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Conclusions and Policy Implications

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Harry G. Broadman - Africa\'s Silk Road China and India\'s New Economic Frontier (2007, World Bank Publications) - libgen.li
Morley, David - The Cambridge introduction to creative writing (2011) - libgen.li

Bilateral Investment Treaties and Double Tax Treaties 1995–2004 a. BITs and DTTs increased at a faster rate for developing and transition economies

Conclusions and Policy Implications
Summary of Findings
Tariff structures of African countries as well as China and India still have some unfavorable elements that constrain mutual trade. Some Asian tariff rates are high for many of African countries leading exports—those that account for about two-thirds of total African exports to Asia. Product-spe- cific analysis of tariffs on African exports to Chinese and Indian markets suggests that in certain cases tariff escalation in these markets has been discouraging the export of higher value-added processed products from
FIGURE 3.15
Bilateral Investment Treaties and Double Tax Treaties 1995–2004
a. BITs and DTTs increased at a faster rate
for developing and transition economies
than for developed countries (1995–2004)
0 500 1,000 1,500 1995 2,000 2,500 3,000
DTTs
BITs
DTTs
DTTs
DTTs
DTTs
DTTs
BITs
BITs
BITs
BITs
BITs
developed
economies
developing and
transition economies
number of treaties
(cumulative)
b. BITs and DTTs by developing region
0 200 400 600 800 1,200 1,000
Asia
and
Oceania
countries
in
transition
Africa
Latin
America
2004
Source: UNCTAD.
Note: These are agreements compared with other countries in the world.
03-Chap3:03-Chap3 10/10/06 10:08 AM Page 179

180
AFRICA
’
S SILK ROAD
:
CHINA AND INDIA
’
S NEW ECONOMIC FRONTIER
Africa. However, China is a relatively liberalized market, with zero or close to zero tariffs on 45 percent of its imports. China also has plans to further lower its tariffs and bring about lower dispersion in the structure of tariffs by the end of Although African tariff barriers have been lowered significantly recently, Asian products still face relatively high tariff barriers on the
African continent. In fact, some high tariffs on intermediate inputs into
African countries constrain African manufacturing exports. This bias against exports is an obvious target for reform.
Nontariff barriers, such as inappropriate use of technical standards in
African export-destination markets in China and India pose special challenges to African exports. At the same time, most countries in Africa lack
TABLE 3.17

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