The Power of it survival Guide for the cio
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The Power of IT Survival Guide for the CIO Jan De Sutter
Copyright © 2003-2004 by Jan De Sutter – All rights reserved No part of this work shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission from the author. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Every reasonable effort has been made to respect the copyrights of other persons or entities. Anybody who believes that his or her copyrights have been infringed is invited to contact the author so that the necessary arrangements can be taken.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004113733 Publisher: BookSurge, LLC North Charleston, South Carolina ISBN: 1-59457-867-2 AcknowledgementsFirst EditionI would like to thank Professor Carlos De Backer (University of Antwerp) and Professor Eddy Van Dijck (University of Brussels) for their thorough editing, helpful suggestions and thoughtful comments. Also, a project of this magnitude requires the support of colleagues and friends. I address a special word of gratefulness for Dirk Dons and Niall O’Higgins, who gave useful advice on the purely technical matters. Finally, this work could not be possible without the love and inspiration of my wife Lut and my children Marieke and Jacob. Thank you for being there! Second EditionI received many spontaneous reactions from my online readers and wish to thank them for that. All their remarks have been taken into account. I also had the occasion to present this book in various international conferences and am very grateful to the organizations that allowed me to do so. During these conferences I had many exchanges with my public who gave some very useful feedback on the book and its content. To my mother. May she rest in peace. Table of ContentsAcknowledgements iii First Edition iii Second Edition iii
Information Technology 2 The changing role of IT 3 Evolution of the IT Industry 5 About this book 6 Online Resources 9 IT management magazines and newsletters 9 IT Business Analysts 9 IT News sites 9 Further Reading 10 Infrastructure 11 Introduction 13 Computing Hardware 15
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Operating Systems 32 Purpose of an Operating System 32 Structure of an Operating System 32 Characteristics of Operating Systems 33 Autonomic Computing 34 Security 34 Local Services 36 Storing Data 36 File Systems 36 Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs) 37 Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS) 42 Object-Relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMS) 43 Benchmarking of DBMSs 45 Networking Services 47 The OSI Reference Model 47 The Internet protocols 49 Physical Layer 50 Data link layer 51 Network layer 60 Transport layer 65 Application layer 66 Security 68 Middleware 73 Basic Middleware Services 73 Advanced Middleware Services 74 Middleware Technologies 77 Application Frameworks 78 Application Servers 79 Best Practices 81 Automate your asset management 81 Automate your systems management 81 Avoid Single Points of Failure 82 Centralise your client management 83 Consolidate and rationalize continuously 83 Keep control over your architecture 84 Keep your infrastructure scalable 84 Printing also deserves a strategy 86 Reconsider your storage strategy 87 Rely on open standards, but don’t be stubborn 88 Standardize as much as you can 89 Use the right tools 89 Online Resources 91 Further Reading 93
Information Systems 96 Operational and Informational Systems 98 Production 99 Word Processors 99 Spreadsheets 101 Drawing tools 101 Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 102 Viewers and Players 102 Characteristics of Production Information Systems 103 Potential benefits of Production Information Systems 103 Collaboration 104 Collocated – Asynchronous groupware systems 105 Non-collocated – Asynchronous groupware systems 106 Collocated – Synchronous groupware systems 121 Non-collocated – Synchronous Groupware systems 121 Characteristics of Groupware Systems 123 Benefits of Groupware Systems 124 Potential risks of Groupware Systems 124 Business Process Support 125 Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) 127 Exchanging information with other organizations 131 E-commerce 134 Characteristics of Business Process Support Systems 138 Benefits of Business Process Support Systems 138 Risks Business Process Support Systems 138 Tactics 139 Metrics 139 Benchmarking 140 Activity Based Costing 141 Data warehousing 141 Characteristics of Tactical Information Systems 146 Benefits of Tactical Information Systems 147 Risks of Tactical Information Systems 147 Strategy 148 Balanced Scorecards 148 Data mining 150 Web Farming 151 Characteristics of Strategic Information Systems 152 Benefits of Strategic Information Systems 152 Best Practices 153 Also read the small print 153 Apply a layered approach where possible 153 Beware of biased advice 153 Build loosely coupled systems 154 Build, buy or borrow? 154 Choose for standards 155 Do not reinvent the wheel 155 Educate the users 155 Integrate the Business Processes 156 Know the real needs of the users 156 Make agility a primary goal 157 Rationalize the application portfolio 157 Online Resources 158 Further Reading 160
Introduction 164 Getting the Best Employees 166
Getting the Best of Employees 176 Theories on Human Nature 176 Teleworking 190 A new way of working 190 Technological Considerations 191 Work Force Planning 193 Planning techniques 193 Human Resources Management Systems (HRMSs) 194 Best Practices 197 Apply an open privacy policy 197 Avoid Strategic Outsourcing 198 Be fair and treat everyone equally and on merit. 198 Behave as a leader, not as a boss 198 Build a "win-win" relationship when you outsource 199 Concentrate on the Core Employees 199 Get legal advice when you outsource 200 Hire for Attitude, Train for Skill 200 Know the real costs 201 Praise loudly, blame softly 201 Train your people 201 Use Job Enrichment 202 Online Resources 203 Further Reading 204
Introduction 206 Costing 209
Charging 215 Responsibility Centre 216 Budgeting 218 Budgeting Processes 219 Budgeting Methods 222 The Operations Budget 224 The Capital Budget 224 Other value factors 231 Best Practices 236 Budget for hardware every year 236 Buy your systems “just in time” 237 Good enough can be best 238 Invest to reduce TCO 238 Link the project expenses to the objectives 239 Manage your software assets carefully 239 Only go for win-win situations 240 Push for equal treatment of the IT budget 240 Retire your old IT systems in time 240 Set up pre- and post-implementation metrics 241 Start from the benefits, not the costs 241 Online Resources 242 Further Reading 243
Introduction 246 Business Processes 248
IT Processes 260 IT Service Management (ITSM) 260 Best Practices 268 Apply the self-service concept where possible 268 Build generic solutions 268 Create a unified view of the business objects 269 Make lightweight Information Systems 269 Online Resources 271 Further Reading 272
Introduction 274 Software Life Cycle 277 Life Cycle Modelling 278 Code and Fix 278 Waterfall Model 278 The Incremental Model 280 The Spiral Model 281 Time boxing 281 Agile Software Development 283 Other models 285 Concept Exploration 286 Requirements 287 Project Initiation 289 Project Estimation 289 Design 298 Process oriented modelling 298 Data oriented modelling 299 Object Oriented Modelling 302 Implementation 306 Programming languages 306 Software reuse 313 Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools 314 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) 315 Project Monitoring and Control 317 Gantt Charts 317 Project Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method (PERT/CPM) 318 Critical Chain Scheduling and Buffer management 320 Verification and Validation 323 White Box testing 323 Unit Testing 325 Black Box testing 325 Integration Testing 326 System Testing 326 Regression testing 326 Alpha and Beta Testing 327 Automated testing 327 Test Plan 327 Test Results 328 Software Quality Management 329 Capability Maturity Model (CMM) 329 ISO-9001 330 TickIT 331 Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination (SPICE) 331 Software Configuration Management 333 Documentation Development 335 Training 336 Installation 337 Maintenance 339
Retirement 343 Legal considerations 344
Best Practices 349 Aim for Conceptual Integrity 349 Design Twice, Code Once 350 Do not be afraid of risks 350 Do not re-invent the wheel 350 Expect the unexpected 351 Fit the methodology to the project, not the other way around 351 Have an Open Source strategy 352 Involve the users 352 Limit the size of the project teams 353 Manage the requirements 354 Not all developers are created equal 354 Organize the refactoring process 355 Rank project elements up front 355 Remember Brook’s Law 355 Separate concerns 356 Separate stable and unstable elements 356 Separate Transaction Processing and Analytical Processing 357 Take care of the installation process 357 Think Big, develop small 357 Use the right tool for the job 358 Online Resources 359 Further Reading 360
Introduction 368 Organization 368 Objects in the organizational model 369 Management 373 Mapping Managers to Organizational Units 373 Managerial activities and roles 373 Organizational Forms 376 Organizational subunits 376 Coordination mechanisms 377 Organizational Culture 381 Work Teams 382 Organizational Structures 384 Mechanistic and Organic Structures 384 Functional organization 384 Process-oriented organization 385 Product-oriented organization 385 Geographical organization 386 Mixed structures 387 Organization of projects 388 Organization of IT 392 Types of activities of an IT organization 392 Structure of the IT department 392 Centralization and decentralization of IT 393 IT Staffing 395 The CIO/IT manager 397 Links between IT and the rest of the organization 398 Best Practices 400 Act normal 400 Create high-performance teams 400 Eliminate redundant administration 400 Every department its own responsibility 401 Flat or tall? 401 Harmonize, don’t centralize 402 Integrate in the Organizational Culture 404 Know and use the informal organization 404 Participate in networks 404 Separate development and maintenance 405 Online Resources 406 Further Reading 407
Introduction 412 Business Strategy 413 Integration of business and IT 416 The Strategic Alignment Model 418
Zachman's Framework 426 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 428
Best Practices 436 Apply the right procurement process 436 Build a balanced portfolio of IT projects 437 Create an “IT-friendly” environment 437 Concentrate on the core business 438 Do not confuse hypes with trends 438 Have a written policy concerning the use of IT in your organization 440 Know your Business 441 Protect Your Customers’ Privacy. 442 Reduce complexity 442 Select your suppliers carefully 443 Set up a knowledge management strategy 445 State the alignment with strategies and objectives 446 Support the internal communication processes 446 Online Resources 448 Further Reading 449
The future and IT 452 Online Resources 455 Further Reading 456 Glossary 457 Online Glossaries 491 Index 493 Download 1.93 Mb. Share with your friends:
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