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- Gyulai, Pál; Telegdi, János; Szekler-Hungarian Runic Writing. Sebestyén, János
- Gergely, Ferenc. Sebestyén, Jenő
- Calvinist Review (Kálvinist Szemle)
- Historical (or Neo) Calvinism
- Calvin and Capitalism (Kálvinizmus és Kapitalizus)
- The Spiritual Life of the Calvinist Woman, vols, i,ii,iii (A kálvinis
- Reformed Ethics (Református Etika)
- Muzsikás Hungarian Folkmusic Ensemble; Kodály, Zoltán. Sebők, Tamás
- Benedek, Elek; Kossuth, Lajos. Secreta Secretorum
- Codex Literature. Segesvár
- Petőfi, Sándor; Segesvár, Battle of; Bem, József. Segesvár, Battle of
- Petőfi, Sándor; Segesvár; Bem, József. Segesváry, Victor
Sebes, Gusztáv (Gustavus) (Scharenpeck), (Budapest, 22 January 1906 - Budapest, 30 January 1986) – Soccer coach, sports director. He played from 1918 to 1921 for the Vasas Club; from 1925 to 1926 for the M. Normád of Paris; in 1927 for CO Billancourt and, from 1927 to 1940, for the Hungária Club. He was selected for the national team in 1936. From 1945 until 1949 he coached the Hungarian national soccer team. From 1945 until 1956 he was captain of the association for the same team. Under the leadership of Sebes, the Hungarian team won the Olympic championships in 1952 in Helsinki. In 1954 the team was second in the Swiss World Championships. In 1953, at the so-called Century Games, the Hungarians beat the English team 6:3. From 1951 he was master coach. Between 1947 and 1950 Sebes was Director of the Sports Department of the National Union Council. From 1948 until 1960, he was President of the Hungarian Olympic Committee. From 1950 until 1956 he was Vice President of the National Physical Education and Sports Council. In 1954 he was founding member of the European Soccer Association, and was its vice president from 1954 until 1960. His books are: Hungarian Soccer (A magyar labdarúgás) (1955), and Joys and Disappointments (Örömök és csalódások) (1985). – B: 0883, T: 7667. Sebestény, Gyula (Julius) (Eger, 16 March 1887 - Eger, 27 July 1954) – Physician. He earned his Medical Degree at the University of Graz, and from 1914 he was a demonstrator in the Medical Faculty of the University of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). From 1923 he was an assistant lecturer in the surgical ward of the University of Pécs; from 1925 Head Physician in the Pulmonary Surgery Department of the Hospital of the National Institute of Social Insurance (Országos Társadalombiztosító Intézet – OTI); from 1947 to 1954 he was a professor there. Early in his career, he had considerable success as a neurosurgeon. He is also well known for starting, for the first time in Hungary the Jacobeus procedure (endoscopic burning through adhesive pleurisy) and the extrapleural pneumothorax method. From 1947 he practiced the surgical solution of healing tuberculosis, for which he became internationally famous. In 1930 he was the first in Hungary to perform lobectomy (excision of a lobe of the lung). He worked out the so-called Sebestény procedure (pneumothorax mixta), a temporary collapse procedure in the treatment of tuberculosis. – B: 1730, T: 7456. Sebestyén, György (George) (Budapest, 30 October 1930 - Vienna, 6 June 1990) – Writer, translator of literary works. He studied philosophy and ethnography at the University of Budapest. His first articles appeared in the free-educational journal New Tillage (Új Szántás). In his youthful enthusiasm, he became a Communist and, as a journalist, he became employed by the daily paper Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet) and, in 1952 became its cultural columnist. He quickly became disillusioned with the Communist system and, in the summer of 1956, he joined those who demanded the rejuvenation of the Party. After the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, he fled to Austria. He settled in Vienna and, for a short time, edited the weekly Hungarian Courier (Magyar Híradó). More and more decidedly and consistently, he started to write in German. He became an Austrian writer; published novels, short stories, sketches, travelogues, essays, plays, as well as a number of books in a variety of genres. In 1972 Sebestyén launched and edited the journal Pannonia. He also edited the cultural column of the weekly Die Furche, and redacted the Lower-Austrian journal entitled Morgen. He played an important role in the Austrian PEN Club: in 1988 he became its President. Several of his plays appeared on stage and a number of radio and TV plays were also presented. He translated twentieth century Hungarian prose writers into German; he also translated Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Die Tragödie des Menschen; Az ember tragédiája), and it was presented at the municipal theater of Klagenfurt in the fall of 1983. His works include Die Türen schliessen sich, novel (1957); Die Schule der Verführung, novel (1964); Maria Theresia, Geschichte einer Frau (1980), and The House of Existence (A lét háza), essays (1986). He received the Austrian Csokor Prize in 1975. – B: 1672, T: 7456. Sebestyén, Gyula (Julius) (Szentantalfa 7 March 1864 - Balatonszepezd, 12 February 1946) – Ethnographer, literary historian. He read modern Philology at the University of Budapest, and obtained a Ph.D. in 1890. Pál (Paul) Gyulai directed his studies in folk-poetry. The Kisfaludy Society supported his studies, and was its member from 1909. From 1898 he worked at the Széchényi Library, Budapest, and was a Director of its book department from 1905. Inicially, he researched the origin of Hungarian and the Finno-Ugric languages, and later, the Turkic languages and stood by their relationship to Hungarian. He devoted two books to the ancient Hungarian writing system; the first entitled Runic and Runic Writing (Rovás és Rovásírás) (1909), and the second, The Authentic Remnants of Runic Writing (A rovásírás hiteles emlékei) (1915). He was the first to describe in its entirety the Stick-Calendar (Botnaptár) from the Age of Reigning Prince Árpád (9th century). His contribution to the runic research is considerable. He was President of the Hungarian Chapter of the Folklore Fellows, and President of the Ethnographic Society; a Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and he was Editor for the periodical Ethnography. He translated from Latin the Rudimenta of János (John) Telegdi. His other works include: The Name and Origin of the Szeklers (A székelyek neve és eredete (1897); The Bards (A regösök) (1902); Bard Songs (Regös-énekek) (1902), The Legends of the Hungarian Conquest, vols. i, ii (A magyar honfoglalás mondái, I - II) (1904 - 1905), and Collection of Transdabubia (Dunántúli gyűjtés) (1906). He erected an obelisk with runic writing in the garden of his cottage at Balatonszepezd, witnessing our ancient runic writing. – B: 0883, T: 7103.→Gyulai, Pál; Telegdi, János; Szekler-Hungarian Runic Writing. Sebestyén, János (John) (Budapest, 2 March 1931 - Budapest, 4 February 2012) – Harpsichordist and organist. His musical studies were completed at the National Music School and at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he studied piano, organ and composition (1946-1955). He was a student of Ferenc (Francis) Gergely, István (Stephen) Antal, János (John) Hamerschlag, Ervin Major and Ferenc (Francis) Szabó. From 1950 to 1994 he worked at the Hungarian Radio, where he introduced series such as From the Diary of a Radioman (Egy rádiós naplójából); Those Years at the Radio… (Azok a rádiós évek…), and On the Wings of Memories (Emlékek szárnyán). From 1958 he began performing in concerts, first on the harpsichord, later on the organ. He was the founder of the Harpsichord Department of the Academy of Music, Budapest, and became its first professor. He was on concert tours in Europe, Japan and the USA. From the 1980s he organized an annual organ concert series in the Lake Balaton area (Siófok, Boglárlelle, Balatonlelle), which developed into the Balatonlelle Organ Festival. He made extensive recordings with various companies such as Hungaroton, Angelicum, Sonart and Naxort; altogether more than 20 Hungarian, and 84 LP and CD foreign recordings are to his credit. He also authored books. He was a recipient of many awards and prizes, among them the Ferenc Erkel Prize (1967) and the Ferend (Franz) Liszt Prize (1974). He was honored with the Merited Artist title (1982), the Cavaliere Medal, Italy (1984), the Officer Cross of of Merit of Hungary (2000). He was made a member of the Don Henriqué Order, Portugal (1966), and was an honorary citizen of Balatonlelle. – B: 0874, T: 7103.→Gergely, Ferenc. Sebestyén, Jenő (Eugene) (Csúza 8 June 1888 - Budapest 2 June 1950) – Theologian of the Reformed Church and writer. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest, completing his studies in 1906. From 1907 to 1910 he pursued postgraduate studies at the University of Utrecht. In 1910 he became an honorary lecturer at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest. In 1917 he obtained his Ph.D. in Philosophy. From 1918 to 1946, he was Professor of Dogmatism, Ethics and Systematic Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest, and intermittently its Dean. With László (Ladislas) Ravasz he was Editor of the periodicals of Calvinist Review (Kálvinist Szemle) (1920-1930), and the Hungarian Calvinism (Magyar Kálvinizmus) (1934-1938). He founded the John Calvin Society (Kálvin János Társaság) (1936-1948). He was the main founder and leader of the leading Historical (or Neo) Calvinism (Történelmi Kálvinizmus) movement in the Hungarian Reformed Church between the two world wars. This theological trend was founded and represented chiefly by Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920), the Dutch theologian, statesman and politician, and it fought against theological liberalism in the Reformed Churches. Sebestyén created the Hungarian wing of Historical Calvinism. A group of theologians represented this movement, among them László (Ladislas) Ravasz, Sándor (Alexander) Makkai, Sándor (Alexander) Csekey and Béla Kenessey. Strong ties developed between Dutch and Hungarian theologians, who supported the movement. Sebestyén’s works include Calvin and Capitalism (Kálvinizmus és Kapitalizus) (1911); Calvinism and Democracy (Kálvinizmus és demokrácia) (1912); Nietzsche and Calvin (1918); Who is a true Calvinist? (Ki az igazi kálvinista?) (1925); The Spiritual Life of the Calvinist Woman, vols, i,ii,iii (A kálvinista nő lelki világa, I,II,III) (1928-1934); Reformed Dogmatism, vols. i,ii,iii (Reformétus Dogmatika I,II,III) (new edition 1992), and Reformed Ethics (Református Etika) (new edition 1997). – B: 0883, 1031, 1846, 1861, 1703, T: 7456, 7103.→Ravasz, László; Makkai, Sándor, Csekey, Sándor; Kenessey, Béla. Sebestyén, Márta (Martha) (Budapest, 19 August 1957 - ) – Singer, folkmusic vocalist, composer and actress. Sebestyén's mother is a composer, and was a music student of Zoltán Kodály. Her father was an economist and author. Márta Sebestyén was educated at Miklós Radnóti High School, Budapest. She has sung regularly and recorded with the Hungarian folk group, Muzsikás. She is known for adaptations of the folk songs of County Somogy and Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). She has also adapted Hindi, Yiddish, Bulgarian, Slovak etc. folk songs to traditional Hungarian style. Márta Sebestyén sang in the movie The English Patient. Three songs, recorded together with Muzsikás, appeared in the Japanese animated movie: Only Yesterday. She also sang in and contributed material to the album Kaddish by Towering Inferno (1993). Her further recordings include Albums: Transylvanian Portraits (1992); High Days: Hungarian Christmas Folk Songs (2000), and I Can See the Gates of Heaven...(2009). Compilations: Apocrypha (1992); The Best of Márta Sebestyén (1997), and World Star of World Music (2000). She appeared in : István the King (István a király (1983); Love Record (Szerelmeslemez) (1996); Connecting Images (Nokia) (1998); The Bartók Album (Muzsikás) (1999), and Big Blue Ball (2008). She also appeared in a number of feature films. Sebestyén was awarded the Grammy Award in 1996, and the UNESCO Artist for Peace title in 2010. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Muzsikás Hungarian Folkmusic Ensemble; Kodály, Zoltán. Sebők, Tamás (Thomas A. Sebeok) (Budapest, 9 November 1920 - Bloomington, Indiana, 21 December 2001) – Linguist, semioticist and anthropologist. He left Hungary as a high school student and settled in England in 1936. He emigrated to the USA in 1937, due to the expanding National Socialism in Europe. He studied at the University of Chicago and later at Princeton University, obtaining his Ph.D. in Linguistics in 1945; at the same time he lectured at Indiana University in Bloomington from 1943, where he became Professor of Linguistics from 1967 to 1978 and, from 1978 until his retirement, he was Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics. In the meantime, he directed the Center for Linguistics and Semiotics from 1956, and during the years 1965 to 1969, headed the institute formed for the study of human relations. He founded and led the Uralic and Altaic chair of the University. He was a visiting professor at some twenty universities in America, Europe and Asia, and from 1975 to 1982 he was President of the American Linguistic Society; from 1984 he was President of the American Semiotic Society and, from 1968, Editor of the journal Semiotica, and from 1974 editing the Studies in Semiotics. His other main fields of study are Linguistics and Anthropology. His works include Spoken Hungarian (1945); Spoken Finnish (1947), and The Sign and its Masters (1979). After Sebők's death, his rich book collection on bio-semiotics was donated to the Department of Semiotics of the University of Tartu, Estonia. The “Sebők Fellow” Award is the highest honor given by the Semiotic Society of America. – B: 1672, 1031, T: 7456. Sebők, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Párkány, now Sturovo, Slovakia, 22 September 1861 - Budapest, 4 June 1916) – Journalist and and writer of juvenile works. He began his studies to obtain a Degree in Education from the University of Budapest, but entered a journalistic career instead. From 1882 he was Editor of Pester News (Pesti Hírlap), from 1884 that of the Szeged Diary (Szegedi Napló), from 1887 again for Pester News (Pesti Hírlap), and from 1892 its associate editor. From 1909, together with Elek (Alec) Benedek, he edited the juvenile paper, Good Pal (Jó Pajtás). From 1891 he was member of the Petőfi Society and, from 1904, a member of the Kisfaludy Society. He published several volumes of short stories and about 30 volumes of very popular juvenile works, e.g. the Travels of Master Bruin (Mackó úr utazása) (1902); The Life of Lajos Kossuth (Kossuth Lajos élete) (1902), and the Travels of Old Growler (Dörmögő Dömötör utazása) (1912). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Benedek, Elek; Kossuth, Lajos. Secreta Secretorum – A 14th century chronicle manuscript written in Hungarian around 1370 that was destined for the royal library of King Lajos I. (Louis the Great, 1340-1380). The translation of the legend of St. Francis of Assisi from Latin to Hungarian is attributed to an unknown translator, while the decorations are credited to the painter of the Illuminated Chronicle of 1473. The original manuscript is kept in Oxford; a copy of this text is included in the Jókai Codex written around 1440. – B: 1230, T: 3240.→Codex Literature. Segesvár (Latin: Castrum Sex, Romanian: Sighişoara, German: Schässburg) – Town in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) in former County Nagy-Küküllő, at the confluence of the Nagy-Küküllő and Hortobágy Rivers, in the terraced valley of the Nagy-Küküllő at 350 m above sea level, on the Arad -Brassó (Braşov) and the Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) – Brassó main railway lines, as well as on the Kolozsvár-Predeal and Segesvár-Székelyudvarhely local lines. It is among the most picturesque towns of Transylvania and indeed in the whole Carpathian Basin, located in surroundings of fruit gardens, vineyards and forests. It used to be one of the cultural centers of the Transylvanian Saxons. From the 14th century it was declared a Royal Free Town of the Hungarian Kingdom. Its population in 1992 was: 34 537 with 25 387 Romanian, 6948 Hungarian, 1327 German Saxon and 853 Romany Gipsy (in terms of denominations: 24 992 Greek Orthodox, 3260 Reformed, 2230 Roman Catholic, 1511 Unitarian and 290 Greek Catholic); in 1930: 13 096 (ca. 50% Lutheran German, 30% Greek-Orthodox Romanian and 20% Unitarian and Roman Catholic Hungarian); in 1901: 10,868, in 1910: 11587 (5486 German, 3031 Romanian and 2687 Magyar). The town consists of two parts: (1) the lower town of many fine medieval houses, also the Town Hall, the County Hall (designed by Ignác Alpár); the Clock Tower (containing the municipal museum), three 15th century Gothic churches: the Lutheran church on the hill (its sanctuary from the 14th century, the nave completed at the end of the 15th century), the Catholic church (built in 1894) and the Greek-Orthodox church; (2) the upper town on the 120-meter high cone-shaped castle hill, or “school-hill”, with a well-preserved fortress: a fortified castle of strong walls and 14 towers (bastions), all given names like Kovács Tower (built in 1631), Szabó Tower (from the 14th century), and the Mészáros Tower. A set of wooden stairs leads up at a steep angle to the Saxon school and the Lutheran church. The “mountain church” of a large basilica proportions with three naves was built by the Saxon settlers during the 15th century in place of an earlier, smaller church from about 1350. The Gothic monastery church of three naves was built during the 13th century, originally used by the Dominican Order. The statue of the great Hungarian poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi was removed (saved in the turbulence of World War I in 1916) and later set up at Kiskunfélegyháza, where Petőfi’s parents lived. Segesvár was established in place of the Roman Stenarum during the reign of King Géza II (1224), and subsequent kings settled Saxons here and in other parts of uninhabited areas of Transylvania. It rapidly developed into an important fortress and town. The union of the “three nations” of Transylvania (Hungarians, Szeklers and Saxons) was affirmed here in 1506. In 1600 it was surrendered to Mihály Vitéz and later to Basta; in 1605, the troops of Bocskai took it and, in 1662 János (John) Kemény’s forces laid siege to it. The fires of 1676, 1709 and 1788 damaged the town considerably. During the 1848-1849 War of Independence from Austrian rule, the town was occupied by General Forró in 1849; then, a little later, General Bem’s army marched into its streets. Finally, on 31 July 1849, in the vicinity of the town, Bem’s forces suffered a heavy defeat from the Austrian army in the so-called Battle of Segesvár. The poet Petőfi, who joined Bem’s army, most likely fell here or was taken into Russian captivity. The Russian General Skariatin also fell here; his tomb is at the roadside near the town. – B: 1030, 1068, 1582, 1816, T: 7456.→Petőfi, Sándor; Segesvár, Battle of; Bem, József. Segesvár, Battle of – One of the bloodiest battles of the 1848 revolutionary war took place in Segesvár (now Sighişoara, Romania), on July 31, 1849. The Transylvanian Honvéd army, led by József Bem, arrived at Fehéregyháza near Segesvár, after weeks of incessant fighting. It was here that Bem attempted to stop the invading Russian army, which vastly outnumbered his Honvéd troops. Though the Russian czar’s army suffered huge losses, even losing its commanding general, Skaryatin, it gained a decisive victory over the Hungarians. One of Hungary’s greatest poets, Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi, who had inspired the revolutionaries with his poetry, disappeared in this battle; either he was killed or taken to Russia as a prisoner. Not far from the highway at the István-well, a memorial was erected in 1907 to preserve Petőfi’s memory and near the highway another monument stands in memory of the Russian general. B: 1138, 1020, T: 7665.→Petőfi, Sándor; Segesvár; Bem, József. Segesváry, Victor (Miskolc, 20 February 1929 - ) – Economist, political scientist, minister of the Reformed Church, theologian and author. He completed High School in Miskolc (1939-1940), Kolozsvár (Now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) (1940-1944) and Budapest (1945-1947). He studied Law at the University of Budapest (1947-1949) and was excluded for political reasons in January 1949. Later, he completed his studies in Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest (1949-1954). During the 1956 Revolution, he was elected Co-President of the Christian Youth Federation and a co-opted member of the Student Revolutionary Council of Budapest. He went into exile in November 1956 to Geneva, Switzerland. He obtained a Ph.D. in Political Science and a Doctorate in Divinity from the University of Geneva. Segesváry was Chaplain of the Hungarian refugees in 1957; Secretary General, Geneva-African Institute, (1961-1962); Research Editor, Business International S.A., Geneva, (1964-1967) and Market Research Manager/Editor, SESAF S.A., Geneva (1967-1968). He was Head of the Research Department at the Henry-Dunant Institute, ICRC, Geneva, and Lecturer/Supervisor at the International Trade Center (ITC), Geneva (1969-1971). Segesváry’s overseas career includes the following positions: Senior Advisor/Project Manager for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and ITC, in Algeria, Afghanistan and Mali (1971-1984); short-term assignments in Turkey, Egypt and Morocco for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), New York, and ITC, Geneva (1973); Senior Advisor/Consultant, with various UN organizations in New York (1984-1994); assignments in Ghana, Senegal, Tunisia, Cape Verde, Gambia, Mali, Chad, Cameroun, Cambodia, etc. He has been a visiting professor since 1999: Università del Sacro Cuore – Alta scuola di economía e relazioni internazionali, Milan (1999); he took part in the European Conference on Problems Related to Immigration in Lecce, Italy (1999); the Conference on Political Perspectives in the New Century, Fondazione Alcide de Gasperi, Rome (2001); at the Institute of World Geography, University of Budapest (2002); Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (2002); he was a lecturer at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Switzerland (2003). Between 1971 and 1994 he prepared or directed about four hundred studies, documents and reports in the course of his work with the UN. Since 1994 he has published in various languages more than 50 articles and studies. Segesváry’s books are The 18th Century History of the Ráday Library (A Ráday Könyvtár 18. századi története) (Budapest, 1992) (written in 1955-1956); The Realism of Khrushchev: Soviet Policy in the Middle East 1953-1960 (Le réalisme khrouchtchévien: La politique soviétique au Proche-Orient, 1953-1960) (Neuchâtel, 1968); The Franco-German War of 1870-1871. The Birth of Red Cross Solidarity (La guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871. La naissance de la solidarité Croix-Rouge) (Geneva, 1970); Islam and the Reformation: A Study of the Zurich Reformers’ Attitude toward Islam, 1510-1550 (L'Islam et la Réforme: Étude sur l'attitude des réformateurs zuricois envers l'Islam, 1510-1550 (Lausanne, 1978; reprinted in the USA, San Francisco, 1998); Inter-Civilizational Relations and the Destiny of the West: Dialogue or Confrontation? (Lewiston, 1998; 2. ed. Lanham, 2000); The Crisis of Western Civilization at the End of the Millennium (A nyugati civilizáció ezredvégi válsága) (Budapest, 2001); and World State, Nation States, or Non-Centralized Institutions? A Vision of the Future in Politics (Lanham, 2003). During 2004 and 2005 his lifework was published on the Internet. − B&T: 2065. 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