Very soft piano soft mezzo forte somewhat loud
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| Music History Final Exam Review
Musical Concepts Define the following dynamics and tempos Pianissimo - very soft piano soft mezzo forte somewhat loud forte loud fortissimo very loud
Define tempo (pg. 7) Largo - broad Grave – grave, serious (very slow) Andante – walking (somewhat slow) Allegro – happy (fast) Vivace – very fast
What are the years for each time period? (Timeline in notes) Medieval 450-1450 Renaissance 1350-1600 Baroque 1600-1750 Classical 1750-1815 Romantic 1800-1900
Secular French poet-composers were known as what? (pg. 32) troubadors Why is most of the surviving music from the Medieval period religious? (pg. 32)
How did musicians transmit music from generation to generation during this period? (pg. 32) They passed it down orally. What is antiphonal music? (pg. 39) When the choir or instrumental group splits into two parts and performs alternate phrases back and forth. How did musicians embellish the Mass while still staying within the structure required? (pg. 46)
What is Gregorian Chant? (pg. 32) Monophonic religious melodies (chant) sung in Latin to accompany worship. Define the following types of Gregorian Chant: (Notes) (pg. 6) Syllabic – Each syllable is sung on a different note (My country tis of thee Neumatic – Two or three notes sung on the same note (Oh, say can you see) Mellismatic – Many notes sung on one syllable (Glor-o-o-o-o-or-i-a) Name the five parts of an ordinary mass. (pg. 28) Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei Renaissance How did secular vs. sacred music change in the Renaissance period? (pg. 57) Secular music became popular, people wrote down music, amateur musicians playing music in their homes. Music was being printed What is a virginal? (pg. 72) Small, portable keyboard with strings that are plucked. Names after Queen Elizabeth I, (the “virgin queen”) What are some ways that composers could provide variety within imitative polyphony? (pg. 64)
What is a madrigal? (pg. 68) Polyphonic setting of a secular poem Who was Hildegard von Bingen? (pg. 36) First female composer whose name is known, wrote for women, known for prophecies and visions. Describe the ways John Dowland’s “Can She Excuse My Wrongs” was set in a variety of ways. Why was this done? (pg. 74) It was very popular – voice and lute original, solo lute, solo harpsichord, and solo bandora (wire string lute like instrument), 4 voices (or viols) Describe ways Renaissance music was used in dramatic settings. (pg. 94)
What instrument was commonly used to accompany a singer during the Renaissance period? (pg. 71 and notes) lute What is a suspension? (pg. 66) dissonant notes that clash with the harmonies being played What is word painting? (pg. 68) – imitating the sounds described by the text What is a pavan? (pg. 71) slow, stately dance What is a broken consort? (pg. 71) Instrumental group of mixed instruments (also called mixed consort) What is a strophic song? (pg. 72) separate verses with repeating chorus. Each verse is set to the same music.
Monteverdi is credited for mastering what musical genre? (pg. 91-92) opera When Monteverdi referred to music serving the words which musical style was he referring to? (pg. 86) recitative Were there women in the cast of Orfeo? (pg. 97) No What is a castrato? (pg. 99) A countertenor? (pg. 126) castrato – male singer who was castrated before his voice changed, used in baroque Italian opera. countertenor – men singing alto part in falsetto. What is figured bass? (pg. 101) – shorthand notation of the chordal structure in a basso continuo What art form was banned during lent in 18th Century England? (pg. 91) - opera What is an Oratorio? (pg. 119) – a large scale setting of a religious drama, typically in an operatic style but not staged. What is a sequence? (pg. 132) short passage of music that is repeated several times, at a higher or lower pitch What is a da capo aria? (pg. 136) ABA form aria, popular in the baroque period What is recitativo secco vs. recitativo accompagnato (pg. 128-129) Secco- words are sung in a spoken rhythm with chordal accompaniment Accompagnato – reserved for high intensity moments, orchestra accompanies the recitative. What is a cadenza? In a concerto? (pg. 304), In a vocal piece? (pg. 135) Concerto – elaborate solo passage that comes at the end of a movement as an extension of the final cadence. Vocal – ornamented version of the final cadence. Describe the following terms (pg. 22-29, glossary) Motive – characteristic musical phrase or fragment used as a building block for a piece Rest - silence Point of imitation – procedure by which each voice of a polyphonic texture enters in imitation. Cantus firmus – preexisting melody or chant used in a polyphonic work while other voices weave melodies around it Almost all baroque dances are written in this form (pg. 162) AABB A baroque play in which all characters sing their parts is an opera. (pg. 91) What are the characteristics of Opera Seria? (pg. 121)
Describe imitation in polyphonic music. (pg. 159) – one voice sings or plays something another voice just finished How are Opera Seria and Oratorio similar? How are they different? (pg. 122) Similarities
Differences
What is a cadence? (pg. 132) Close of musical phrase or student What is a ritornello? (pg. 133) passage of music that recurs within a movement How did Handel typically compose a chorus? (pg. 136)
What is a fugue chorus? How is it constructed? (pg. 140)
What is a cantata? (pg. 150) Large, multimovement work featuring chorus and/or solo voice, usually with orchestra accompaniment, performed in chuches or at concerts. What purposes did Bach compose keyboard works for? (pg. 155)
What is Bach’s Collection of preludes and fugues in a 24 major and minor keys called? (pg. 155) The Well Tempered Clavier What is a fugue in Bach’s time? Describe the different parts of the fugue. (pg. 167) Fugue – a polyphonic imitative composition using a single theme. Parts include: Subject – the theme of the fugue Exposition – the opening section where all parts play the subject Countersubject – a melody in another voice whenever the subject occurs. Episode – a passage where the subject is not played in it’s entirety. In a prelude and fugue are the two parts thematically linked? (pg. 157) No – the prelude and fugue will be in the same key, but they will have contrasting themes and melodies. Describe Bach’s collegium concerts (pg. 153)
What does BWV refer to? (pg. 155) The catalog of Bach’s works by Wolfgang Schmieder What does a French suite include? (pg. 160) multiple movements in ritornello form, elaborate oboe solos, a full chorus, and a string soloist with harpsichord accompaniment. What is a concerto? Who created the standard form for a concerto? (pg. 163) A three movement work featuring a contrast between a soloist and the orchestra. The first movement often used ritornello form. Vivaldi created the standard form of the concerto. The soloist would traditionally enter after the orchestra introduced the main themes. What rhythm did a gavotte use? (pg. 162) four beat rhythm with two upbeats and a strong downbeat. What is a gigue? (pg. 162) a dance featuring a quick triple rhythm Why was Bach’s music neglected in his time? (pg. 166) The audiences tastes were changing in favor of simple melodies and more transparent textures. What is counterpoint? (pg. 159) the art of creating simultaneous independent melodies
What type of music was more popular in the Classical period? Instrumental or vocal? (pg. 169) Instrumental What musical work was created in the Classical Period? (pg. 175) the Symphony Who standardized the form of the Symphony? (pg. 209) Franz Joseph Haydn What chamber group is Haydn given credit for developing? (Haydn worksheet) String Quartet What are the individual pieces of a Symphony called? (pg. 219) movements What helped create new audiences in the Classical Era? (pg. 171) Concert halls and public concerts, subscription concerts, music publishing and music magazines How was Beethoven different from earlier composers working professionally. (How he was paid). (pg. 212) He was an independent musician – he did not rely on the assistance of royalty or a wealthy patron. In Beethovens’ time, what did audiences expect to hear at a concert? (pg. 215) overtures, symphonies, vocal music, and improvisations by the featured performer. They expected new music throughout. What instrument was Beethoven famous for playing? (pg. 212) pianoforte How are the four movements of a Symphony typically constructed? (pg. 219) 1st movement is the longest part, and in sonata form. 2nd movement is the slow movement, third movement is the minuet and trio(or some other dance form), 4th movement is the finale and is usually in rondo form. How did Beethoven change the Symphony? (pg. 209) How does he create unity across the four movements of the Fifth Symphony? (pg. 226) Prior to Beethoven’s time the Symphony was a loud introduction to a concert, meant to get the audiences attention – Beethoven turned into the most important work on the concert. Beethoven changed it by: adding instruments (piccolo, trombone, contrabassoon), and connecting the third and fourth movements without a break. In order to create unity throughout the Symphony Beethoven used the same theme (short short short long) throughout the four movements of the symphony and tied it together by starting in c minor and ending in C Major. Who was the Eroica Symphony originally dedicated to? Why was it changed? (pg. 213) Napolean – it was changed when Napolean made himself Emperor and this angered Beethoven How were Classical Era Themes constructed? (pg. 219-220) pairs of short melodic phrases with similar music. What is chamber music? (pg. 223) music performed by a small number of people, originally intended for a small audience. Describe Sonata Form – where is the tension the highest? (pg. 222) Are memorable melodic statements thematic? What are the passages between thematic moments called? Describe the different parts of Sonata Form (exposition, etc.) (pg. 220) Sonata form consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation – The development is the point of highest tension. The memorable moments are thematic, and the unsettled passages in between are transtitions. Describe Theme and Variations (pg. 221) The main melody is repeated multiple times, changing with each new presentation, with embellishments that often increase in tempo. What is the form of a minuet and trio? (pg. 221) AABB CCDD AB (ABA) What dies bel canto mean? (pg. 180) fluid Italian vocal style - translated beautiful song Why was Don Giovanni such a success? (pg. 177-178)
Don Giovanni is based on the story of Don Juan (pg. 177) What happens to Don Giovanni at the end opera? (pg. 178) He is dragged to hell by the statue of the man that he killed at the beginning of the opera What is the “little book” with the text of an opera called? (pg. 182) libretto Why was the premiere of Don Giovanni delayed? (pg. 190)
Describe the pit orchestra for Don Giovanni (pg. 191) There was a small string section, flues, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and kettle drums. Three small stage bands are needed in the finale of Act 1. How do the the operatic finales in Mozart’s operas typically conclude? (pg. 190) with chaos Why does time typically stand still in Mozart’s arias? (pg. 190) So the actors can react to a plot twist, express strong emotions, reflect on the progress of the drama, o to explain something in the plot. Define drama giocoso (pg. pg. 182) a playful drama – mixes serious and comic elements What is a Schubertiade? Where were they held? (pg. 235) intimate social gatherings featuring the music of Franz Schubert, performed in private homes. They were informal gatherings involving socializing, eating, drinking, dancing, and music What would a 19th century chamber music performance be like? (pg. 235-236) performed by amateurs in private salons (see above). Why was Schubert’s music not more widely known in his lifetime? (pg. 254) Most of his music was performed for small audiences in homes. What is a lied? What form were Schubert’s lieder similar to? (pg. 243-244) – lied is a german song – Schubert’s lieder were similar to folk songs How many lieder did Schubert compose between 1810 and 1828? (pg. 244) 600 What does a string quartet consist of? (pg. 252) 2 violins, viola, cello Why is Schubert often considered to be an early Romantic composer? (pg. 254) his music was personal and intimate in nature What was Schubert most known for? (pg. 254) flowing, lyrical melodies What instruments are in a piano quintet? (pg. 252) piano, 2 violins, viola, cello Describe the following song forms: (pg. 243-244, glossary) Strophic – a song in which the same music repeats for each stanza of the text Modified Strophic – a song that has significant repetition of music but has changes that highlight the drama of the song Through-composed song – a song in which the music and text change continually Song cycle – a group of lieder organized around a common theme Art song - a simple, mannered song for voice and piano
What is program music? (pg. 265) purely instrumental music that is intended to describe a specific story. What is a character piece? (pg. 317) brief, evocative musical miniatures with descriptive titles. What is a cross-rhythm? (pg. 321) when two meters sound simultaneously. Throughout the Romantic Era, artists of many disciplines turned their attention to depicting what? (pg. 265) the interior states of the soul What was the relationship between Romantic Artists and their artistic traditions? (pg. 268) They wished to push beyond the rules securing the traditions. Romantic artists were preoccupied with what? (pg. 269) nature, drugs, the supernatural, the exotic What was Berlioz’s ultimate goal? (pg. 270) become a successful opera composer What did Berlioz distribute to the audience at the premiere of Symphonie Fantastique? (pg. 271) a program with the plot of the symphony Why was the Symphonie Fantastique described as symmetrical? (pg. 278) it has two fast outer movements surrounding a scherzo in the middle What is the recurring melody that refers to the narrators obsession called? (pg. 279) idee fixe What is an idee fixe? Recurring melody How was it used in the opening of Symphony Fantastique? With large jumps (disjunct melody)How is it used (pg. 279) in the Fifth Movement? (pg. 289) – turns into a grotesque sacrilegious dance Where did Berlioz take materials from in order to complete the Symphony? (pg. 281) His own previous works Why is Symphony Fantastique fundamentally Romantic? (pg. 292) it focuses on the inner struggles of the individual. Is the Symphony Fantastique still performed today? (pg. 265) Yes, very frequently How did Symphony Fantastique effect the programmatic symphony? (pg. 291) It made it much more popular Describe the following instruments: (pg. 274-275) Ophicleide – bass instrument of the brass family, invented in the 19th century Serpent – used in 19th century French churches to accompany chant English horn - a lower pitched oboe Piston trumpet – a new 19th century brass instruments that provided more flexibility than its predecessors Eb Clarinet – used in 19th century French military bands What two instruments were most concertos in the 19th century written for? When does the soloist typically start playing in a concerto? (pg. 295) violin and piano What is the biggest challenge when writing a concerto? (pg. 295) finding a balance between musical substance and viruosic display What was the central solo instrument of the Romantic Period? (pg. 317) violin What Shakespeare play did Mendehlssohn write an overture for? (pg. 299) A Midsummer Night’s Dream What composer is Mendelssohn often compared to? In what way? (pg. 314) The Romantic Mozart How does a violinist demonstrate virtuosity? (pg. 303) playing fast,playing high, playing multiple notes at the same time, playing loud Why did Mendehlssohn struggle to compose concertos? (pg. 301) He prized musical depth over technical virtuosity In Carnaval, what event are the characters attending? (pg. 317) a masked ball How did Robert Schumann evoke the music of Chopin? (pg. 338) lyrical melody, a stormy undercurrent, surprising harmonic shifts, fluid, arpeggiated accompaniment What composer did Clara Schumann become known as the leading interpreter of? (pg. 317) Robert Schumann What did Wagner use as inspiration for the Ring cycle? (pg. 346) Norse Legend How large was Wagner’s orchestra? How did this compare to others? (pg. 356) 125 Musicians – Berlioz Symphony Fantastique had 86, Stravinsky had 99 What is the term for the brief musical themes Wagner uses to depict characters, objects, and places? (pg. 346) leitmotifs Why was Wagner unhappy when the audience applauded at the premiere of the Valkyrie? (pg. 368) He wanted the piece to be a solemn, ritual experience What instrument did Wagner develop? (pg. 356) Wagner Tuba What group did Dvorak think contained America’s “musical voice”? (pg. 373) Native Americans and African Americans What is syncopation? (pg. 382) a rhythm where the accented note is played on a weak beat What American community uses syncopation in it’s folk music? African Americans Why was Dvorak considered a nationalist? (pg. 373) He excelled at expressing the spirit of the Bohemian people. He also used folk melodies, rhythms, and myths What form is Dvorak’s 1st movement of Symphony #9 in? Is that typical? (pg. 384) Sonata form Why did critics think the New World Symphony was not an American work? (pg. 394)
What romantic composer is credited with bringing Bach’s music to popularity? (pg. 166) Mendelssohn Directory: schools -> patriok schools -> April 7, 2016 Theatre schools -> Census in Schools and the 2010 Census – What’s Next? schools -> Ap u. S. History presidents list the Young Republic, 1788-1815 schools -> Introduction schools -> Cutting Greenhouse Gases Global warming schools -> Vocabulary sc geography The Land schools -> Birth of a Monster on the left hand side of the page. Read all the interesting information as you make your way down to the chart which outlines the steps in hurricane formation. Hurricane Formation schools -> History of the American Automobile schools -> Exploring Hurricanes patriok -> Destination: atlanta, georgia Download 41.58 Kb. Share with your friends:
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