1. 1 Infrastructure and Society 2 Infrastructure Definition


Figure 5.6 Major components



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Figure 5.6 Major components of a typical bridge.

table 5.7 NBIS Code Number and Bridge Description [after FHWA 86]

Code


Description


Code


Description


00


Other


12


Arch—through


01


Slab


13


Suspension


02


Strmger/multibeam or girder


14


Stayed girder


03


Girder and floor beam system


15


Movable—lift


04


T-beam


16


Movable—bascule


05


Box beams or girders—multiple


17


Movable—swing


06


Box beams or girders—single or spread


18


Tunnel


07


Frame


19


Culvert


08


Orthofcropic


20


Mixed types


09


Truss—deck


21


Channel beam


10


Truss—through


22


Channel beam


11


Arch—deck






inventory and condition of all highway bridges and culverts with spans of 6 m (20 ft) and tunnels using a national coding guide [FHWA 88]. The most important items in the inventory are: (1) predominant material type (such as con­crete, steel, timber, etc.); (2) predominant type of design/construction, as selected from Table 5.7; (3) bridge structure type; and (4) functional class. The functional classes by type of service that the bridge provides are [Xanthakos 94] highway, railroad, pedestrian, highway-railroad, waterway, highway-waterway, railroad-waterway, highway-waterway-railroad, relief for waterway, and others. Fifteen common bridge structure types have been identified m the NCHRP study on bridge-strengthening needs in the United States [Dunker 87]. These are listed in Table 5.8.

table 5.8 Distribution of 15 Common Bridge Types [after Dunker 87]

NBIS item 3


Main structure type


Number of bridges


Percentage of bridges


302


Steel stringer


130,892


27.2


702


Timber stringer


58,012


12.0


101


Concrete slab


42,450


8.8


402


Continuous steel stringer


36,488


7.6


310


Steel trough truss


31,206


6.5


104


Concrete tee


26,798


5.6


502


Prestressed concrete stringer


26,654


5.5


201


Continuous concrete slab


21,958


4.6


102


Concrete stringer


16,884


3.5


505


Prestressed concrete multiple box


16,727


3.5


303


Steel girder—floor beam


9,224


1.9


204


Continuous concrete tee


7,467


1.6


111


Concrete deck arch


6,245


1.3


501


Prestressed concrete slab


5,561


1.2


504


Prestressed concrete tee


4,687


1.0


Total 441,253 91.8

As an example of special needs, agencies in a seismic region may need to evaluate bridges for seismic retrofitting. This would require seismic rating of each bridge. The first step in the seismic rating process is an inventory to establish the following information [Buckle 87]: (1) structural characteristics, to determine the vulnerability rat­ing; (2) seismicity of the bridge site; and (3) importance of the struc­ture as a vital transportation link.. These, as well as postearthquake evaluation, are further discussed in Chapter 7.



5.7 Example Inventory Data for a Road Section

Extensive literature has been published by the Federal Highway Administration [FHWA 89, FHWA 90], state highway agencies, and others. The Federal Aviation Administration (PAA) of the U. S. Department of Transportation [FAA 82] has implemented PMS on air­port pavements. The PMS evolution and related technologies are well documented by Haas et al. [Haas 94]. Therefore, a case study of inventory database design for a road-management system for Dubai Emirate in the Persian Gulf [Uddin 91, Uddin 93] is presented for illustration. The first step was to identify the road network using the existing plans and databases and to establish network partitioning criteria, homogeneous sections, and a location-referencing methodolo­gy for Dubai.



5.7.1 Identification and historical data

The following identification and historical data are included for each section: road name, sector and community numbers (planning-zone references), road number, functional class, past construction or M,R&R project data and completion date, direction, reference chainages (start and end), centerline length, carriageway type (single or dual/divided), pavement surface type, number of through lanes in each direction, AADT, directional AADT, percent trucks, traffic count and axle-load data, and geographical coordinates. The inventory data collection form provides an adequate explanation of the data ranges and/or allowable codes for use in the office as well as in the field. Inventory databases are used immediately to generate useful summa­ry statistics and graphs, as shown in Figure 5.7.



5.7.2 Geometric, construction, and structure data

The geometric and construction data include the key fields of section number and the following data categories: construction number and date, carriageway geometry details (for mainline pavement, median, verge, and service road sections), sidewalk/footpath data (type, length, and width), junction types and locations (for roundabout,



TOTAL NUMBER OF HOMOGENEOUS PMS SECTIONS = 2,792


LOCAL 68.5%






Figure 5.7 Example distribution of road sections by functional class. [Uddin 93].



intersection, T-section, and interchange), parking area (type, location, length, and width), turning-lane type (left, right, u-turn, acceleration, and deceleration) and dimension, and shoulder data (inside/outside, type, length, and width). An explanation of construction number is provided m Sec. 5.2,5; this data item is used to establish and record historical reference,

Construction number and date are also used to refer to pavement layer numbering and layer material description and thickness [Uddin 95]. The structural data form includes the key fields of section num­ber and construction number. The data also includes types and dimensions of secondary structures, appurtenance, drainage, roadside safety structures, and details of pavement layer material type and thickness for carriageways and shoulders/sidewalks.



5.8 Example of Inventory Data for Buildings

A building consists of many structural and nonstructural components. The primary classification by material type includes wood-frame, masonry, concrete, and steel-frame structures [ATC 93]. The function­al classification by predominant use is a long list, covering residen­tial, commercial, industrial, public, educational, health-related, cor­rectional, and monumental buildings. Further classification can be by design/construction type. A building life-cycle cost program, which was developed for the American Society of Testing and Materials



table 5.9 Example of Inventory Data Used for Buildings at a College Campus

Campus and location data Building specific data



Campus name and location Date of evaluation and assessor's name

Facility/building name and code (Following data for each building)

GIS code

Location on campus Number of floors Facility use1

Construction material2 Construction date Last evaluation date

Facility/building name and code; GIS code Access road; parking area; foundation

Exterior and roof data and ratings (Following data for each room/space)

Room number and name

Floor level

Room/space use3

Height, dimensions, and floor area

Number of doors; condition rating

Number of windows; condition rating

Last evaluation date

administration, education, health, social, plant, laboratory, other

;iRemforced concrete, brick, timber, steel, other

30mce, elevator, library, education, rest room, storage, corridor, exterior, car park, other

(ASTM), includes a large number of maintenance and repair cost items in the categories of carpentry, electrical, plumbing, painting, air conditioning, heating, masonry, roofing, fire safety, and steam fitting [ASTM 90]. An example of an inventory data required for a general public building is shown in Table 5.9. Separate data forms for campus data and building-specific data were designed for possible use at a college campus such as the University of Mississippi at Oxford.

References

[Aouad 96] M. F. Aouad, L. D. Olson, and F- Jalinoos, "Determination of Unknown

Depth of Bridge Abutments Using the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)

and Parallel Seismic (PS) Test Methods," Proceedings, 2nd International Conference



on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Nashville. Tenn., 1996,

pp.147-153. [ASTM 90] "Building Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database (BMDB) for

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis," A User's Guide to the Computer Program, American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, Pa., 1990. [ATC 93] Applied Technology Council, "Postearthquake Safety Evaluation of

Buildings Training Manual," ATC-20-T, funded by the Federal Emergency

Management Agency, Washington, D-C.. 1993. [Buckle 87] I. G- Buckle, R. L. Mayes, and M. R. Button, "Seismic Design and Retrofit

Manual for Highway Bridges," Report FHWA-IP-87-6, Federal Highway

Administration, McLean, Va., May 1987. [Chesher 87] A- Chesher, and R. Harrison, Vehicle Operating Costs, Thf Highway



Design and Maintenance Standards Series, A World Bank Publication. Johns

Hoptdns University Press, Baltimore, Md., 1987-[CNN 96] Headline News. Cable News Network (CNN), April 27, 1996. [Cohn 95] F. Conn, "New York Gets Wired," Civil Engineering, Vol. 65. No. 9, Sept.

1995, pp. 54-57. [Dunker 87] K. E. Dunker, F- W- Klaiber, and W. W. Sanders, "Bridge Strengthening

Needs in the United States," in Transportation Research Record 118, Transportation

Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1987. [FAA 82] "Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements,"

Advisory Circular AC: 150/5380-6, Federal Aviation Administration. Washington,

D.C., 1982. [FHWA 88] "Recording and Coding Guide to the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of

the Nation's Bridges," Report FHWA-ED-89-044, Federal Highway Administration,

U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1988. [FHWA 89] "Pavement Management Systems, A National Perspective,' PAVEMENT

Newsletter, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Tr»n*portalion,

Issue 14, Spring 1989. [FHWA 90] "An Advanced Course in Pavement Management." course text. Federal

Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C.,

1990. [Fitzgerald 68] J. H. Fitzgerald, "Corrosion as a Primary Cause of C»»t Iron Main

Breaks," Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 68. No. 8. 1968. [Golabi 92] K- Golabi, P. Thompson, and W. A. Hyman, Pontis Technical Manual, pre­pared for the Federal Highway Administration, Jan. 1992. [Grigg 88] N. S. Grigg, Infrastructure Engineering and Management, John Wiley &

Sons, New York, 1988. [Haas 94] R. Haas, W. R. Hudson, and J. P. Zaniewski. Modern Pavement



Management, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Fla., 1994. [Hudson 87] S. W. Hudson, R. F. Carmichael III, L. 0. Moser, W. R. Hudson, and W. J,

Wilkes, "Bridge Management Systems," NCHRP Report 300, Transportation



Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1987.
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