A compilation of extracts from ngo reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child relating to violence against children This document is an annex to the publication
Download 4.33 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- YEMEN
- ZAMBIA (Republic of)
- ZIMBABWE
VIET NAMEast Asia and Pacific CRC Session 32, January 2003 - Asian Indigenous & Tribal Peoples Network - English www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.32/vietnam_indigenous_ngo_report.pdf […] Refoulement and alleged execution of ethnic minority children Dien Y Lien, 38 an seven of his family members fled to Cambodia in March 2001 from their home in Kong Dieng village in Viet Nam's Dak Lak province after threats of arrest from authorities there following the protests on 6 February 2001 in the Central Highlands. In an interview to the press in Mondolkiri province of Cambodia on 18 April 2001, he said he was in no danger. But on 8 May 2001 morning six men identified by local sources as Cambodian police and district officials arrived with a truck, loaded Dien Y Lien, his wife Maria Nam Linh, 33, and five children - four girls and a boy - aboard it and disappeared. They have not been seen since. Both the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Phnom Penh knew of the family's presence in the province. About 10 days before they were kidnapped the UNHCR gave the family UN protection documents. They also gave a Mondolkiri deputy governor a copy of the protection document and the general whereabouts of the family in the hope that they would be better protected. Sources in Mondolkiri province said they believe the seven were driven the 35-km journey to the Dak Dam border crossing with Viet Nam and deposited into the hands of waiting Vietnamese officials. Montagnard sources and provincial officials have confirmed that a bounty was being offered by Vietnamese officials for each Montagnard refugee sent back from Cambodia. The family of Dien Y Lien were allegedly executed on their repatriation. The Vietnam government has failed to provide information about the alleged execution of Mr Dien Y Lien along with his family members. […]
Poverty is the single most important obstacle for realization of the rights of the children in Vietnam. Indigenous peoples are the poorest in Vietnam and their children are worst affected. The World Bank acknowledged “significant regional disparities in the incidence of poverty. The North Central region is by far the poorest, with a poverty incidence of 71 per cent, followed by the Northern Highlands region with 59 per cent. These two regions account for about 40 per cent of all the poor in Viet Nam though they are inhabited by just 29 per cent of the population…” The World Bank further confirmed, “Ethnicity is also an important factor in the distribution of poverty. Ethnic minorities have a much higher incidence of poverty than the national average, ranging from 66 per cent among the Tay to 100 per cent among the H’mong (cited in World Bank, 1999). Similarly, ethnic minorities have higher crude death rates and infant mortality rates and lower life expectancies than the Kinh majority.” A World Bank assessment of poverty in Vietnam found that by number of people in 1993 the poor made up 54% of the Kinh and 86% of ethnic minority groups. In 1998, the poor made up 31% of the Kinh and 75% of ethnic minority groups. […]
8. Education: The UNICEF and government of Vietnam sponsored study23 is once again instructive about the problems of the indigenous children with right to education. The study states “the rate of children who never go to school: Dac Me: 71.16%, Son Thuong: 31.8%, Sang Tung: 17%, Chieng Mai: 15%, Ta Hoc: 11.85%, Krong Puc: 5%”. On school dropout rates of the ethnic minority children, the study further states:
UNICEF in Vietnam identified the time honoured practice of charging children as one of receiving education and high drop outs. Despite the fact that the Vietnamese Constitution provides that primary education is free of charge, and although Article 92 of the Education Law specifically states that "pupils of primary education at primary schools shall not have to pay school fees," the practice of teachers requiring their students to pay monthly fees to attend classes continues unabated. Many Ethnic Minority families have difficulty providing their children with the basic necessities, and when "contributions" are requested by their children’s teachers, many families who are unable to pay the fee simply withdraw their children from school. YEMENMiddle East and North Africa CRC Session 39, May June 2005 National NGOs Republic of Yemen Yemen National NGOs Coalition http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.39/Yemen_ngo_report(E).pdf There was no direct information about violence in this report. ZAMBIA (Republic of)Eastern and Southern Africa CRC Session 33, 19 May - 6 June 2003 Children in Need Network - Zambia – English www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.33/Zambia_ngo_report.pdf […] The Act does not expressly spell out where juvenile offenders should be kept. In a lot of instances juvenile offenders are kept in the same cells as adult offenders. […] Whereas the penal code (Chapter 87) criminalizes any carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 16 years, customary law allows marriage with the consent of parent or guardian for a girl of 14 years. […] Zambia’s “strong and functional” extended family system is crumbling and it is evident that this has implications on general household level child welfare. subsequently, there has been a drastic increase in the number of street children in most urban centers. […] A lot of complaints of torture and degrading treatment at Police Stations as well as on the street have been documented.( YWCA, Zambian Children New Life Centre and Victims Support Unit). […] Contrary to what has been suggested, the government is undoubtedly aware of reports of cases of Zambian children who have been taken outside Zambian borders by their alien fathers and not returned. […] The Juvenile Centres at which child suspects can be held are inconveniently positioned and serve little purpose especially in cases of on-going trails. In a number of instances, young children have been detained with their mothers in inappropriate prisons and police cells. […] Children continue to be held in the same cells and remand persons with adults regardless of whether they are jointly charged or not. It is only prudent that government should provide an exception to the law by allowing bail for child remandees until such time those convenient centres are built for the purpose of accommodating child remandees. […] Reformatories and approved schools are currently run by the prisons system. No proper co-ordination exists therefore between prisons authorities and ministries involved in the area of welfare of the child. […] Government supervised customary law courts continue to handle cases of sexual abuse of children as civil ones, when the Penal Code (Chapter 87) criminalizes such cases. For as long as a defiler can pay a fine for his actions once sued to a customary law court, cases of the nature will not abate. ZIMBABWECRC Session 12, May - June 1996 Save the Children UK – English www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.12/Zimbabwe_NGO_Report.pdf […] As a general comment poverty is a cause of child exploitation, inadequate access to educational and health services, poor housing etc. […] Although in law the minimum age for the marriage of boys is 18 and for girls is 16, and below this all marriages must have the parent's consent and the Minister of Justices's approval, in practice the Criminal Law Amendment Act and the Marriages Act are difficult to enforce, and pledging and early marriages are still a very frequent occurrence in some areas. […] While the report recognizes that the issue of "corporal punishment remains controversial", the group feels that there should be strong measures to enforce the current legislation relating to the control of corporal punishment in schools. The group considers that abuse under the guise of legitimate corporal punishment is widespread. […] It was felt that while occasions may arise when it is in the best interests of the child to be removed from the family into a place of safety, state alternative care does not provide the range of facilities that allow appropriate forms of treatment, rehabilitation and counselling for the different needs of such children. This is because insufficient resources are made available to provide the full range of provision. […] The issue of how Zimbabweans see the issue of Children's Rights is critical - (see attached paper by Loewenson and Chikamba section marked *A, and also above comments on Respect of Views of the Child). The laws in relation to child sexual abuse are covered in the GOZ Report in a relatively superficial manner (see *B in the Loewenson and Chikamba paper) and recommendations on action to take in this respect have been presented by the "Child in Law Project" (see *C in the same paper). […]
"Presently the maximum period a child can be permitted to remain in an institution, or a home without court review is three years." GOZ is attempting to amend this maximum period to two years. The commendable work being done by staff in the Department of Social Welfare sometimes under difficult circumstances is noted. However if due to the shortage of staff in the Department three year reviews are currently not carried out regularly how then will a two year maximum be effected? The staff shortage in combination with non-supporting parents and relatives results in this provision not always being easily effected. If Government was willing to utilize the services of NGOs to complement their work this provision might be made realistic. Currently there is no legal channel through which the children themselves can request for review of their situation. Children should have the opportunity to voice their opinion on their current circumstances. […]
However no mention is made in Section 4 of the importance of integrated education, and the fact that it should be seen as the most appropriate and main form of provision for the majority of children with special educational needs. Thus comments in this section also refer to Section 4. In general terms government policies are in place and appropriate. However resources to implement policies are lacking. Basic issues which need to be addressed are: a. physical access to ordinary schools for physically disabled children; b. increased availability of education facilities for disabled children; c. all teachers undergoing formal teacher should be provided with basic skills enabling them to work effectively with disabled children in the ordinary classroom; d. there should be improved parent support facilities. The report recognises the importance of the role of NGOs in this sector. The NGO group recognised that full implementation of government policy is an extremely expensive option. […]
The Education states that ".... every child in Zimbabwe has a right to primary school education and that no child in Zimbabwe shall be refused admission on any grounds what so ever”. (p. 54) The reality is for many children is different, e.g.: 1. In the commercial farming areas the distribution of schools is such that some farm worker communities are well served and others have no opportunity to send children to school because of distance to be travelled. 2. The need for payment of an education levy excludes children from schools. These levies are determined by the parents themselves, and payment is mandatory. The use of the word compulsory in "the government's policy of free and compulsory primary education." (p. 58) is questioned because without adequate provision and with the introductionof levies etc compulsory education cannot be enforceable. […] Given the statement that "Rehabilitation activities ensure that children receive appropriate treatment for their recovery and social reintegration" and the admission in the report that "some institutions are staffed by untrained personnel these rehabilitation measures are at time not entirely effective." The group feels that more emphasis in the report should be placed on the value and development of systems of community based care. […] The group feels it is a priority that the GOZ introduces more comprehensive legislation relating to child labour, as recommended by the Government commissioned study, and that this distinguishes between child labour and child exploitation and arrives at acceptable minimum ages for the different forms of employment. The government should commit itself to a time frame for this process. In addition there should be legislation preventing children being present in dangerous working environments such as tobacco barns. The owners of such places should be made responsible for ensuring that children are excluded. We recognise that monitoring activities relevant to this legislation would be difficult to implement. However if the Commercial Farmers Union and other representative bodies were involved in the drafting then some responsibility could be placed with them to ensure supervision of their membership. 1 Data taken from Estrategia de Combate a Pobreza, Governo de Angola, 2003. 2 World Situation of Children 2004 3 World Situation of Children 2004 4 Report “ Emerging from War” 5 Reports “Children in need of Special Protection, An Anthropological Study on Children accused of using witchcraft in Mbanza Congo, Uige and Luanda”, INAC, SCN, September 2003, Page 2-3 6 Common Country Assessment 2002, United Nation System in Angola, page 17 7 MICS 2003, pag. 45 8 Report OKUTUIKA, Benguela 2003 9 MICS, 2003, page 121 10 Municipal Plan for Protection and Rights of the Child -Tchicala Tcholoango Province of Huambo 11 Survey of labor and living conditions of children and adolescents under 18 years living in the streets of the City of Buenos Aires. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. 2001. 12 This figure is undercounted given that a large portion of the children entering police stations are not registered. It is estimated that this figure could be three times higher. 13In the City of Buenos Aires, this can be done by Family Courts, Minors Courts and Federal Courts. In the province of Buenos Aires, Minors Courts have to order that. 14 On this subject see: “Réponses au questionnaire du Comité belge pour l’Unicef concernant la privation de liberté d’enfants dans les établissements fermés en Belgique” by Anne GRAINDORGE, 1999, and “Etablissements fermés en Belgique” by Anne GRAINDORGE, 1999. 15 Brussels, 28th August 1998, RG 1998/KR/400, 9th February 1999, “Journal des séparations” 1994/4, pp. 53-58 16 See section VIII, A of this report concerning children in emergency situations. 17 See section VI, A of this report concerning handicapped children. 18 See section VII, A of this report concerning education. 19 See section V, 3, separation from their parents. 20 See section VIII, B of this report concerning children in situations of conflict with the law. 21 See section VIII, A of this report concerning children in emergency situations. 22 “Sécurité insuffisante aux portes des écoles – Test Achat veut une zone 30 près de toutes les écoles”, De Standaard, 31/08/2001. 23 Ibidem. 24 “Le risque suicidaire et les adolescents”, Maison du Social, Province de Liège. 25 Vlaamse vereniging voor hulp aan verstandelijk gehandicapten (VVHVG), Het Plateforme van Vlaamse ouder- en familieverenigingen, en de Federatie van Ouderverenigingen en gebruikersraden in instellingen voor Personnen met een Handicap vzw (FOVIG), 15th December 2000. 26 See Fifth part - VI point: children deprived of their home environment 27 As we saw in the IX point of the fifth part on the home environment and replacement protection. Final report of the national Commission against sexual exploitation of Children, " children call us ", October 23, 1997, recommendations 8 and 9. ECPAT Belgium," Trafficking children for sexual purposes: Belgium", May 2001. 28 29 30 "Plans of action against the sexual exploitation of children for commerce, " workshop, September 3, 2001. ECPATS INTERNATIONAL, "A glance backwards while preparing for tomorrow", Report 1999-2000. http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~mapi/rapintro.htm 31 32 " children talk to us ", recommendation 34. S. BOLLAERTS, C. GEORGES, S. VOET," De extra-territorially toepassing sieve de strafwet inzake misdrijven tegen offspring reindeer", 2000-2001. (The extraterritorial application of the legislation concerning malevolent acts in opposition to children) 33 34 107. V. MUNTARBHORN," extraterritorial penal legislation against sexual exploitation of children", Fund of the United Nations for childhood, 1999. 35 36 s.4 “A child shall have the right – ( c ) to exercise, in addition to all the rights stated in this Schedule and the Act, all the rights set in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child with appropriate modifications to suit the circumstances in Belize, that are not specifically mentioned in the Act or in this Schedule.” 37 “Corporal punishment in Belize – the legal framework for violence against children” NOPCAN/Nov 03 38 Ibid., p. 32 39 AHURA Bhutan: Bhutan, A Shangri-la without Human Rights (March 2000 edition), p.82. See also Amnesty International's Bhutan: Forcible Exile, 1994. 40 AHURA and HUROB publications and Amnesty International's 1992 report, Bhutan: Human Rights Violations against the Nepali-speaking Populations in the South, provide ample documentation of the human rights abuses committed against Southern Bhutanese in the crackdown following the 1990 demonstrations. 41 Testimony of an expatriate volunteer resource teacher 42 For the Code, childhood comprises up to 12 years and adolescence from 12 to 18 years 43 Nevertheless, among the transitory provisions (Art.2), the Code establishes that the State should implement progressive public policies to eradicate the work of minors under 12 years, clarifying that until such time as that occurs “the protection and resolutions provided for adolescent workers will be applied to minor boy and girl workers”. 44 With the General Labor Law, the average working schedule could even be 16 hours a day. The new provision establishes a more acceptable schedule. 45 (“Service to Homes and Domestic Service” are the categories used by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) to refer to Salaried Domestic Work. 46 The investigation in La Paz and El Alto was carried out by and the study done in Santa Cruz and Cochabamba was done by Guillermo Davalos who, subsequently, carried out similar investigations in three Bolivian frontier cities (Cobija, Guayarameramerin and Yacuiba) 47 The data given are taken from an executive summary supplied by Guillermo Davalos, since the investigations have not yet been published 48 In Santa Cruz,in 1998, an organised network of commercial sexual exploitation of young girla and adolescents was discovered. 49 According to Ana Carolina Gitany and Rafael Pereira, Jornal do Brazil newspaper of July 9th, 2003, the Gini inequality index, Brazil is the sixth most unequal country in the world, only losing to Namibia, Botswana, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic and Swaziland, all in sub-Saharan Africa. 50 According to the definition in the Brazilian Penal Code, robbery is the subtraction of a mobile object that belongs to someone else, through violence or serious threat to a person, while theft is a simple subtraction. 51 Jornal do Brazil newspaper, 21 September 2003. 52 IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) – Populational Census 2000. 53 UNESCO Brazil – Map of Violence 3 (Synthesis), Jacobo Waisenfisz – Feb. 2002. (http://www.sociologiadajuventude.hpg.ig.com.br/mapadaviolenciaiii.htm) 54 Idem. 55 Idem. 56 FIOCRUZ. Bulletin from CLAVES (Latin-American Center on Violence and Health), ‘MORBIMORTALITY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE BY VIOLENT CAUSES IN BRAZIL: AN ANÁLYSIS OF THE 1990s’. (Year II – September of 2001) 57 Amnesty International AI Index: AMR 19/015/2.003( http://web.amnesty.org): Brazil: Candelária and Vigário Geral – 10 years later. 58 The Extermination of Children in Brazil and the International Protection of Human Rights, Carlos Nicodemos Oliveira Silva, 1999. 59 Idem. 60 The Rio Police kills more blacks and colored persons. Folha de São Paulo. São Paulo. 15/05/2000. 61 Duzentão – term used to characterize rape: act of sexual violation. Act of forcing girls to have sex without permission, will. 62 Action Plan for the Eradication of Child Labour and Protection of Young Workers, Ministry of Labour, Bogota, August 1996 63 CENSAT – “Agua Viva”, a proposal for an indicative plan for social and labour epidemiology for young workers. Hildebrando Velez, Bogota 20.01.97 4 Total number of pupils in primary schools is approx.1.380, and in secondary 200 (from Chapter I: Political replies, p. 322, www.vlada.hr ) 5 See: Report for Croatia in “Save the Children Report”, p. 124 7 Roma Rights, Quarterly Journal of the European Roma Rights Center, No 1-2, 2003, p. 83 64 Ministry of Justice statistics 65 Between September 2000 and May 2001, an experimental project led by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs monitored as experiment monitoring of tortured, neglected and abused children, given criteria were formed by psychical, physical and sexual abuse, perpetrator and his relation to victim. Characters and descriptions of abuse were not respectful nevertheless. 66 Since 1 Jan 2002, a judge has to be present to unrepeatable pleading—in this case it is interrogation of person younger 15 years about facts reliving of which could have negative influence on their mental and moral development, which is being made before the official beginning of a criminal proceeding 67 In the Czech Republic there are only two fully echoed investigation rooms with non-transparent mirror and record technique enabling interrogation of a child in presence of only one person, whereas others may ask questions and record can be used further. Room has been established by non-governmental organization—the Child Crisis Centre in Prague and Spondea Brno. 68 Bullying is any behaviour whose aim is to hurt an individual, endanger or stop or frighten other pupil, or group of pupils. It is deliberate and repetitive violence committed by individual or group towards individual or group of pupils who are not able to defend themselves due to different reasons. It includes both physical attacks in form of biting or extortion, burglaries, damaging of other person’s possessions, and verbal attacks in form of verbal insults, slanders, threatening or humiliation, ignoring and overseeing. It can also have a form of sexual harassment. Revealing of bullying can be sometimes very difficult, because fear creates usually environment of “solidarity” of aggressors of handicapped. 69 Source: Pink Line 2001; smaller incidence is admitted in “The Prevention Strategy of social pathological phenomena in cases of children and youth in competence of Ministry of Education section for period of 2001-2004” when it is being estimated that 20% average of pupils of elementary and high schools are being bullied. 70 Need of proper choice of staff has been mentioned by Committee for prevention of torture and inhuman and humiliating treatment or punishment in report from July 15th, 1997 71 Statistic annual of the Czech Republic 72 Statistics of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs 73 Data come from the Report on current state of alternative care of the civic association Dom. The project Monitoring of baby institutions in Czech Republic came to similar conclusion—researched realized by Czech Helsinki Committee in 1999. According to research of the governmental Council for Human Rights, in 2000 20% children suffered from CAN syndrome, 5.7% children have been sexually abused in institutional care. 74 Source: Ministry of Education, statistics on information pages—Internet 75 This chapter comes from materials of the Pink Line, E. Vaníčková, M.D. 76 Statistic annual in the field of labour and Social Matters, 2000 77 E. Vaníčková, M.D., 1995, Pink Line 78 L. Čírtková, 2001 79 Source: Research of the Šance project 80 Vanamo T, Kauppi A, Karkola K, Merikanto J, Räsänen E. Intra-familial child homicide in Finland 1970-1994: incidence, causes of death and demographic characteristics. Forensic Sci Int 2001:117:199-204. 81 Conducted by the Institute of Child Health in 1997. 82 Data taken from Institute of Child Health studies (1992-1995). 83 Research data published in the attachment of “TA NEA” newspaper (TACHYDROMOS), 12/5/01. 84 Article 27 paragraph 6 of Law 1975/1991 provides that the Minister of Public Order (as revised by a recent ministerial decision, the Secretary General) may in the public interest and if the person to be expelled is dangerous or risks absconding, order his detention until his deportation from Greece becomes feasible. According to the ministerial decision no. 4803/13/7A/18.6.92, although the submission of an asylum application postpones the ordered administrative decision of deportation, it does not postpone the detention of asylum seekers. It has to be noted that there is no special provisions for minors in this case. 85 Commissioned by the Greek Committee of UNICEF in November 2000. 86 The research was conducted by the Marangopoulos Foundation of Human Rights. 87 En mai 1999, sur une population carcérale de 60 enfants, 58 étaient en détention préventive, seuls deux étaient condamnés, voir rapport trimestriel MICIVH, avril/juin 1999, page 17 88 IBESR/UNICEF. Les enfants en situation difficile en Haïti. Analyse de situation. Haïti. 1991. 89 Mains jointes, FNUAP, 2000, page 66 37 Hass, Amira and Harel, Amos. “Twelve Suspected Collaborators are Killed in the West Bank, in: Haaretz, April 2, 2002 and Rubinstein, Danny “Before the IDF Set Them Free” in Haaretz, April 2, 2002 37a Associated Press, Six Palestinians face death for collaboration in: Haaretz, April 8, 2002 51 Dudkevitch, Margot. “2 Teens Killed by Mall Suicide Bomber,” in: The Jerusalem Post, February 17, 2002. 52 Ha’aretz, “Nine Dead, 51 Wounded in Jerusalem Bombing-Four Children Among Those Killed in Ultra-Orthodox Neighborhood,” March 3, 2002. 53 Hockstader, Lee. “Suicide Bombers Gave No Hint of Grim Mission,” in: The International Herald Tribune, December 6, 2001. 90Second deliberation of 24 November 2000 the National Council of Users. 91«A week of TV programmes broadcast during the protected time band judged by 9-10 year-old children». Research Report edited by Piero Bartolini, Bologna – October 2000. 92 1997 Auditel data in «Report on the condition of children and adolescents in Italy. Not only exploited or abused». Children and adolescents of the year 2000. 93 ISTAT, Aspects of daily life, 1999. 94Bambini contesi (Children in divorce wrangles ), edited by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2001. 95 Data as of 30 June 1999. 96Quaderno no. 9 of the National Centre for Research and Analysis on Childhood and Adolescence «I bambini e gli adolescenti fuori dalla famiglia – Indagine sulle strutture residenziali educativo-assistenziali in Italia 1998» (Children under age outside the family – A survey on educational-welfare residential facilities in Italy). 97«Public and private welfare institutes are required to report to the competent tutelary judge on a six-monthly basis by submitting a list of all the subjects under 18 years of age who live within their facilities, also indicating specifically for each one of them the place of residence of their parents, the type of relationship the children have with their families and their psychophysical conditions», Art. 9 Law 184/1983. 98CISMAI source on ISTAT data CENSIS – years 1985-1998 99 CISMAI (Italian Coordination of services against child abuse), a 1999 research. 100 Art. 600 quinquies c.p. 101 An example of such action is the spot-video «Toys» which was broadcast between 1999 and 2001 on Alitalia and Luftansa intercontinental flights, the Italian RAI and Mediaset TV channels and La 7, national cinema circuits, airports managed by SEA and Milan underground networks, as well as the web site www.child-hood.com against sexual tourism involving children, both initiatives undertaken by Terre des Hommes. 102 Art. 18 of the Consolidated Act of 1998 allows for the granting of a special residence permit for reasons of social protection, which is implemented whenever violent or severe exploitation situations are acknowledged to be to the detriment of a foreign person, involving serious dangers for his or her safety due to his or her attempts at abandoning criminal association environments that have exploited him or her or because the foreigner in question has disclosed important information to the Italian judicial authorities in the course of investigations. In these cases, a special residence permit is released to allow the person to escape from the violence and the exploitation by the criminal organization at the mercy of which he or she is being manipulated, and to be included in a support and social integration program. 103 Source Censis –STOP Programme, European Commission, 2000 104 Source Censis –STOP Programme, European Commission, 2000 105 International movement of the Global March against Child Labour, Annual Report, 2000. 106 A. Lostia and C. Tagliacozzo in «Il lavoro servile e le forme di sfruttamento para-schiavistico: il caso di Torino» (Servile work and quasi-slavish forms of exploitation: the case of Turin), in Lelio Basso International Foundation, «Il lavoro servile e le forme di sfruttamento paraschiavistico», a research published by the Commission for immigrant integration policies, Department of Social Affairs – Council of Ministers, working paper 19, 2000. 107 Fonzi Ada (edited by), Il bullismo in Italia, Giunti, Firenze 1997. Fonzi A., Genta M.L., Menesini E., Bacchini D., Bonino S., Costabile A. (1999), Italy. 108 Data of the Ministry of Public Education, October 2000, in Opera Nomadi , Notes on surveys on the students coming from the Rom community. 109 Giancarlo Gasperoni, «L’esperienza scolastica: scelte, percorsi, giudizi (School: choices, paths, opinions). In «Giovani verso il Duemila.Quarto Rapporto Iard sulla condizione giovanile in Italia» (Fourth IARD Report on the condition of the young in Italy) edited by Carlo Buzzi, Alessandro Cavalli and Antonio Cavalli, Il Mulino, 1997 110 Testo Unico (Consolidated Act) 286/98, art. 33, DPCM 535/99. 111 Milan, Turin, Rome and Nisida. 112 From the project “Study of the status of children, that violated the law”, carried out by scientific supervisor Sarsenbaev and researchers Mureeva, Kazrasyuk, Zhetpispaev, Skakov and Daurenkhanova. 113 Violence against children in the Republic of Kazakhstan (February-March 2002). Sociological survey, conducted by the Association of Sociologists and Political Scientists (ASIP) for the regional UNICEF office in Central Asia 114 Violence against children in the Republic of Kazakhstan (February-March 2002). Sociological survey, conducted by the Association of Sociologists and Political Scientists (ASIP) for the regional UNICEF office in Central Asia 115 ibid. 116 Violence against children in the Republic of Kazakhstan (February-March 2002). Sociological survey, conducted by the Association of Sociologists and Political Scientists (ASIP) for the regional UNICEF office in Central Asia 117 ibid. 118 ibid. 119 IOM. “Victims of Trafficking in the Balkans”, January 2002. 120 “Vocea Civică”, 2001. 121 UNICEF. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), Chişinău, 2000. 122 World Bank, Poverty Assessment, Moldova, 2000. 123 UN Moldova, Common Country Assessment, 2000. 124 UNICEF. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Republic of Moldova, 2000. 125 IOM. “Victims of Trafficking in the Balkans”, January 2002. 126 Selon une étude de l’association heures joyeuse nombre d’enfants en situation de rue dans 9 grandes villes Marocaine seulement est estimé selon les catégories d’age à : 0 à 9 : 3,104, 10 à 14 : 4,329, 15 à 18 : 3,256, total : 10,689 127 rapport d’évaluation du ministère de l’éducation nationale « éducation pour tous 2000 » 128 LE TRAVAIL DES ENFANTS AU MAROC''Les petites domestiques ou petites bonnes'' de Mr Mehdi Lahlou- INSEA/rabat 129 Les dernières statistiques de l’Organisation Internationale du Travail publiés mentonnent que 90% des enfants travailleurs ont moins de 14 ans,80% n’ont jamais été à l’école. 130 Raisons invoquées du travail de ‘’petites bonnes‘’ Motifs d’emploiEffectifs%- Parents pauvres - Père décédé - Mère décédée - Parents décédés - Abandon - Autres situations325 73 19
4 2372
16 5 1 1 5 Total 450100 %Source : Ligue marocaine pour la protection de l’enfance ; Journée d’étude et de réflexion sur les petites filles travaillant dans les familles. p. 43. Janvier 1996 131 Enfants de moins de 15 ans dans la population active totale, 1999 ( en milliers) FémininMasculinTotalPopulation active totale (1)3.1537.64010.793Population occupée (2)2.7656.5949.359Enfants actifs de moins de 15 ans (3)242,8275517,8(3)/ (1)7,7 %3,6 %4,8 %(3)/ (2)8,78 %4,17 %5,5 %Source : Enquête activité, emploi et chômage – 1999. Direction de la statistique. Les Ongs signataires Espace Associatif Association Marocaine des Droits humains Association Marocaine poul’éducation et la jeunesse Forum de la famille Marocaine 132 The term “Rohingya” to refer to the Muslim population of Rakhine State is not acknowledged by the Government of Myanmar. Many Muslims of Northern Rakhine State identify themselves as such and the term is also used by international organisations. Therefore, the author has adopted it throughout the text. 133 In relation to ILO Liaison Officer’s visit to Northern Rakhine State in January 2003, the ILO Governing Body report GB.286/6 of March 2003 stated in paragraph 7: “While it is her impression that there is probably less use of forced labour in central parts of Myanmar, the situation in areas near to the Thai border where there is continuing insecurity and a heavy presence of the army, as well as in northern Rakhine State, is particularly serious and appears to have changed little.” 134 The NaSaKa is the Border Administration Force and comprises five different government agencies: the police, military intelligence (MI), Lone Htein (riot police), customs, and immigration. 135 Florencia Castro Leal, Enfoque de Género en la estrategia Reforzada de Reducción de Pobreza. Banco Mundial. 136 Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2001. Instituto Nicaragüense de Estadísticas y Censos. Managua 2002 137 Derechos Humanos en Nicaragua. Informe anual 2002. Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos CENIDH. Managua, December 2002. p. 97 138 Anuario Estadístico 2002. Policía Nacional de Nicaragua. Managua, October 2002. 139 ILO/PEC. Children and Adolescents Sexual Exploitation in Panama. Litography Masterlitho, Panama, June, 2002, page 21. 140 LACHMAN VARELA, Ruben. Primera Aproximación al Estudio sobre el Costo de la Violencia Intrafamiliar en Panamá. Taken from the World Wide Web. 141 Nacional Net Against Woman Violence. Incidencia de Casos de Violencia Intrafamiliar en Panamá, según sexo en el período de cinco (5) años. By Gladis Millar Ramírez, Panama, 2002. 142 Statistics Section, Department of Medical and Statistical Registry, National Direction of Health Planning, Ministry of Health. 143 National Net Against Woman’s Violence, Op. Cit., Page 39 144 Ibidem. 145 Ibidem 146 Ibidem. 147 Though the probition in article 66 of the Nacional Constitution concerning minor’s work, the economically active population includes minors between 10 to 13 years old. 148 OIT7IPEC. Trabajo Infantil Doméstico en Panamá. Panama, 2002, page 17. 149 Ibidem 150 Ibidem 151 The source of all the information on children’s work in the sugar cane plantations is the report Children’s Work Conditions in the Sugar Cane Plantations of the Provinces of Coclé and Veraguas, made by the Legislative Assembly. Commission of Woman, Children’s rights, Youth and Family, Panama, 2000. 152 IMUP, Op. Cit., page 49. 153 All the information in this section is related to the report Published in the document “Asi, Nadie puede Estudiar”, which presents the results of interviews made to girls collecting garbage in Cerro Patacon. IMUP/University of Panama. Pages 41and 42. 154 ILO/IPEC, Op. Cit., pages 95-148. 155 Ibidem, page 148. 156 Data from the Police 157 Polish Sexuological Associations 1991r. 158 A stand point of participant of the conference “System of social help for children. Health protection and prophylactic”. Lanckorona - 28.12.1995-1.01.1996 159 Pleta Jarosław - report for Foundation for Poland concerning street children - 1997 160 Halina Górecka, Magdalena Górecka “Child rights protection in the international low and its realisation in Poland”, Krakow-Olsztyn 2001 161 Data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs 162 Reported cases of special office hours for health and social services. 163 Reported cases: denials of the right for child benefit in cases when the child is not attending the school and number of cases of punishment measures in schools that not apply for other children (including the psychological and physical violence. 164 Tatjana Perić, "Insufficient: Governmental Programmes for Roma in Slovenia", 2-3 Roma Rights – Quarterly Journal of the ERRC 2001, pg. 45. 165 This problem was also addressed by CERD by saying "...the Committee is concerned at the existing practice that some children may be educated in vocational centres for adults, others in special classes. Recalling its General Recommendation XXVII on discrimination against Roma, the Committee encourages the State party to promote the integration of children of Roma origin into mainstream schools." CERD/C/62/CO/9, 21st March 2003, paragraph 11. 166 See Census of Population, Households and Housing, Slovenia, 31st March 2003 <http://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/si-92.pdf> (accessed on 17th April 2003). Directory: docs docs -> Application for acem docs -> Observational Assessment of Teaching Practices Teaching Assessment Initiative Proposal Submitted to The Teachers for a New Era project docs -> Traditional British values docs -> From Warfighters to Crimefighters: The Origins of Domestic Police Militarization docs -> Borzoi Club of America Register of Merit Program I. What is a Register Of Merit docs -> Protecting the rights of the child in the context of migration docs -> United Nations E/C. 12/Esp/5 docs -> 9th May 1950 the schuman declaration docs -> Getting To Outcomes® in Services for Homeless Veterans 10 Steps for Achieving Accountability Download 4.33 Mb. Share with your friends:
|