Ecosystem exposure to nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide

11.5. Ecosystem exposure to nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide

The NO_x annual CL for the protection of vegetation was exceeded in 2014 at 14 rural (or rural-near city) stations, of which 6 stations were classified as rural background stations (³⁸).

In 2014, the highest concentrations and exceedances of the annual CL for the protection of vegetation from SO₂ occurred in six countries ³⁹ with 11 exceedances recorded in total. As in previous years, none of these exceedances occurred at rural background locations, where the critical loads are supposed to apply.

Abbreviations, units and symbols

AEI Average exposure indicator for PM_2.5 concentrations

AOT40 Accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 parts per billion. This represents the sum of the differences between hourly concentrations > 80 µg/m³ (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 µg/m³ accumulated over all hourly values measured between 8.00 and 20.00 Central European Time

AQG Air Quality Guideline

As Arsenic

BaP Benzo[a]pyrene

BC Black carbon

C₆H₆ Benzene

Cd Cadmium

CH₄ Methane

CI Confidence interval

CL Critical level

CLRTAP Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

CO Carbon monoxide

CO₂ Carbon dioxide

EAP Environment Action Programme

EC Elemental carbon

EEA European Environment Agency

EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

ETC/ACM European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation

EU European Union

GDP Gross domestic product

Gg Gigagrams

GHG Greenhouse gas

Hg Mercury

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

LAT Lower assessment threshold

LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

MDA8 Maximum daily 8-hour average ozone concentration

MWth Thermal Megawatt

NEC National Emission Ceiling

ng/m³ Nanogram(s) per cubic metre

NH₃ Ammonia

Ni Nickel

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound

NO Nitrogen monoxide

NO₂ Nitrogen dioxide

NO_x Nitrogen oxides

O₃ Ozone

OC Organic carbon

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Pb Lead

PM Particulate matter

PM_2.5 Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less

PM₁₀ Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less

ppb Parts per billion

RDE Real Driving Emissions

RL Reference level

SIA Secondary inorganic aerosols

SO₂ Sulphur dioxide

SO₃ Sulphur trioxide

SOA Secondary organic aerosol

SOMO35 Accumulated O₃ concentration (daily maximum 8-hour) in excess of 35 ppb

SO_x Sulphur oxides

TSAP Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

UN United Nations

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

VOC Volatile organic compound

WHO World Health Organization

YLL Years of life lost

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