3. Optional area. Musical Presentation Statement Area Optional area
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GlossaryThis glossary is comprised of terms pertinent to the music and musical forms found in this manual. It also includes terms related to the cataloging and description of rare materials. Terms included here from the glossary in AACR2, Appendix D may have required some amendment to accommodate the description of rare and special music materials. Wherever AACR2 terms were insufficient to cover the terminology needed for this manual, definitions from other resources were used, either in an exact restatement, or slightly adapted, as needed. Foreign language equivalences are not included. These may be found in foreign language dictionaries or in standard music reference works. The sources used in compiling this glossary are identified in parentheses at the end of each definition with an abbreviated citation; the full citation appears in the “List of Works Cited”. Definitions without sources indicated were devised by the editors of this manual. Finally, it should be understood that all terms herein can be applied equally to print and manuscript music resources, unless otherwise specified. Adaptation (Music). A musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g., a free transcription); a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer; a work that is merely based on other music (e.g., variations on a theme). (AACR2) Alternative title. The second part of a title proper that consists of two parts, each of which is a title; the parts are joined by the word “or” or its equivalent in another language (e.g., “The tempest, or, The enchanted island”). (AACR2) Arrangement (Music). A musical work, or a portion thereof, rewritten for a medium of performance different from that for which the work was originally intended; a simplified version of a work for the same medium of performance. (AACR2) Autograph manuscript. A manuscript in the handwriting of its author. See also Manuscript music. Basso continuo. See Continuo. Bibliographic description. A set of bibliographic data recording and identifying a resource (i.e., the description that begins with the title proper and ends with the last note). (DCRM(B)) Binder’s album. A collection of pieces bound together by the owner. Primarily a 19th-century practice. (Thorin) Binder’s title. 1. A title lettered on the cover of a collection of pieces bound together by owner. 2. Whatever title the binder puts on the cover of a bound volume, as distinct from the publisher’s original cover title. (Thorin) See also Cover title, Spine title. Brevigraph. A largely archaic convention of contraction in continuance of the manuscript tradition. The ampersand (&) is a well-known example. (DCRM(G)) Cancellation. A substitution for something originally printed. Usually applies to leaves but may apply to portions of leaves, pairs of leaves, or entire gatherings. The replacement leaf, etc., is called the cancel or cancellans (plural cancels or cancellantia). The original leaf, etc., is variously called the cancelled leaf, the uncancelled leaf (if it is still present), the cancelland, or the cancellandum (plural cancellanda). (DCRM(B)) Caption title. For music, a title given immediately above the opening bars. (AACR2) Chief source of information. The source of bibliographic data to be given preference as the source from which a bibliographic description (or portion thereof) is prepared. (AACR2) Chief title. The distinguishing word or sequence of words that names a music publication, as given on the title page (or substitute). This definition excludes alternative titles, parallel titles, other title information, and subsidiary title information preceding the chief title on the title page, such exclusion resulting usually in a short title. (DCRM(B)) See also Title proper. Choir book. A large music book made to be placed on a stand in front of a choir. Each part is notated separately, usually in the configuration that presents, when the book is open, the soprano and tenor parts on the verso of a leaf, and the alto and bass parts on the recto of the next leaf; hence, the term “choir book format”. This physical format was common in the 15th and 16th centuries. (Thorin) Chorus score. This term is used only for works originally for solo voice(s) and chorus with accompaniment. In order for this term to be used in the physical description area for a particular manifestation of a work, the item must omit the solo voice(s), at least in those portions of the work in which the chorus does not sing. In addition, if the accompaniment is originally for other than keyboard instrument, it must be either arranged for keyboard instrument or omitted; if originally for keyboard instrument, it must be omitted. This term is not used for works originally unaccompanied or for any manifestation of an accompanied work with the original accompaniment. (AACR2) Chronogram. A phrase, sentence, or other text in which the numeric values of certain letters (usually distinguished typographically) express a date when added together. (DCRM(B)) Close score. A musical score giving all the parts on a minimum number of staves, normally two, as with hymns. (AACR2) Collection. 1. Three or more independent works or parts of works by one author published together. 2. Two or more independent works or parts of works by more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand. (AACR2) Collective title. A title proper that is an inclusive title for an item containing several works. (AACR2) Colophon. A statement at the end of an item giving information about one or more of the following: the title, author(s), publisher, printer, date of publication or printing. It may also include other information. (AACR2) Coloration. In mensural notation, the introduction of coloured notes (especially red, later black) as a regular method of indicating a change in rhythmic values… The practice of coloration originated in the early 14th century, continuing well into the 16th century and beyond. (Grove) Condensed score. A musical score giving only the principal musical parts on a minimum number of staves, and generally organized by instrumental sections. (AACR2) Continuo. An instrumental part usually for keyboard instrument accompanying a solo or choral or concerted instrumental voices and consisting of a succession of bass notes with numerals and other marks placed under each note according to a system that indicates the chords that are required at each step but leaves to the player’s discretion the actual arrangement of notes constituting each successive chord. (Webster’s) Copy. In bibliographic description, a particular instance of a publication or other resource produced in identical multiples. (DCRM(G)) See also Impression. Copyist’s manuscript. Manuscript fair copy not in the handwriting of the author. Cover. For printed music, a folder whether attached or detached, wrapped around the printed music, and made of substantially different material (heavier or different colored paper) than the paper on which the music is printed. (Smiraglia) A wrapper made of material different from that used throughout the rest of the publication. (SMCG) Cover title. A title printed on the cover of an item as issued. (AACR2) See also Binder’s title, Spine title. Decorative title page. A title page for printed music, made of the same material as the paper on which the music is printed, and bearing a substantial illustration (often in lieu of a cover). (Smiraglia) Device. A printed design, generally symbolic, emblematic, or pictorial rather than textual, used to identify a printer, music seller, or publisher. To be distinguished from a logo that renders a name as a stylized, primarily textual design. (DCRM(B)) Distinctive title. 1. A title proper for a musical work that does not consist of the name of a type of composition, or of one or more names of types of composition and a connector (“and” etc.), (e.g., Lincoln portrait). 2. A title proper for a musical work that consists of the name of a type of composition modified by an adjective (e.g., Little suite). (Smiraglia) Double leaf. A leaf of double size with a fold at the fore edge or at the top edge of the item. (AACR2) Edition. All copies resulting from a single job of typographical composition. (Tanselle) Excerpt. A passage of music, such as an aria from an opera or oratorio, or movement from a symphony, which is extracted from a complete work and published or performed separately. (Thorin) Expression. The intellectual or artistic realization of work. Figured bass. See Continuo. Fingerprint. A group of characters selected from specific locations in the publication, which, when combined with the date of publication, etc., serves to identify a book as having been printed from a certain setting of type. (DCRM(B)) Format. The number of times the printed sheet has been folded to make the leaves of a book, e.g., folio (one fold giving two leaves), quarto (two folds giving four leaves), etc. (AACR2) See also Gathering, Signature. Gathering. One or more pairs of leaves—made up of a folded sheet, a fraction of a sheet, or several folded sheets tucked one inside another—that together form a distinct unit for binding purposes. (DCRM(B)) See also GatheringFormat, Signature. General material designation. A term indicating the broad class of material to which an item belongs (e.g., “sound recording”). (AACR2) Generic title. A title proper for a musical work that consists of the name(s) of one or more types of composition (e.g., fugue, sonata, divertimento, piece, etc.). (Smiraglia) GMD. See General material designation. Half title. A title of a publication appearing on a leaf preceding the title page. (AACR2) Identifying elements. Statements appearing with the title proper of a musical work such as serial number, opus or thematic index number, key, and date of composition. (Smiraglia) Illustration. A pictorial, diagrammatic, or other graphic representation occurring within a resource, excepting minor decorative elements such as vignettes, head- and tail-pieces, historiated initials, and printers’ ornaments. (DCRM(B)) Impression. All copies produced in the course of one printing event; the term is synonymous with “printing.” (DCRM(B)) See also Copy. Intaglio. The engraving processes in which the image is incised into the plate, as opposed to those where the surface is cut away leaving the image in relief. (Carter) Integral. 1. A leaf is integral to a gathering if it is conjugate with another leaf in the gathering. 2. A leaf is integral to a publication if it can be assumed to be present in all copies represented by the bibliographic description. Leaves added after publication by an owner (e.g., extra-illustrated copies) or by a binder are not considered integral to the publication and thus must be described in local notes. (DCRM(B)) Item. A single exemplar or instance of a manifestion. Interlinear words. Words of a text that are placed between lines (staffs) of music. (Thorin) Issue. A group of published copies which constitutes a consciously planned publishing unit, distinguishable from other groups of published copies by one or more differences designed expressly to identify the group as a discrete unit. (Tanselle) Key. A statement of the specific tonality of a work (or at least its principal movements) frequently introduced into the titles of those works which ordinarily consist only of the names of musical forms (e.g., sonata, symphony, etc.). In most cases, the key is designated by both its pitch-name and mode (i.e., major, minor), but in certain modern works, the pitch-name only is given and represents a predominant or recurring tonal centre rather than a specific tonality in the classical sense. [IAML32, s.v. “key”] (Thorin) Label. See Publisher’s label. Leaf of plates. A plate in a publication that also has one or more leaves or pages of text (whether preliminary text or text proper). Plates may be described in terms of pages of plates if they are numbered as pages or are unnumbered and have illustrative matter on both sides. (DCRM(B)) See also Plate. Letterpress. Printing done directly from raised surfaces. Includes printing done from type, from wood blocks (e.g., woodcuts and wood-engravings), and from metal surfaces designed for relief printing (e.g., stereotypes and electrotypes). (DCRM(B)) Librettist. The author of a libretto. (Thorin) Libretto. The literary text of an extended vocal composition, such as an opera or musical comedy, whether or not it is published separately from the music. The libretto of a musical comedy is sometimes called its book. (Thorin) List title page. A title page for printed music that enumerates several musical works offered by the publisher, often with an asterisk or underscore indicating the work contained within. (Smiraglia) Liturgical music. Music set to a text that is officially sanctioned or traditionally accepted for religious observance by a church or denominational body (e.g., Mass, Magnificat, etc.). The term normally excludes settings of hymns, psalms, etc., intended for congregational singing. (Thorin) Manifestation. The physical embodiement of a work. Manuscript music. Unpublished handwritten music, including drafts, fair copies and printer’s manuscripts; may also be used to describe handwritten music sold or rented by publishers, printed proofs, unpublished printed music, or published printed music with substantial unpublished handwritten annotations; does not include published facsimiles of handwritten music. See also Autograph manuscript. Medium of performance. The instruments, voices, etc., used in the realization of a musical work. (Smiraglia) Mensural notation. A system of notating duration, beginning around 1260 and continuing through about 1600, employing four principal note-values and associated rests: long, breve, semibreve, and minim. (RDA) Miniature score. A complete score, about nineteen centimeters in height, meant for study or listening rather than for conducting or performing purposes, and sometimes including analytical or historical notes. Also called pocket score or study score. (Thorin) Monograph. A bibliographic resource that is complete in one part or intended to be completed within a finite number of parts. (AACR2) Movement. A complete section within a sonata, symphony, suite, etc., usually having its own title and/or tempo marking. When published or performed separately, a movement is considered an excerpt. (Thorin) Musical presentation statement. A term or phrase found in the chief sources of information that indicates the physical presentation of the music (e.g., score, miniature score, score and parts). This type of statement should be distinguished from one that indicates an arrangement or edition of a musical work (e.g., vocal score, 2-piano edition, version with orchestra accompaniment, chorus score). (AACR2) Notation. Any formal indication of how sounds and silences intended as music should be reproduced. (Oxford) Number notation. A system of musical notation conveying pitch by use of numbers, assigned to the notes of a scale, the keys of a keyboard, the finger positions or frets of a string instrument, or to the holes or valves of a wind instrument. (RDA) Opus number. A number assigned to a musical composition, generally by the publisher and/or composer, to represent the order of composition. (Smiraglia) Other title information. Information that appears in conjunction with, and is subordinate to, the title proper of a resource. (DCRM(G)) Parallel title. The title proper in another language and/or script. (AACR2) Part (Music). 1. The music for one of the participating voices or instruments in a musical work. 2. The written or printed copy of one or more (but not all) such parts for the use of one or more performers, designated in the physical description area as part. (AACR2) Part books. A common name for each of the manuscript or printed parts for 15th and 16th century polyphonic music. (Thorin) Passe-partout. A type of title page printed from one plate which was intended to be used again in other editions. Such plates were usually artistically executed. They contained, besides extensive decoration, such information as would remain appropriate to a number of different editions (e.g., the imprint). The remaining information was added to the particular edition. [Krummel33] (Thorin) Pasticcio. A medley or composite work. In its narrowest sense, an arrangement of tunes from favorite operas, designed to entertain audiences of the eighteenth century. (Thorin) Perfect copy. A copy of a publication that is physically complete and correctly arranged, as issued. (DCRM(B)) Piano [violin, etc.] conductor part. A performance part for a particular instrument of an ensemble work to which cues have been added for the other instruments to permit the performer of the part also to conduct the performance. (AACR2) Piano score. A reduction of an orchestral score to a version for piano, on two staves. (AACR2) Plainsong notation. See Staff notation. Plate. A leaf that is chiefly or entirely non-letterpress, or a folded leaf of any kind, inserted with letterpress gatherings of text. A plate usually contains illustrative matter, with or without accompanying text, but may contain only text (e.g., an engraved title page or a folded letterpress table). (DCRM(B)) See also Leaf of plates. Plate number (Music). A numbering designation assigned to an item by a music publisher, usually printed at the bottom of each page, and sometimes appearing also on the title page. It may include initials, abbreviations, or words identifying a publisher and is sometimes followed by a number corresponding to the number of pages or plates. (AACR2) Pocket score. See Miniature score. Printer’s manuscript. Manuscript copy of a work intended for use by a printer in preparation for publication; may include printer’s markings or information identifying the publication, such as publisher name, publisher’s or plate numbers, publication date, or copyright date. Privilege statement. A statement, such as Cum privilegio, on the title page, above the colophon, or on a separate leaf of a resource printed before the Copyright Act of 1709 demonstrating that the printer of publisher had secured from the competent authority the right to print the resource. (Carter) Proof. Copy of printed music produced by a publisher for use in verifying accuracy. Provenance. Information regarding the origins, custody, or ownership of an item or collection. Publisher’s label. A slip bearing a revised imprint and pasted over the original by a publisher who has bought the stock of another and reissued it in the new firm’s name, or who, through contractual agreement, is the licensed agent or distributor for a publisher in another country. Such an imprint can also be stamped on the title page, with or intended to replace the original publisher’s name. (Thorin) Publisher’s number (Music). A numbering designation assigned to an item by a music publisher, appearing normally only on the title page, the cover, and/or the first page of music. It may include initials, abbreviations, or words identifying the publisher. (AACR2) Recto. 1. The right-hand page of a resource, usually bearing an odd page number. 2. The side of a printed sheet intended to be read first. (AACR2) Romanization. Conversion of names or text not written in the roman alphabet to roman-alphabet form. (AACR2) Running title. A title, or abbreviated title, that is repeated at the head or foot of each page or leaf. (AACR2) Score. Graphical, symbolic, or word-based musical notation representing the sounds of all the parts of an ensemble or a work for solo performer or electronic media. Do not confuse with Part (Music). (RDA) Series. A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered. (AACR2) Shape-note notation. A species of staff notation common in nineteenth-century tune books that uses symbols in the shapes of circles, diamonds, squares, and triangles, which, when placed on the staff, designate degrees of the diatonic scale as well as pitches. (Thorin) Short score. A sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves. (AACR2) See also Skeleton score. Signature. A letter, numeral, symbol, or a group of such characters, printed at the foot of the rectos of the first few leaves of an intended gathering for the purpose of aiding binders in correctly assembling the sections. (DCRM(B)) See also Format, Gathering. Skeleton score. An abbreviated score, made in the early stages in the composition of an opera, where only the essential instrumental lines (usually 1st violin and bass) are set under the vocal line(s). (CfSee. New Grove, “Verdi, Giuseppe, Operas”) Spine title. A title appearing on the spine of an item. (AACR2) See also Binder’s title, Cover title. Staff notation. A method of writing music that uses horizontal lines (and spaces) which, when symbols are placed on them, indicate pitches. The most common form of staff notation encountered in modern times is “modern staff notation”, using a five-line staff with round-shaped symbols (notes) to indicate pitches and durations. “Plainsong notation” uses a four-line staff with square-shaped symbols (neumes) to indicate pitches, and is used in some editions of monophonic liturgical music of the Catholic Church. (Thorin) State. A copy or a group of copies of a printed sheet or a publisher’s casing which differs from other copies (within the same impression or issue) of that sheet or casing in any respect which the publisher does not wish to call to the attention of the public as representing a discrete publishing effort. (Tanselle) Study score. See Miniature score. Subseries. A series within a series (i.e., a series that always appears in conjunction with another, usually more comprehensive, series of which it forms a section). Its title may or may not be dependent on the title of the main series. (AACR2) Superlinear words. Words of a text that appear above the lines (staffs) of music. (Thorin) Supplied title. A title provided by the cataloger for an item that has no title proper on the chief source of information or its substitute. It may be taken from elsewhere in the item itself or from a reference source, or it may be composed by the cataloger. (AACR2) Tablature. General name for the various early (15th to 17th century) systems of notation (for keyboard instruments, lute, guitar, viol, flute, etc.) in which the tones are indicated by letters, figures, or other symbols instead of notes on a staff. [Harvard Dictionary of Music34, s.v. “tablature”] (Thorin) Table book. A large music book made to be placed on a table and displayed in such a way that the performers can read their parts while seated or standing across or around the table. Each part is notated separately, usually in a configuration that presents, when the book is open, different parts in inverted and/or inverted and/or perpendicular positions. This physical format was sometimes used for instrumental and/or vocal chamber music of the 16th and 17th centuries. (Thorin) Thematic index/catalog. A list of a composer’s works, usually arranged in chronological order or by categories, with the theme given for each composition or for each section of large compositions. (RDA) Thematic index number. A number assigned to each musical work of a composer by the compiler of a thematic index. (Smiraglia) Thoroughbass. See Continuo. Title proper. The chief title of a resource, together with any title information preceding the chief title and any alternative title. This definition excludes parallel titles and any other title information following the chief title. (DCRM(B)) See also Chief title. Trio sonata. A type of Baroque chamber music written in three parts (two upper voices plus a thoroughbass part). A trio sonata is normally performed by four instruments (e.g., two violins in the upper voices, a violoncello or bassoon to play the bass line, and an instrument such as a harpsichord or lute to provide the realization of the thoroughbass accompaniment). For cataloging and classification purposes, a trio sonata is considered a trio. (Thorin) Type of composition. A form of composition (e.g., sonata), a genre (e.g., a bagatelle), or generic term used by many composers (e.g., piece). (Smiraglia) Variant. A copy showing any bibliographically significant difference from one or more other copies of the same edition. The term may refer to an impression, issue, or state. (DCRM(B)) Verso. 1. The left-hand page of a resource, usually bearing an even page number. 2. The side of a printed sheet intended to be read second. (AACR2) Vocal score. This term is used for works originally for chorus and/or one or more solo voices, with accompaniment. In order for this term to be used in the physical description area for a particular manifestation of a work, the item must include the solo voice(s) (if any). In addition, if the accompaniment is originally for other than a keyboard instrument, it must be either arranged for keyboard instrument or omitted; if originally for keyboard instrument, it must be omitted. This term is not used for works originally unaccompanied or for any manifestation or an accompanied work with the original accompaniment. (AACR2) Wrapper; Wrappers. See Cover. 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