The ministry of high and secondary specialised educationof the republic of uzbekistan bukhara state pedagogical institute theme of presentation: shopping
THE MINISTRY OF HIGH AND SECONDARY SPECIALISED EDUCATIONOF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN BUKHARA STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE THEME of presentation: SHOPPING
Done by Tilakova Dilafruz
Supervised by Sh. Shavkatovna
Shopping is an activity in which a customer browses the available goods or services presented by one or more retailers with the potential intent to purchase a suitable selection of them. A typology of shopper types has been developed by scholars which identifies one group of shoppers as recreational shoppers,[1] that is, those who enjoy shopping and view it as a leisure activity
For centuries, people have shopped in marketplaces, shopping malls or high streets. In previous times, shopping was done out of necessity because not everybody had the resources to produce food themselves. So, people would buy crops from farmers, bread from bakers, and so on.
Today, however, shopping has developed into a world of its own. Lots of people see shopping as more than just a necessity. It’s now commonly thought of as a fun activity to do with friends or family.
Even though many people still flock to town centres to shop in person, the rise of online shopping has made commerce easier than ever before. You can now buy almost anything and have it delivered right to your door at the touch of a button. Whilst this is very convenient (particularly if you need something that might be hard to find), lots of people have ethical concerns about modern shopping culture.
The modern phenomenon of shopping for pleasure is closely linked to the emergence of a middle class in the 17th and 18th-century Europe. As standards of living improved in the 17th century, consumers from a broad range of social backgrounds began to purchase goods that were in excess of basic necessities. An emergent middle class or bourgeoisie stimulated demand for luxury goods and began to purchase a wider range of luxury goods and imported goods, including: Indian cotton and calico; silk, tea and porcelain from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.The act of shopping came to be seen as a pleasurable pass-time or form of entertainment.
A larger commercial zone can be found in many cities, more formally called a central business district, but more commonly called "downtown" in the United States, or the "high street" in Britain, and souks in Arabic speaking areas.
Shopping hubs, or shopping centers, are collections of stores; that is a grouping of several businesses in a compact geographic area. It consists of a collection of retail, entertainment and service stores designed to serve products and services to the surrounding region.
Typical examples include shopping malls, town squares, flea markets and bazaars.
Stores are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services. Usually they are tiered by target demographics based on the disposable income of the shopper. They can be tiered from cheap to pricey.
Some shops sell secondhand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to these shops, commonly known as thrift stores in the United States, charity shops in the United Kingdom, or op shops in Australia and New Zealand. In give-away shops goods can be taken for free. In antique shops, the public can find goods that are older and harder to find. Sometimes people are broke and borrow money from a pawn shop using an item of value as collateral. College students are known to resell books back through college textbook bookstores. Old used items are often distributed through surplus stores.
Various types of retail stores that specialize in the selling of goods related to a theme include bookstores, boutiques, candy shops, liquor stores, gift shops, hardware stores, hobby stores, pet stores, pharmacies, sex shops and supermarkets.
Home mail delivery systems and modern technology (such as television, telephones, and the Internet), in combination with electronic commerce, allow consumers to shop from home. There are three main types of home shopping: mail or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as periodicals, TV and radio); and online shopping. Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their buying decisions; the Internet provides access to a lot of information about a particular product, which can be looked at, evaluated, and comparison-priced at any given time. Online shopping allows the buyer to save the time and expense, which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall. According to technology and research firm Forrester, mobile purchases or mcommerce will account for 49% of ecommerce, or $252 billion in sales, by 2020
Seasonal shopping consists of buying the appropriate clothing for the particular season. In winter people bundle up in warm layers and coats to keep warm, while in summer people wear less clothing to stay cooler in the heat. Seasonal shopping now revolves a lot around holiday sales and buying more for less. Stores need to get rid of all of their previous seasonal clothing to make room for the new trends of the upcoming season.[40] The end-of-season sales usually last a few weeks with prices lowering further towards the closing of the sale. During sales items can be discounted from 10% up to as much as 50%, with the biggest reduction sales occurring at the end of the season. Holiday shopping periods are extending their sales further and further with holidays such as Black Friday becoming a month-long event stretching promotions across November . These days shopping doesn't stop once the mall closes, as people have more access to stores and their sales than ever before with the help of the internet and apps.[41] Today many people research their purchases online to find the cheapest and best deal with one third of all shopping searches on Google happen between 10:00 pm and 4:00 am.[42] Shoppers are now spending more time consulting different sources before making a final purchasing decision. Shoppers once used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but numbers have risen to as high as 12 sources in 2014
"Window shopping" is a term referring to the browsing of goods by a consumer with or without the intent to purchase. Window shopping is often practised by a particular segment, known as the recreation-conscious or hedonistic shopper. Recreational shopping is characterised by the consumer's engagement in the purchase process, and recreational shoppers are those consumers who see the act of shopping as a form of enjoyment.[49] Other consumers use window shopping as part of their planning activity for a later purchase.
Showrooming, the practice of examining merchandise in a traditional retail store without purchasing it, but then shopping online to find a lower price for the same item, has become an increasingly prevalent problem for traditional retailers as a result of online competitors, so much so that some have begun to take measures to combat it.
It’s often said that there are 7 types of shoppers:
The Impulse Buyer: An impulse buyer is, as the name suggests, someone who is very impulsive with their purchases. They don’t like to consider the pros and cons of buying something or shop around for the best deal, they just go with their gut!
The Bargain Hunter: Unlike the impulse buyer, the bargain hunter is someone who is always looking for the cheapest price. Bargain hunters are famous for loving sales, deals and coupons.
The Educated Shopper: An educated shopper is somebody who might be very socially conscious. Remember those ethical and environmental concerns we were just talking about? The educated shopper knows all about them, too. They probably won't mind spending a bit more on their items, but they’ll usually buy a bit less than the average shopper.
The Negotiator: The negotiator is a great person to go shopping with. They aren’t afraid to haggle with retailers, and sometimes it really pays off! Negotiators can be very charming, personable and friendly.
The Brand Loyalist: These are shoppers who know what they like, and they stick with it. Retailers are constantly in competition to secure the attention of brand loyalists because they are often customers for life. Much like the educated shopper, brand loyalists can be motivated by their own ethics to stay loyal to a brand. But, this isn’t always the case.
The Browser: If brand loyalists are the prize for retailers, browsers are the obstacles! Browsers are people who rarely make purchases, but still enjoy going to shops and seeing what’s around. Browsers can be particularly money conscious people, or have very high standards for products.
The Practical Shopper: Finally, the practical shopper is somebody who wants to buy useful products that will fit exactly the need they have in mind. These are people who want to know exactly what they are getting before they buy something. So, you can expect practical shoppers to ask lots of questions and visit many shops before they decide to buy something.
