Unit 1: Industrialization, Immigration & The Progressive Movement

1. 
   Industrialism, Immigration, Progressive Movement
   
   1. 
      The Second Industrial Revolution – rapid growth in US manufacturing in the late 1800s
      
      1. 
         Breakthroughs in Steel
         
         1. 
            Bessemer Process
            
            1. 
               1850, Henry Bessemer invented way to make steel quicker/cheaper
               
            2. 
               Blast hot air through melted iron to remove impurities
               
            3. 
               What used to take 2 days now took 20 minutes
               
            4. 
               1870, US mills produced 77,000 tons
               
            5. 
               1879, 1,000,000 (one million) tons
               
            6. 
               Why so important? – More steel, buildings, cities, railroads, and jobs
               
      2. 
         Railroads – Cheap steel = more RR
         
         1. 
            Transport goods and elegant passenger cars, refrigerated shipping cars to send food, cities grew (skyscrapers), increased western growth b/c easier to travel west, and created jobs
            
      3. 
         Oil – used as source of power in late 1800s.
         
         1. 
            1850s, discovered how oil could make kerosene, demand for oil up
            
         2. 
            1859, Edwin Drake found how to pump oil from the ground, Oil City, PA
            
      4. 
         Electricity
         
         1. 
            Thomas Edison
            
            1. 
               1,000 patents (exclusive right to new invention), 1879, electric light bulb, power plants
               
            2. 
               Edison vs. Tesla – Alternating current vs. Direct current
               
               1. 
                  Electric chair built w/Alternating Current to scare people, elephant
                  
         2. 
            George Westinghouse
            
            1. 
               1880s, developed power plant that could send electricity over several miles; competed with Edison, advanced use of electricity
               
      5. 
         Communication
         
         1. 
            1861, telegraph wires connected east & west coasts
            
         2. 
            1866, cable from US to Europe
            
         3. 
            1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone
            
         4. 
            1880, 55,000 telephones and by 1900, almost 1.5 million
            
      6. 
         Cars
         
         1. 
            1876, internal combustion engine
            
         2. 
            1893, gas powered motorcar
            
         3. 
            Henry Ford – moving assembly line, quicker production & lower price
            
      7. 
         Planes – Orville & Wilbur Wright – Airplane used small gas powered engine, 1^st flight 1903
         

Match the man with the invention/innovation

1. 
   Henry Bessemer A. Moving assembly line
   
2. 
   Alexander Graham Bell B. Power plant
   
3. 
   Edwin Drake C. Oil extracted from ground
   
4. 
   Thomas Edison D. Airplane
   
5. 
   George Westinghouse E. Telephone
   
6. 
   Wright Brothers F. Faster steel production
   
7. 
   Henry Ford G. Incandescent light bulb
   
8. 
   Which best defines “Second Industrial Revolution.”
   
   1. 
      Shift to manufacturing in America in the late 1800s
      
   2. 
      Shift away from manufacturing in America in the late 1800s
      
   3. 
      Shift towards factories and machine use in England
      
   4. 
      Shift towards new technology and electronics
      
9. 
   How did the Bessemer Process link Pittsburgh and New York City?
   
   1. 
      Immigrants from Pittsburgh moved to NYC c. The great Pittsburgh railroad
      
   2. 
      Pittsburgh steel built the NYC skyline d. It didn’t.
      
10. 
    A modern day invention/innovation that has revolutionized life is _______________________________
    

This is a picture progression of the skyline of New York City. In 5-8 sentences (5 for those who write more complex sentences, closer to 8 for those whose writing consists of shorter and more compact sentences) explain the role Pittsburgh played in this. In your paragraph, include the important information, facts, terms, people, etc.

2. 
   Big Business
   
   1. 
      Dominance of Big Business
      

1. 
   Big Business = refers to the large number of corporations that dominated the Second Industrial Revolution
   
2. 
   Corporation = business that sell stock to the public
   
   1. 
      Stock = small piece of ownership of a company
      
      1. 
         People technically own the business but decisions made by a board
         
      2. 
         Get a percentage of the profit – called a dividend
         
      3. 
         3 Advantages to owning stock
         
         1. 
            People not responsible for debts, Dividends, Free to sell stock whenever and to whomever they want
            
      4. 
         People began to use stocks as investments
         
         1. 
            Investment = something you purchase in hopes that increases in value
            
         2. 
            Examples: stocks, houses, land, tickets
            
         3. 
            Non-examples: cars, TVs, video game systems
            
3. 
   Today
   
   1. 
      401k (employer sponsored retirement plan) – money you earn goes into your 401k retirement account and you don’t pay taxes on it until you retire
      
   2. 
      The money in that account buys stocks (small pieces of ownership in a corporation), bonds (loans to companies), and mutual funds (“basket of stocks” that people buy)
      
   3. 
      Most employers “match” your contribution up to a certain amount
      
   4. 
      ExxonMobil matches employees’ contributions up to 6% of their income
      
      1. 
         So if you make $50,000/yr and you put $3,000 into your 401k, ExxonMobil will put an additional $3,000 into your retirement account. It’s like free money! (Remarkably, 50% of people under 34 don’t contribute ANYTHING to their 401k, losing the free $$)
         
   5. 
      Since most of you will at some point have a 401k, you need to understand stocks, bonds, and mutual funds!
      

-1. A corporation is a basket of stocks sold together.________________________________________________

-2. Owning stock is owning a small part of a company. _____________________________________________

-3. A bond is a loan. _________________________________________________________________________

-4. A mutual fund is a group of stocks that are safer for investors. _____________________________________

-5. A dividend is a share of the losses that you have to help pay. ______________________________________

-6. You can wait until you’re close to 40 to start investing in a 401k and be able to catch up within 10 years. __________________________________________________________________________________________

Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. 
   Go to www.tinyurl.com/LammSavingsCalculator
   
2. 
   On the top line, write “43 years =”
   
   1. 
      In the calculator, start with $1, monthly contribution = $500, interest rate = 6.5, and 43 for # of years. (Many of you will graduate college at age 22, and work 43 years to the age of 65.)
      
   2. 
      Write down the amount you’d have in your account on the top line of page 23
      
3. 
   On the second line, write “Wait 10 years =”
   
   1. 
      Keep everything the same except change the 43 to a 33, then calculate and write the amount on page 23. That’s how much you’d have if you waited until you were 32 to start saving for your retirement.
      
4. 
   On the next line, write “22-35 =”
   
   1. 
      In the calculator, start with $1, monthly contribution = $500, interest rate = 6.5, and 13 for # of years.
      
   2. 
      Calculate your amount
      
   3. 
      Copy that number and paste it into the starting balance
      
   4. 
      Type 0 for monthly contribution, and change the number of years to 30
      
   5. 
      Write that number on the line.
      
      1. 
         This is the amount you’d have if you decided to save $500/month for your retirement starting on your first day on the job at 22, then stop contributing when you’re 35, leaving your account alone and just letting interest add to it.
         
5. 
   On the next line, write “35-65 =”
   
   1. 
      In the calculator, start with $1, monthly contribution = $500, interest rate = 6.5, and 30 for # of years.
      
   2. 
      Calculate your amount
      
   3. 
      Write that amount on the line
      
   4. 
      If you wait until you’re 35 to start saving for your retirement, will you ever catch up? Write yes or no on the line.
      
6. 
   On the next line, write, “$1 million =”
   
   1. 
      Play with the calculator and see how much you have to save every month to work 43 years and retire with $1 million. Round to the nearest $10 and write that amount on the line
      
7. 
   On the next line, write $2 million =” and see how much you’d have to save per month to have $2 million.
   

2. 
   Andrew Carnegie
   
   1. 
      United States Steel
      
   2. 
      Bought out competitors to get more control over steel industry
      
   3. 
      1901, his mills produced more than all British mills combined
      
   4. 
      Vertical integration – bought businesses in each step of steel making process
      
   5. 
      Video: 5 Facts http://www.tinyurl.com/LammACar (The Men Who Built America: Andrew Carnegie)
      
      
      1. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      2. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      3. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      4. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      5. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         

3. 
   John D. Rockefeller
   
   1. 
      Standard Oil – nation’s largest oil refiner
      
   2. 
      Horizontal integration – owning all businesses in a certain field
      
      1. 
         Formed a trust – legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies with the same board of directors; made $$$ by getting rid of competition
         
   3. 
      Video: 5 Facts http://www.tinyurl.com/LammJRoc (Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)
      
      
      1. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      2. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      3. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      4. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         
         
      5. 
         ____________________________________________________________
         

It’s smaller than Whole Foods but earns twice as much revenue per square foot. It offers less than 10% the number of different products, instead booking on its customers actually wanting fewer choices to save money. A bag of quinoa is $9.99 at Whole Foods, but $4.99 here. Gluten-free cheese pizza is $7.49 at Whole Foods versus $4.99 here. It harkens back to simpler times while simultaneously staying on the cutting edge of development and social trends. It’s Trader Joe’s and it’s likely coming to your neighborhood sometime soon. (opened in McCandless Crossing on 3/13/15)

When asked for their “secret” they give a curious look. There is no secret to offering customers high quality items at low prices while being served by employees well compensated and cared for by their employer.

On its shelves, 80% of its items bear its name. Trader Joe’s has eliminated the profits of the middle man by controlling its own production and distribution. Instead of another company making the product, then selling it to a distributor who sells to a larger distributor who brokers a deal with a grocer for the highest amount possible, Trader Joe’s produces much of its own inventory and ships directly to its stores. Gone are the middle men and their profits, meaning lower prices for consumers for the high quality goods they want.

Here’s how.

A chip company produces a bag of chips for $1.49. That includes the costs for the chips, bags, employee salaries, taxes, health care, rent payments, electric bills, water bills, advertising costs, etc. They sell the chips to a distributor at a margin of 17%, meaning the distributor pays $1.74 per bag. That distributor sells it to a larger distributor with contracts with Wal Mart, Giant Eagle, etc. at a 19% margin, or $2.07 per bag. Wal Mart and Giant Eagle sell that bag of chips at a profit of 20%, or $2.48. The customer pays 40% more than the cost for the bag of chips. At Trader Joe’s, a 20% profit without the middle men means a comparable bag of chips will cost $1.79, saving the customer $0.69 per bag. Trader Joe’s doesn’t have to pay for the profits of the companies beneath them the way Giant Eagle and Wal Mart do. That allows them to sell high quality items for a cheaper price than does its competitors. Simply stated…it’s working!

1. In the last paragraph, how is the word “margin” used and what is its meaning?
a. It refers to the space outside the main area of something
b. It means to push someone or something aside
c. It refers to an area to which someone would want to go
d. It refers to profits gained after a sale

2. What does this fact contribute to what you read? “At Trader Joe’s, a 20% profit without the middle men means a comparable bag of chips will cost $1.79, saving the customer $0.69 per bag.”

3. Which sentence best supports the author’s intention of educating the public in how Trader Joe’s business model works?

In the Venn Diagram below, identify the primary difference between these two companies, and in the overlap, identify the ONE, BEST SIMILARITY!

United States Steel Trader Joe’s

Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to

3. 
   Questioning the Methods of Big Business
   
   1. 
      Why supported by some
      
      1. 
         Social Darwinism – based on Charles’ Darwin’s theory of natural selection; the rich are rich because they are more fit to survive
         
      2. 
         Philanthropy – donating large sums of money b/c some like Carnegie viewed it as their duty to help the poor (Bill Gates today)
         
   2. 
      Why Big Business was criticized by the Antitrust movement
      
      1. 
         Business leaders criticized for making fortunes through unfair practices
         
         1. 
            Drove smaller businesses out by selling below market price
            
         2. 
            Got favorable business deals
            
      2. 
         Monopoly – total ownership of a product or service, which is the goal of most trusts
         
   3. 
      New Laws: Sherman Antitrust Act & Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
      
      1. 
         Made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade
         
      2. 
         Did not clearly define trust and was difficult to enforce
         

-2. Philanthropy B. natural selection in society and b/c the rich donate a lot of money

-3. Monopoly C. drive smaller companies out of business and get favorable deals

-4. Sherman Anti-Trust Act D. donating large sums of money

-5. Why some supported BB E. application of survival of the fittest to society

-6. Why others opposed BB F. made monopolies illegal

Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to
-Define Social Darwinism, Philanthropy, Monopoly, and Sherman Antitrust Act
-List and explain the two reasons some supported Big Business and their practices
-List and explain two reasons some opposed Big Business and their practices

Why Some Supported Big Business (EXPLAIN!!!)	Why Others Opposed (EXPLAIN!!!)