A fp7 Project: Management and Monitoring of Deep-sea Fisheries and Stocks wp2 – Template for Case Study Reports Case study 2 demersal deep-water mixed fishery Pascal Lorance, Ifremer, Nantes (coord.)
Section 2. Historical development of the fisheries, including catches and fleets
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- 2.1.2.Historical development and current activity of each fleet
- Spanish freezer trawler fleet
- Spanish fleet operating in ICES Division VIa, VIIb,c,k,j
- Deep water red crab UK fleet
- Time-series of fleet, effort and landings data
- 2.1.3.Gaps in fleet data
- 2.1.4.Can these gaps be addressed by regular monitoring If so, how
- 2.1.5.Please complete the table below on the extent of time-series data of landings and discards data
- 2.1.6.Does the earliest data available correspond to the start of exploitation of the stock. If not please describe. If earlier data exist please list where these can be found.
- 2.1.7.If discard data are not available please indicate by fleet ID if, in your opinion, discards are likely to be significant
- 2.1.8.If mis-reporting or under-reporting is/has been a problem please indicate years in table below
Section 2. Historical development of the fisheries, including catches and fleets.2.1.Background information2.1.1.Fleet identity[Please provide the following information on the fleets that are prosecuting/have prosecuted your stock: if possible please use table below or a separate spreadsheet/data table/database if too large. For EU fleets, please match DCF and/or ICES/InterCatch metiers, using additional sub-categories if necessary.]
This report builds primarly on the French deep-water fleets. Vessels in this fleet are mainly sytren trawlers fishing for fresh fish during fishing trips up to 12 days. In the past this fleet was fishing for saithe and demersal species, it started exploiting blue ling in the early 1970s and other deep-water species in the late 1980s (Charuau et al. 1995). Othe fleets are fishing for deep-water species in the same areas and in neighbouring areas posssibly for the same stocks. These are decribed in section2.1.2 but all data availability was not reviewed for all fleets. Some Scottish vessels target monkfish (Lophius spp) on the continental slope of Subarea VIa and on the Rockall Bank. This fishery has a bycatch of deep-water species including ling, blue ling and siki sharks and a small number of these vessels occasionally fish in deeper water targeting roundnose grenadier, black scabbardfish and siki sharks. 2.1.2.Historical development and current activity of each fleetFrench trawl fisheryFrench trawlers began to land increasing amounts of roundnose grenadier, black scabbard fish and deep-water sharks from the west of Scotland in 1987 (Charuau et al. 1995). Landings of these species have been reported separately in French landings statistics since 1989 (Lorance and Dupouy 2001). Effort directed at deep-water species increased from 1989 to 1996 (Lorance and Dupouy 2001). In 1995, an effort regulation was introduced but was not a constraint to this fleet. TACs and a new effort regulation was introduced in 2003 (see section 6). Part of the fishing time of the licensed fleet is expended on the shelf mainly in the Celtic Sea. Time series of fishing effort are available based upon logbook data (1987-2009) and VMS (2003-2009).
French gillnet fisheryThis is a less clear picture. Deep water gillnetting has been regulated following observation of high discarding rates, bad fishing procedures and loss of fishing gears inducing ghost fishing (Hareide et al. 2005; Large et al. 2009). A few, possible one single French vessel have fish with gillnets in deep-waters. This fishery has now stopped in ICES Subareas V, VI and VII owing to benning of gillnet below 600 m depth (see section 6). Spanish freezer trawler fleetA fleet of 29 Spanish stern bottom freezer trawlers fish in international waters of the Hatton Bank (ICES XIIb and VIb1). The presence of the majority of the vessels in this area is discontinuous. Vessels conduct fishing trips of variable duration. Fishing operations are conducted in a depth range of 800–1600 m, mainly at depths >1000 m or deeper. Roundnose grenadier and Baird’s smoothhead (3000–13 000 t per year in 1997–2005) are the most important species in the catches. Black scabbardfish (1000 t in 2002, then decreasing) and blue ling (600–1000 t/year) are also caught in significant amounts. Spanish landings formerly reported as roughhead grenadier have been included in the roundnose grenadier landings time series because roughhead grenadier was not recorded in significant quantities in the Spanish observer program, and is not known to occur in significant quantities on the Hatton Bank, were the Spanish fishery operates. In 2010, the time series of Spanish landings back to 2002 was updated as landings per ICES Division were provided. Nevertheless, landings per ICES rectangles were not available (ICES 2010b). Spanish fleet operating in ICES Division VIa, VIIb,c,k,jIn the mid 2000, almost all the catches obtained by this fleet can be considered as by-catches of the bottom trawlers, mainly “baka” otter trawl and longliners. The number of vessel in the Spanish, Basque fishery in ICES Divisions VI and VII reduced in the period 1994-2000 affecting both longliners and bottom trawlers (ICES 2004). In the “Baka” trawl fishery in ICES Subarea VII landings of blue ling, ling and greater forkbeard, combined, represent about 25% of total landings. Hake can be considered as a bycatch (less than 10% of the landings) The bottom longline fleet in Subarea VI, catches mainly deep-water species with ling, greater forkbeard, blue ling, tusk, bluemouth rockfish and conger, contributing to about 50% of the landings.
Other UK fleetsIn the 1990s and early 2000s, UK Long-liners and gillnetters based in England and Wales, fished at depth targeting primarily hake anglers and megrim in VIa,b and VIj,k with deep-water sharks as a bycatch. Depending on market prices, sharks were frequently be the target species. Greater forkbeard was taken as a by-catch. The majority of landings from these fisheries were into Spain. As a consequence of regulations banning deep-water gillnetting below 600 m, these fleet are no longer fishing in deep waters and only minor landings were reported in recent years. Irish fleetThe Irish deep-water fishery is based on the flat grounds and targets orange roughy, black scabbard, roundnose grenadier and siki sharks. The primary target of this fleet was orange roughy. Data relevant to this fleet are found in Case study 3b. Time-series of fleet, effort and landings dataICES WGDEEP compiles the best estimates of landings for the assessed species. Neverthless, poor track is kept of data used and corrections made. This is exemplified with blue ling data. Blue ling landingreported to ICESs from 1973 to 2008 were extracted using ICES data centre (http://www.ices.dk/fish/statlant.asp). The extraction included landings of all countries in ICES divisions Vb and VIIb,c and sub-areas VI and XII were extracted. These data are offcicial landings by country. The restriction of landings in Subarea VII to Divisions VIIb,c was madebecause further south most of the catch reported as blue ling might be the closely related Spanish ling(Molva macrophthalma). Sub-area VII is anyway a minor component of blue ling landings, irrespective of assumptions about the species identity. Based upon these data, blue ling landings were high in ICES Divisions Vb in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1990s, landings from Subarea VI became dominant. Significant landings were also reported from Subarea XII, where landings peaked at close to 3000 t in 2001. From the early 1970s to the early 1980s, the main fishing countries were Faeroe Islands, France, Germany and Norway. Landings from Germany decreased in the 1980s, and landings from Norway stabilised at a few hundred tonnes. In the 1990s, landings fromUK and Spain increased. The contribution of other countries to blue ling landings was always minor (Figure 2.1.2a). 
Figure 2.1.2a. Time-series of blue ling landings in ICES divisions Vb and Subareas VI and VII, by country according to ICES landings statistics. Based upon the same ICES landings statictics, cumulated blue ling landings from 1973 to 2008 in the ICES Divisions Vb and VIIb,c and Subareas VI and XII amount to slightly more than 400,000 t. data from ICES WGDEEP are not the same as ICES official landings (Figure 2.1.2b) and EUROSTAT data are also slightly different from ICES data with smaller landings reproetd in earlier years.
Figure 2.1.2b. Time-series of blue ling landings by ICES Subarea and Division from ICES WGDEEP (left), ICES landings statistics (centre) and Eurostat (right). The time-series of landings used by ICES WGDEEP shows higher landings levels in the 1970s. From the1980s, landings from the 3 times series are similar. Complete knowledge of landings levels in early years is important to properly estimate reference points for the stock. Unfortunately, the strong year-to-year variations up to the mid-1980s suggest that landings were poorly reported. Higher landings levels in ICES WGDEEP data compared to the two other time-series results from accounting for French landings reported as lings (e.i. Molva molva and Molva Dypterygia)in French official landings that could clearly be ascribed to the early years of the French directed blue ling fishery based upon Moguedet (1988) and data previously reported to ICES North-Western working group (ICES 1989,1990,1991). Further data mining was carried out in DEEPFISHMAN. Landings from French freezer trawlers, have not been treated together with landings from fresh fish vessels by the French administration. Then, they are not all available in the database held by Ifremer. Quantities of filleted blue ling landed in 1988-2000 by freezer trawlers were retrieved from Producers organisation files. The amount landed varied from a few to 2,500 t per year (Table 2.1.2.a) Table 2.1.2a. Landings of blue ling from French Freezer trawlers, 1988-2000.
Amount landed in 1988-89 were already included in ICES WGDEEP data, as they were reported to the North-Western working group. Using vessel identity, it was checked that landings from 1999 and 2000 were already in the Ifremer database used to provide French ICES landings while, there was no landings from freezer trawler in the database for years 1986-1998. These landings should therefore be taken into account for stock assessment purposes. As these data are from Producer Organisation sales records, they are not available by ICES Subarea. Nevertheless, the bulk of these landing come from ICES Division Vb and Subarea VI were freezer trawlers were operating at the time, with a possibly minor contribution from XIIb. These landings represent an addition cumulated catch of 8,800 tonnes of blue ling. These data are included in DEEPFISHMAN landings data. 2.1.3.Gaps in fleet data[What are the main gaps in knowledge regarding the fleets fishing your stock? Please prioritise. ] Overall the knowledge of the fleet activity at sea is not bad. Distribution of catch and effort at the resolution of ICES rectangle has been available For France, Ireland and UK (ICES 2006,2007a). The French fleet is known based upon the licensing scheme since 2003. Before this time, catch composition was used to identify which vessels where fishing in the deep water. Therefore, composition of the fleet, number of vessels can be considered available since the early 1980s. At that time, French trawlers operating to the west of Scotland and on the Faeroese shelf were fishing for saithe (Pollachius virens), blue ling (Molva dypterygia) and redfish (Sebastes mentella). VMS data was not available in the past. Due to commitment in the Data Collection Framework (Commission decision of 6 November 2008 adopting a multiannual Community programme pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 199/2008 establishing a Community framework for the collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific advice regarding the common fisheries policy) the French administration has provided data from 2003 (first year of the deep water licensing scheme). For other fleets, contacts are being made with FRS and NEAFC for international data for all available years.
Monitoring under DCF includes some sampling (length and age composition of deep-water species) and available data increase in application of DCF. Nevertheless, data remain generally scattered. Landings and effort data are not provided to ICES under intercatch format, which is a standard for stock assessment data within ICES. 2.1.5.Please complete the table below on the extent of time-series data of landings and discards data:-
(2) Some discard data from 1996-97 arealso be available and some data from Scotttish observers have been collected (availability to the project unknown) in the early 2000s. There was some discards data from Scottisch observer on-board French vessels. 2.1.6.Does the earliest data available correspond to the start of exploitation of the stock. If not please describe. If earlier data exist please list where these can be found.Blue ling have been exploited since 1973 by the French fleet. There are anectodal reports that the blue ling fishery made some discarded bycatch of roundnose grenadier, black scabbardfish and deep water sharks in the 1970s and 1980s, but there are not data on the amount of these bycatch. Discards from tows targeting blue ling in recent years might not be appropriate to assess past levels of discards owing to changes in fishing strategy and abundance of deep water population. Nevertheless, up to the late 1980s, fishing was targeting blue ling aggregations (mostly spawning aggregations but some fishing throughout the year occurred) were discards levels might have been small. In the late 1980s, the fishery moved to deeper water to target roundnose grenadier, black scabbardfish and deepsea sharks. Time series of reported landings back to 1984 and 1972 for some ports will be available in early 2010 and can be used to assess possible amount of deep-water species landed and reported as miscellaneous species in the late 1980s. Roundnose grenadier and black scabbardfish have been reported in French landings since 1989. Some landings may have occurred in 1987 and 1988. These are to be assessed (as case study work) from landings statistics where such landings, if they have occurred, might have been reported as "miscellaneous fish". The same approach can be apply to deep water sharks that have been reported separately since 1991 and might appear as "miscellaneous sharks” in previous years if they were landed. Nevertheless, there was a strong increase in landings of deep water species in 1989, whether some landings occurred in years 1987 and 1988 needs revisiting but landings before 1989 are small compared to landings in the 1990s. Rather for blue ling case study: The completeness of landings files before 1985 needs to be checked, some years may be incomplete. For the Spanish fleet of freezer trawler in VIb and XIIb the start of the fishery was described in 2.1.7.If discard data are not available please indicate by fleet ID if, in your opinion, discards are likely to be significant
2.1.8.If mis-reporting or under-reporting is/has been a problem please indicate years in table below:
(1) Neverthless the distribution of effort from EC logbook and that estimated from aerial Scottish surveys in the early 1990s reported in Gordon and Hunter (1994) seem farily consistent. Misreporting or under reporting is not known to have been a problem in the French trawling fleet. These vessels operated from Scottish and Irish port and are weel controlled at landing, They are not known to have been detected to underreport the catch. Concerns have been repeatedly expressed that misreporting could occur in international waters (NEAFC regulatory area). There are also been regular complains from the French Industry that IUU fish was landed in France and was pulling the prices down. This seems to have disappeared in recent years. Misreporting is not an issue that scientists have the power to inquire and this should stay in hand on management and regulation authorities to monitor misreporting. No quantitative data on misreporting is available. 2.1.9.Gear selectivity[Please document available information on gear selectivity by fleet ID.] Deepwater trawling is not considered to be selective, nevertheless length distribution of the catch (based upon observer's data) are truncated compared to length distribution of the catch from scientific survey (with small mesh in the codend). No significant quantitative data available. Mesh size have been increased in recent years. This is not though to reduce the fishing mortality of deep-water fish as individuals escaping through meshes may not survive. This may induce a loss of some commercial catch, in particular for black scabbardfish with is observed to get "meshed" (i.e. a lot of fish have the head through one mesh when pull on board). Ity has been questionned whether the difference in size composition of black scabbardfish in southern area (mainland Portugal and Madeira) and the west of the British Isles was due to the actual size composition of the fish or to gear selectivity (longline in southern areas). The first option is considered the most likely. 2.1.10.Are there any aspects of data (quality, temporal and spatial extent, time series, availability, accessibility, flow) that [a] impact on assessments and/or [b] affect your ability to provide timely fisheries advice to managers?A full knowledge of all fishing activities that have landed or discarded the studied deep-water stocks would be extremely usefull to estimated total cumulated catch over time, changes in catch rates and other aspects. For deep-water species a good knowledge of times series of catch would be an help to the definition of reference points including MSY (MacCall 2009). Unfortunately, there are doulbts about the accuracy of time-series of catch supported by stocks. Some improvements were made in 2010 when Spanish landings of roundnose grenadier were revised (ICES 2010b). Landings and discards of sharks may be particularly a problem as a UK fishery which was active from the 1980s to 2006 and targeted deep-water sharks. The fleet was mostly composed of vessels based in Spain but registered in the UK, Germany and other countries outside the EU such as Panama (ICES 2010a). Landings from this fleet are not known, not available in databases but could have been the main fishing fleet at the time in term of deep-water sharks landings. Data on sharks may also be undermined by a high level of discarding at least in some fleets (Hareide et al. 2005). There are also discrepancies between time-series of landings depending of the data source used, so that expert groups still used some expert "best estimate" (see 2.1.2). Directory: lib -> exe exe -> Homework Problem Set 3 Solution I. Reading Assignment exe -> System Modeling Assessment & Roadmap wg exe -> Artemis-2011-1 decision and platform support for model‐based eVolutionary development of Embedded systems Date of preparation exe -> Date: January December 2011 Java 5 Language psm for dds (dds-java) exe -> Notes on bcd by N. Toge (Jan. 5, 2005) Instrumentation and Control General exe -> Case Study 3 Report – Black scabbardfish in ixa exe -> 1 Beneficiaries (Partner Description) exe -> Pre-requisites exe -> Suggested (Sample) Research Project Topics (Fall 2010) Download 2.38 Mb. Share with your friends:
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