Role of Utterance
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Express the point of view of the speaker and the minds that shaped his
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w/ in a context
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language is NOT abstract speaking act- language is tied to its use
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language changes social relationships (ex: insulting)
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this includes silence (when you are silent, you are also saying something) and pauses
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speech only exists as concrete utterances
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Translinguistics- broken down into two categories: voice and dialogicality
Voice
Who is doing the speaking?
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Who is being addressed?
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Intonation
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Personality
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Mood
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“An utterance, spoken or written, is always expressed from a point of view (a voice), which for Bakhtin is a process rather than a location. Utterance is an activity that enacts difference in values. On an elementary level, for instance, the same words can mean different things depending on context: intonation is the sound that value makes” (p.51).
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“voices always exist in a social milieu” (p.51).
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ADDRESSIVITY (the voice of the speaker responds to the voice of the listener)
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“An utterance reflects not only the voice producing it but also the voices to which is it addressed” (p.53).
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“Understanding strokes to match the speaker’s with a counter word” (p.52).
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Dialogicality and Multivoicedness
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All speech depends on dialogue
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The more someone else responds, reflects greater understanding.
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Interpersonal vs. intrapersonal (between people, vs. inner dialogue)
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Addressivity- one persons utterances are adapted in advance to another’s.
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Parody- “a process in which one voice transmits what another voice has said but does so with a “shift in accent” (p.55)… 2 voices- dialogue.. mimic someone else voice of another with a shift in accent
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Ex: Bushes speech when he says, “p.63 repeating what Dukakis already said “creating good jobs at good wages”
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(Nacirema written as a parody)
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one can connect a particular voice with the person that said it, and then always connect that word with that person (ex: inoperative p.55)
Social Languages “the way in which various languages in a cultural setting are employed” p57
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Is not a not a national language
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Adding context in language.
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p.57 a discourse particular to a specific situation of society at a given time..”
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Different kinds: “social dialects, characteristic groups behavior, profession jargons..” p.58
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used in different settings
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an utterance is individual
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hard to recreate an utterance- it is unique
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rules of language… we cant just use random words
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there is still an underlined structure
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ventriliquation (defined p.59) taking someone else’s words and adapting it to your own intentions.
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one voice saying one thing (speaker), then the role of other influences
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hybrid construction (2 perspectives): the juxtaposition of two different social language in one utterance i.e. mixing black and white to get grey
Speech Genres
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Typical form or type of utterance
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Kind of expression
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Situation of speech communication and theme
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Circumstances
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Utterance have definite and stable typical forms of construction of a whole
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Forms- named forms of speech within the national language. Used by members of a culture.
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Songs
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Speeches
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Stories
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Prayers
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Poem
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General form is the same, but content can be different
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Genre of speaker is anticipated or guessed by the listener- indexing another genre, rather than a hybrid
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We speak in genres without knowing that they exist (known by expectations)u7
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