increasing his popularity. His short plays included String Quartet (Vonósnégyes) (1922); Young Paul Kelemen (Kelemen Palika) (1923), and The Leader (A vezér) (1924). He wrote a book entitled My Life under Emperor Francis Joseph, Adolf Hitler and the Warner Brothers (1954). – B: 1037, 1445, 1081, T: 7456.→Nagy, Endre; Kertész, Mihály.
Szokolay, Sándor (Alexander) (Kunágota, 30 March 1931 - ) – Composer. His musical talent was already prevalent at a young age. After completing his secondary studies at the Music High School of Békéstarhos, he continued his studies at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest (1950-1957). There he studied composition with Ferenc (Francis) Szabó and Ferenc (Francis) Farkas. He was a teacher (1952-1955), employed by the Board of Budapest Music Schools. From 1955 to 1959 he was Music Editor of the Hungarian Radio. From 1959 to 1966 he taught at the Department of Composition of the Academy of Music, where he was a professor from 1966 to 1994. From 1994 until his retirement he worked at the Hungarian Television. He was involved in the works of a number of learned societies. Szokolay is the Founder President of the Kodály Society (1978); former President of the Board of National Foundation, and President of the Hungarian Artistic Academy; member of the editorial board of the Lutheran magazine, Diakonia (1995-1996), and of the paper, New Hungary (Új Magyarország); President of the Hungarian Chamber of Music, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Arts. His works include Ballade of Horror (Az iszonyat balladája) ballet (1951); Operas: Blood-Wedding (Vérnász) (1964); Hamlet (1968); Sámson (1973); Ecce homo, passion-opera (1984); The Wise Nathan (A bölcs Náthán) (1994); Szávitri (1999). Oratorios: March of Fire (A tűz márciusa) (1958); Istar’s Descent into Hell (Istár pokoljárása) (1960); Negro Cantaae (Néger-kantáta) (1962); Deploration (1964); Christmas Pastoral (Karácsonyi pasztorál) (1970); Apocalypse (Apokalipszis), (1971); Song of Pentecost (Pünkösdi ének) (1972); Ady-Cantata (Ady-kantáta) (1970); Homage to Kodály (Hódolat Kodálynak) (1975); Libellicus Ungaricus (1979); Confessio Augustana (1980); Luther-Cantata (Luther Kantáta) (1983); Hungarian Psalm (Magyar zsoltár) (1990); Choral-Requiem (Korál-rekviem) (1992), and Improve the Nation (Jobbitsd a nemzetet) (2000). His other works include two String quartets, Concert pieces (violin, piano, trumpet). Solo sonatas (violin, flute, violoncello); Choir pieces: Missa Panonica; Quattro Madrigali; Musica Notturna; Hungarian Missa, etc. Cantatas: Jeremiada; Orbis Pictus; Aeternitas temporaria, and Palme. There are also songs, chamber works, two string quartets and pieces for piano and organ. Szokolay’s music is influenced by B. Bartók, I. Stravinszky, A. Honegger, and by dodekaphony (twelfe-tone music) and atonality as well. His works were well received around the world: in Vienna, Toulouse, Berlin, Moscow, Zagreb, and many other places. Szokolay is one of the most outstanding Hungarian composers, with international fame in the second half of the 20th century. He is the recipient of a number of awards and prizes, including the Erkel Prize (1960 1965), the Kossuth Prize (1966), the Merited and Outstanding Artist titles (1976, 1986), the Bartók-Pásztor Prize (1987, 2001), the Hungarian Heritage Prize (1998), the Kodály Prize (1999), the Corvin Chain (2001), and the Prima Prize (2009). – B: 1031, 1445, 1865, T: 7456, 7103.→Farkas, Ferenc; Bartók, Béla.
Szollás, László (Ladislas) (Budapest, 13 November 1907 - Budapest, 4 October 1980) – Figure skater and physician. He became a competitor at the Budapest Skating Club in 1922, and was also a member of the Hungarian Athletic Club. With Emilia Rotter, he was the national double figure-skating champion between 1931 and 1936 continuously. In the 1929 World Championships in Budapest, he came fifth. In the 1930 European Championships in Vienna, he won a silver medal. In 1931 in Berlin, he was World Champion, while in the European Championships of St. Moritz, he was second; in the 1932 Lake Placid Olympics, he came third and, in the World Championships in Montreal, he received a silver medal. He was World Champion in Stockholm in 1933, in Helsinki in 1934, and in Vienna in 1935. At the same time, he was European Champion in Prague in 1934. He received a bronze medal at the 1936 Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. He also worked as a physician in the Sports Hospital and in the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports Hygiene in Budapest. – B: 1031, 2111, T: 7456.
Szőllősy, András (Andrew) (Szászváros, now Orăştie, Romania, 27 February 1921 - Budapest, 6 December 2007). – Composer and musicologist. He was a student of Zoltán Kodály and János (John) Viski while studying composition at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, between 1939 and 1946. He also attended Philosophy classes at the University of Budapest, as a member of the Eötvös College. After that, he continued his studies at the Saint Cecilia Academy in Rome with maestro Goffredo Petrassi. The composing career of Szőllősy turned to its best in the 1970s, after the success of his III Concerto in Paris, when he composed the Trasfigurazioni and Musica per Orchestra, a monumental composition. At the request of the King Singers, he composed two extraordinary vocal compositions the Fabula Phaedri, and the Miserere. His String Quartet was presented at the 1993 Orlando Festival in the Netherlands; the composition for piano, entitled Landscape with Corpses (Tájkép halottakkal), was presented at the Orkney Island festival. Szőllősy’s compositions were performed in many of America’s big cities. Between 1954 and 1977, he composed music for thirty-one feature films, seventeen plays, and eighteen radio plays. Among his six albums are Les Mysteres de la Naissance (The Mysteries of Birth) (1999); Works for Orchestra and Chamber (2003), and Music Colors – Hungarian Contemporary Music (1989-2004). As a musicologist, he laid the foundation of the research of Bartók and Kodály. At the end of the 1990s, it was recognized that Szőllősy András was one of the main Hungarian composers after Bartók, the “third maestro” after György Ligeti and György Kurtág. His compositions won him membership in the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts. His work was rewarded with prizes; recipient of the Erkel Prize (1971), the titles of Merited and Outstanding Artist (1982, 1985), the Kossuth Prize (1985), the Bartók-Pásztory Prize (1986 and 1988), the Commandeur l'Ordre des l'Arts et des Lettres (1987), the Middle-Cross with Star of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2006), and the Széchényi Prize (2007). – B: 1850, 1031, T: 7697.→Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán; Viski, János; Ligeti, György; Kurtág, György.
Szöllősy, Pál (Paul) (Budapest, 1 September 1927 - ) – Lawyer. He earned a Ph.D. in Law at the Law School of the University of Budapest in 1950. He was also a certified attorney in 1954 and, from 1956, a legal advisor for a Corporation; later, worked as a practicing attorney. After the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he fled to the West in early December 1956, and settled in Switzerland. He pursued various economic studies in London and St. Gallen, Switzerland. In 1968 he obtained a Ph.D. in Economics. From 1964 he was an official of Swiss Insurance Companies. In 1988, he retired as a deputy director of the Swiss Reinsurance Company. From January to August 1957, he was Editor of Viennese Hungarian Courier (Bécsi Magyar Híradó). Apart from this paper, he published articles in Fellow Traveler (Útitárs); Literary News (Irodalmi Újság), and New Horizon (Új Látóhatár). Since its foundation, he has been one of the leaders of the European Protestant Free University. (Európai Protestáns Szabadegyetem). From 1981, he has been President of the Association of Hungarian-language Protestant Congregations of Switzerland. His main work is Die Berechnung des Invaliditätsschadens im Haftpflichtrecht europäischer Länder (1970). – B: 1672, T: 7456.
Szolnok – Town near the center of the Great Hungarian Plain, at the confluence of the Zagyva and Tisza Rivers, on the right banks of the Tisza; seat of County Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. It is a transportation center and a river port, and is the gateway to the Trans-Tisza region. It is on the Budapest-Debrecen, and Budapest-Nagyvárad (Oradea) lines, leading to Transylvania; several international railway lines converge on the great bridge over the Tisza (400m long), completed after World War II. A new railway station was built in Szolnok in 1977. Population was 25 379 in 1901; 38 764 in 1930; 42 008 in 1941; 80 859 in 1994 (ethnically all Hungarian). The town’s inhabitants used to be mainly primary producers; but of these by 1941 only 14% remained, while 30% were living from industry, 21% from commerce and transport, 9,5% public service and freelance, 12% from pension and capital, 5% day-work. Besides the town’s large transit trade, Szolnok has several industries: manufacture of furniture, textiles, chemicals and paper and cellulose products; there is also a brickyard, a sawmill and a flourmill. Commercially important items are timber, grain crop and livestock. Hotels and thermal baths are located on the riverbank over the source of the subterranean calcareous thermal waters of 56°C, which are pumped from a depth of 957m, regarded suitable for the treatment of rheumatic and female illnesses. In its history it was ravaged or destroyed 17 times by enemy action, consequently the town is devoid of extant historic buildings. Culturally and educationally important are the Neoclassical Town Hall, the Szigligeti Theater, the County Hall, the town’s Museum, an artists’ colony (founded in 1901), several high schools and special schools, and the Ferenc Verseghy Literary Circle; a statue of Verseghy was erected in the town. There is a Franciscan Convent, a Baroque Parish Church; the Romanesque Castle Church was destroyed by the Vlachs (Romanians) in 1919 during the Romanian occupation, and rebuilt in 1922; there is also a Gothic Reformed Church and a Lutheran Church. The statue of the heroic general (one of the 12 martyrs of Arad of 1849) János (John) Damjanich was erected in 1912. One of Damjanich’s victories over the Austrian forces was at Szolnok in 1849. There is also a Damjanich memorial in Szolnok, the work of István (Stephen) Szentgyörgyi. In Roman times, Szolnok was already a commercial settlement and, during the Árpád dynasty (1000-1301), it was a well-known salt unloading center. The town’s old earthwork fortification was strengthened in 1550; but from 1552 to 1685 the town was under Turkish occupation; then, in 1697, Thököly’s army burnt it down. It was once again destroyed by Rákóczi’ army in 1706. Count Johann Ludwig Rabutin, Imperial General (1642–1717) destroyed the castle. During World War I, the town suffered a great deal from the fighting between the Red Army and the Romanian forces, and it was under Romanian occupation from July 1919 to 25 February 1920. – B: 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Thököly, Count Imre; Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Damjanich, János.
Szombathely (Latin: Savaria, German: Steinamanger) – Town in western Hungary, near the Austrian border, on the banks of the River Gyöngyös (Güns), 213 m above sea level. In Roman times, it was already a town, Savaria or Sabaria, acting as the capital of the province of Pannonia, now Transdanubia. In modern times, it is the seat of County Vas in Hungary. It is a very important railway junction, leading to Austria. The population was 24751 in 1901 and 35 758 in 1930 (nearly all Hungarians, with about 1000 Germans); 42879 in 1941 (97% Hungarian and 80% Roman Catholic); by 1994, it was 85 932. The town developed as an important agricultural center, involving mainly wine preparation, fruitgrowing and honey production. Industries of the town include tanning, textile-milling, ribbon works, carpet- and blanket-making, footwear production, ironworking, distilling and manufacturing agricultural machinery; there is a flour mill, brickyards, power station and sawmill as well. The town has an Episcopal Palace with a sizeable library and an Archive; also a Seminary, a Premonstrian High School (founded in 1771), a variety of other schools (secondary and primary), a municipal School of Music (1795), a Museum with a large library (1908), commercial and agricultural schools, Law Court, attorneys and school inspectorate. Opposite the Cathedral stands the bronze statue of Bishop Szily, the first bishop of the town (work of István Tóth, 1909). The Town Hall was built in 1880 (work of Hauszmann; it was extended to two stories in 1926), in front of it stands the statue of the poet Dániel Berzsenyi (work of György Kiss, 1896). The County Hall dates from 1771, built according to the plans of Chevrieux. The town has a large hospital (with 1000 beds) an open-air swimming pool and a general cemetery. The transportation system in the town center is comprised of streetcars. The town paper is the County Vas (Vasvármegye), and the journal on local history is the Transdanubian Review (Dunántúli Szemle). The history of the town begins with the Huns, who destroyed it about 445 but, in Charlemagne’s time (9th century), it was again a flourishing town, the estate of the Archbishop of Salzburg, who settled Germans there and named it Stein am Anger. A little later, by the 10th century, it had become a western border town of the Hungarian Kingdom. King St. Stephen (1000-1038) directed the town to the Bishop of Győr. In 1407, Bishop János granted the town’s charter. In 1605, during Bocskai’s freedom fight, his foot soldiers ransacked the town. In 1777, Empress Maria Theresa made the town an Episcopal See. The Episcopal Palace (Püspökvár) and the fine Baroque Cathedral with two spires were built between 1781 and 1813; the Cathedral was seriously damaged in World War II, but it was repaired in 1947. Ruins of a Roman triumphal arch, an amphitheater, and an aqueduct have been excavated nearby. – B: 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 0881, 7456, T: 7456.→Berzsenyi, Dániel; Bocskai, Prince István; István I, King; Mária Terézia, Empress and Queen.
Szombathelyi, Ferenc (Francis) (Knausz until 1934, when he assumed his mother’s name) (Győr, 17 May 1887 - Újvidék, now Novi Sad, Serbia, 4 November 1946) – Military officer. He completed the Honvéd (country defense) Cadet School of Pécs in 1906, later studying at the Military School (Kriegsschule) in Vienna. In 1919, during the rule of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic, he served in the Red Army. In the 1920s he saw service in the Honvéd general staff. From 1926 on he served at various high positions. From 1936 to 1938, he served as Commanding Officer of the Ludovika Military Academy in Budapest. From 1938, he was Commander of the 8th Army Corps of the town of Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). In 1941, he became Commander of the Carpathian wing of the Hungarian armed forces, later to join the German attack on the Soviet Union. From 6 September 1941 to April 1944, he was Chief of the General Staff and, from 1 November 1941, he was Colonel General. Under German pressure he had to leave his assignment. In October 1944, when Regent Horthy attempted to take Hungary out of the war, Szombathelyi was arrested by the right-wing Arrow Cross authorities and kept in confinement at Sopronkőhida. In 1946, when Hungary was under Soviet military occupation, the people’s tribunal sentenced him to a 10-year imprisonment term, and later, the National Council of People’s Tribunals sentenced him to life imprisonment. Still later, as a condemned prisoner, he was illegally handed over to Yugoslavia, where, together with the leaders and officers responsible for the atrocities at Újvidék, he was executed by firing squad after having undergone torture. On 16 March 1994, the Supreme Court of Hungary had squashed the sentence of the Council of the Peope’s Tribunal. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Royal Hungarian Ludovika Military Academy; Atrocities against Hungarians.
Szombathy, Gyula (Julius) (Budapest, 3 January 1945 - ) – Actor. He obtained his diploma from the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1968, and was engaged by the Szigligeti Theater (Szigligeti Színház) of Szolnok, where he remained until 1974. Afterward, he played at the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház) of Budapest until 1992. He appeared in a number of films, and often plays various roles in TV-plays, cabarets and entertaining programs. He is an engaging figure on stage with an excellent sense of humor, successful especially in comedies, cabarets and entertainment programs. His more than 40 stage roles include Dromio of Syracuse in Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors (Tévedések vígjátéka); Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer-Night’s Dream (Szentivánéji álom); Wolf in Molière’s Georges Dandin, ou le Mari confondu (Dandin György), and Ivan in Bulgakov’s Ivan the Terrible (Iván, a Rettentő). There are some 70 feature and TV films to his credit, including features Shining Winds (Fényes szelek) (1966); Black Diamonds i,ii (Fekete Gyémántok I,II) (1976); Snow White (Hófehér) (1983), and the Cat of Satan (A sátán macskája) (2007). His TV films include Stop Arturo Ui (Állitsátok meg Arturó Uit) (1975; Family Circle (Családi kör) (1980); Black Convent (Fekete Kolostor) (1986); Octagon (1989); Litte Town (Kisváros) (1993-1999), and Among Friends (Barátok közt) (2009). He received the Mari Jászai Prize (1979), the Small Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1995), the Officer’s Cross of the Republic of Hungary (2005), and the Merited Artist title (2009). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
Szombathy, Viktor (Volkó) (Rimaszombat, now Rimavská Sobotá, Slovakia, 8 April 1902 - Budapest, 12 August 1987) – Writer and translator of literary works. He completed his secondary education in Rimaszombat in 1920, continuing his studies at the University of Budapest, where he attended lectures in History of Art and Medicine, while also working as a contributor for the Hungarian News of Prague (Prágai Magyar Hírlap) in Budapest. From 1930 to 1938, he was a secretary at the Hungarian Cultural Association of Slovensko, then became Director of the Jókai Museum Komárom (now Komarno, Slovakia). He was Editor of the dailies Komárom News (Komáromi Lapok) and Hungarian Sunday (Magyar Vasárnap), as well as the journal Hungarian Writings (Magyar Írás). Between 1938 and 1943, he was Secretary of the Széchenyi Hungarian Cultural Association and edited the journals Holiday (Ünnep) and Source (Forrás). From 1943 until 1948, he was Head of the Cultural Department of the Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank), Budapest. Between 1948 and 1950, he lived from translating literary works and working for Hungarian Radio. From 1950 to 1954, he lectured on technical subjects at a Company, and later worked as a librarian. From 1954 until his retirement in 1965, he worked as Director of the Technical Club of Builders (Építők Műszaki Klubja) Budapest. In his work are the characteristic figures of Felvidék (now Slovakia), he published mainly youth novels and travelogues. His works include Scout Adventure (Cserkészkaland) youth novel (1926); Silver Antenna (Ezüstantenna) poems (1928); Ballad of the Green Mountains (Zöld hegyek balladája) novel (1936); Vértes-Gerecse, monograph (1960); Two Swords, two Lions (Két kard, két oroszlán) youth novel (1976); The Tale Spreads from Castle to Castle (Száll a rege várról várra) Slovakian castle tales (1979, 1996); The Turkish Whistle Emits a Sound (Megszólal a töröksip) youth novel (1988), and Conjuring up the Spirits (Szellemidézés) (2004). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Vienna Award I.
Szomory, Dezső (Desider) (Mór Weisz) (Pest, 2 June 1869 - Budapest, 30 November 1944) – Writer. Soon after starting his studies at the Academy of Music, he changed over to journalism. Early on, he was a contributor to the paper, Nation (Nemzet), then to Pest News (Pesti Hirlap), and the Pest Diary (Pesti Napló). In 1890, in order to escape from military service, he went to France and lived in Paris and London for fifteen years, working as a correspondent for the Pest News. While abroad, he studied dramatic art at the University of Paris. His first stage work, Friday Evening (Péntek este) appeared on stage at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest, while he was still living in Paris. In England, he attended lectures at the University of Oxford and, in 1906 he returned to Budapest and lived exclusively for literature. In 1908 he joined the writers’ circle of the paper West (Nyugat). His first works showed the effect of French naturalism of the late 19th century; but later, following the secession movement of the early 20th century, he developed an increasingly romantic, stylized language with musical overtones, which was increasingly affected and fanciful. His main ambition was to develop a poetic language, which had a musical effect; but his exaggerations often made them art for art’s sake. Early in his career, his works showed a conservative, aristocratic attitude, grappling with social problems. Because of the horrors of World War I, and as a result of its aftermath, his criticism became more trenchant, at times depicting with sarcasm the life of the citizens of the Capital City and country towns. He handled the genre of short stories and novels well, e.g. The Divine Garden (Az isteni kert) short-stories (1910), or the novel The Heavenly Messenger (A mennyei küldönc) (1926); but he was most successful with his dramatic works, especially the Habsburg trilogy, The Grand Lady (A Nagyasszony) (1910); Marie Antoinette (Mária Antónia) (1913); Emperor Joseph II (II József császár) (1918); the drama featuring King Louis II (II Lajos király) (1922), and Master Horeb (Horeb tanár úr) (1934). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.

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