EU Trade Systems and West African Ruling Elites’ Survival.
Michael Ehis Odijie
A thesis submitted to the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Declaration
I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination is wholly my own work.
I declare that my thesis consists of 98,276 words.
To the memory of my friend Ebere Nwonkedi (1986-2005)
Come back! Even as a shadow,
even as a dream.
Acknowledgements
First, I am very thankful to my supervisor John M. Hobson for his unfailing support, counsel, and advice. His constructive criticism throughout the process, discharged during office hours, by email, and in hours of telephone conversation, made the PhD highly engaging and enjoyable. In the same spirit, I thank my second supervisor Graham Harrison for his direction and feedback and for patiently reading and commenting on every chapter of my thesis. Within the Department of Politics, I thank Sarah Cooke for her inestimable support. I am also thankful to all of my PhD colleagues and friends. I thank Shazelina for her support and friendship, and Aburezua, Darlington, Majeed, Mohammed and Victoria for our many moments of joy in the graduate research centre. Finally, my family deserve a capitalised THANK YOU for their support: especially my parents, but also my brothers (Eromosele, Charles, Fred and Abosele) and sisters (Grace and Helen).
Contents
The University Of Sheffield 1
EU Trade Systems and West African Ruling Elites’ Survival. 1
Michael Ehis Odijie 1
List of Tabl 7
List of Figure 8
Abstract 9
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Gaps in the existing literature on EU-Africa Trade System 1
Research Problem: The Puzzle of Limited Economic Transformation 7
7
Methodology and Limitation 9
Research Design and Case Selection 10
Method: Information Elicitation and Analysis 11
Data Sources and Types 12
Analytical Procedure 13
Limitation 14
Thesis Outline 14
Chapter 2: Political Survival of Ruling Elites 21
Introduction 21
Assumptions of LAO Framework (for the African State Type) 22
Political Survival of Ruling Elites and Political Origins of Economic Change 28
Trade Extraversion in LAO 32
Conclusion 36
Chapter 3: The Imperative of Economic Change 39
Development Imperative 40
Anti-poverty Imperative 43
Conclusion 49
Chapter 4. Historical Background of West Africa- EU Trade System 50
Introduction 50
Part 1 The Pattern 52
Development Theory of History: Culture 52
Civilising Mission: Africa’s Role in Organising European Peace in 1884 55
Role of Colonialism in Determining Specialisation 57
Part 2. The Replication 61
Development Theory of History: Economic Development 61
Negotiating Imperial Partnerships: Africa’s role in reorganising a Peaceful Europe 64
Conclusion: Rome Treaty 69
Chapter 5: Yaoundé Convention. 1960-1975 71
Introduction 71
Background: Similarities between Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire 75
1961: Point of Divergence between Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire 79
First Case Study: Ghana, 1961-1975; Threats and Diversification Attempts 82
Post-1961 Development Efforts 85
1966-1970: Price Stability and Effects on Policy 93
Price Instability and Second Development Effort 96
Second Case Study: Côte d’Ivoire, 1961-1975; EEC and Extraversion 103
EEC Trade System: Yaoundé Convention 107
Economic Impact of Yaoundé Association 110
Divergence in West Africa 126
Conclusion 130
Chapter 6: The Lomé Convention and Extraversion 133
Introduction 133
The Context of the Lomé Convention 135
Features of the Lomé Convention 137
Effects of the Lomé Convention 139
Resource Misallocation—The Case of Sugar Sector 140
Case Study of Diminishing Returns in Cocoa 145
Convergence in Sub-Optimal production 163
Conclusion 174
Chapter 7: The Cotonou Agreement 177
Introduction 177
Part 1. EPA process—EU Policy preferences and exploitation of domestic survival strategies 180
EPA: WTO compatibility or EU policy preference? 180
Division Among West Africa Ruling Elites 184
Some Arguments against the EPA 190
Part 2: Outcome of EPA 196
EPA and Access to EU Market 199
Shrinking EU Preferences 202
EPA and Diversification 211
Regional Obstruction: The Chicken Experiment in Côte d’Ivoire 214
Conclusion 222
Chapter 8: Conclusion 225
Introduction 225
Theoretical Restatement 226
Summary of Findings 229
Implications and Contributions 236
Implications beyond EU Trade System 239
Bibliography 243
List of Tabl
Table 1 Timeline and Summary of EU trade systems 1
Table 5. 1 Indicators of external economic dependence for Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, 1956-1958 76
Table 5. 2 Profit and loss records for selected state enterprises, 1964-5 (¢ thousands) and 1969-70 92
Table 5. 3 Government and cocoa industry: selected indicators 94
Table 5. 4 Ghanaian cocoa production: volume, export value and world price per ton, 1954-1970 101
Table 5. 5 Producer prices in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire 111
Table 5. 6. Direction of trade, 1960-1975. Export distribution per products 114
Table 5. 7. Distribution of total exports, 1960-1975 115
Table 5. 8 Sources and value of imports in billion CFAF, 1960-74 116
Table 6 1: Comparison of world-market and Lomé prices (in UA per 100 kg raw sugar) 141
Table 7. 1. Showing the difference in tariff between Lomé and GSP in selected exports. 184
Table 7. 2. The gap between aid promised and disbursed by the EU to ACP countries between 1975 and 2007 193
Table 7. 3 Ghana’s overall trade with EU, 2004 -2014 197
Table 7. 4. Côte d’Ivoire’s trade with EU, 2004-2014 199
Table 7. 5. Côte d'Ivoire’s banana exports to the EU (EU 28) 205
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