Group I Hydro-electric plant near Columbia on the Saluda River

What was the major method of transporting goods in the 1700's? Using Washington's diary for reference, what were the major cities in South Carolina at that time? What was the major method of transporting goods in the 1800's? Using Burges' diary, what were the major cities in S.C. at that time? Use the State Base Map #1, Shaded Relief, to decide which pair of cities listed below would have been the most difficult to travel between. Explain why. Your answer should be based on the transportation available in 1800. Which pair would have been easiest to travel between? Explain why. What method of transportation would have been the best choice for each pair at that time? What method would be best today?

Working in student teams with the State Base Map #2, with Highways, locate and name five large man-made reservoirs in South Carolina. List all of the recreational and industrial uses of these reservoirs you can think of. Identify the positive and negative impacts of creating these reservoirs. Compare your list of impacts with lists of the other groups.

South Carolina's first locomotive, the Best Friend of Charleston, began running in 1833 from Charleston to Hamburg, which is located on the Savannah River near North Augusta. Trace with a wipe off pen the Charleston-Hamburg railroad track on the State Base Map #1, Shaded Relief. The South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, chartered in 1827, was designed to improve the economy of Charleston by bringing goods to market. When finished, it was the longest railroad track, 136 miles, in the United States. Why did the geography of South Carolina hinder the development of Charleston as a major port city after the Revolutionary War? Identify at least ten major towns located on early railroad routes. Were many of these towns considered to be railroad towns? What is meant by saying a town is a "railroad town"? Are any of these towns still railroad towns today? Did the Best Friend of Charleston help Charleston's economy? Explain. Study the ridges and valleys on the shaded relief map. How did the early railroad engineers use South Carolina's landscape to their advantage in designing the location of railroad tracks? Note: The South Carolina State Museum has on display a replica of The Best Friend of Charleston.

Compare the number of railroad routes listed in Figure 1-12 "Map of Antebellum Railroads - 1860", to the number of railroad routes shown on the STATE BASE MAP #1, SHADED RELIEF. Most of the modern railroads were constructed in the late 1800's and the early 1900's. In 1842 the cost of passenger travel in South Carolina was 6.5 cents a mile. In 1883 it only cost 3.42 cents a mile. Why do you think the cost had gone down so much? What do you expect would have happened to freight shipping costs? Was it usually cheaper to ship goods by water or on the railroads? Explain your answers. What are the most popular methods of passenger travel and cargo shipping today? Why?

Using Figure 1-12 "Map of Antebellum Railroads - 1860" as a reference, trace with a wipe-off pen the major railroad lines of 1860 on the State Base Map #1, Shaded Relief. Create your own symbols for each of the railroads. These railroad lines were built with private funding and designed to transport goods and produce to the market. Complete the chart which follows indicating major cities along the route and full names of railroad companies. How many of the towns along the early routes are present day county seats? List all the counties today that carry the same name as their county seats, e.g., Allendale County, Edgefield County, and Chesterfield County. How many of the present day county seats are located on active or formerly active railroad lines? Why did towns away from the railroad lines tend to remain small? Which railroad line is closest to your home town? Which one is closest to your school?

RELATIONSHIP OF RAILROAD LINES TO COUNTY SEATS
RAILROAD SYSTEM	FULL NAME OF RAILROAD	MAJOR CITIES ON THE ROUTE
C&DRR
W&MRR
SCRR
BRRR
G&CRR
S&URR
C&SCRR
C&SRR

9. Investigate nicknames for cities. ?

Nicknames are often given to cities. For example, one is called the "Port City," others are identified as the "Textile City," "Gamecock City," or "Capitol City." Which South Carolina cities do you think have these particular nicknames? Suggest nicknames for several other major cities in South Carolina. Give a unique characteristic of each city. Does the city nearest your school have a nickname? If so, what is it? How did it get that nickname? If it does not have a nickname, choose an appropriate one and explain your choice to the class.
10. Trace flight path of Cessna. :

You are joining a group of students flying across South Carolina in a Cessna. Your pilot is flying by dead reckoning (using only a compass and altimeter) across the state at a steady velocity of 120 miles per hour with no winds. Time of departure is 8 A.M. at the Charleston Airport located in North Charleston. It is a clear day with blue skies. Visibility is 100 miles. As the plane takes off your pilot turns northeastward heading up the coast following the shoreline to Myrtle Beach. You have before you the State Base Map #1, Shaded Relief, and a wipe-off pen to trace your flight path. Once you reach Myrtle Beach, look for the Seaboard Coast Line railroad track, which almost runs into the ocean. As you leave Myrtle Beach, turn at the railroad track on a heading of 300°. You will fly over the Intracoastal Waterway. After you have gone 60 miles, look for a major city that is due west of the Pee Dee River and north of Jeffries Creek. What city is this? How long have you been flying? Record your time.

Select and research one of the state land use management programs from the list below.

Forestry Management and Wildlife

Agricultural Soil and Water Conservation

Water Conservation and Management
2. Monitor stream pollution near your school. R

Find a way to monitor the dissolved oxygen, acidity, and/or heavy metal contaminants over several months in the stream, river, or lake nearest your school. To facilitate this activity, water testing kits can be purchased at feed and seed stores or through scientific supply companies. Research how toxic or hazardous waste materials pollute our river systems. What happens when too much sewage is allowed to enter a stream? What effect do phosphates and nitrates have on the growth of algae? Why is dissolved oxygen an important component to monitor? What is eutrophication?

Make a timeline of transportation across South Carolina using opening dates of the railroad companies, and other important events related to railroads or other transportation. Use as a reference The History of South Carolina in the Building of a Nation, by Archie Vernon Huff, Jr.

Where is the closest railroad to your school? How often does it run? Is it mainly a freight or passenger line? What type of freight is carried on this line? Where are the passengers headed?

Locate Rabun Gap in Georgia and Stumphouse Tunnel near Walhalla S.C. Consult a map of the Southeastern States to trace the possible routes from Cincinnati that would have connected it to the ports in the Carolinas and Georgia. Which mountain range would they have to tunnel under? Research Stumphouse Tunnel and find out how far below the top of the mountain the tunnel was located, why vertical shafts were needed, how many feet a month the workers tunneled, and how close the men came to finishing.