Maria Lock, an Aboriginal Native of New South Wales

1^ Whilst I am unsure of the meaning of the word, Boughton used it as a name of his home at Mountain Lagoon.

2^ It appears to have been first used by Matthew Everingham in 1795, page 52, Ross, Valerie, The Everingham Letterbook, Anvil Press, 1985.

3^ Governor Macquarie to Earl Bathurst, 8^th October 1814, Pages 367-373, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

4^ Sydney Gazette, 4th May 1816.

5^ Robert Forrester was investigated in 1794 for the murder of a Aboriginal lad. His wife, Isabella, was a witness in the 1799 trial of five settlers for the murders of Little George and Little Jemmy.

6^ Simon Freebody was one of the five men found guilty in 1799 of the murders of Little George and Little Jemmy.

7^ Marsden bought fifty acres on South Creek from Privates Thomas Westmore and William Anderson in the late 1790s. This property appears to have been downstream from Ann Blady’s farm and on the north side of the new bridge across South Creek. It was probably on this farm that Narsden encountered Musquito for the first time. Pages, 110-111, 149-150 and 283, Jan Barkley-Jack, Hawkesbury Settlement Revealed, Rosenberg, 2009.

8^ Page 62, Keith Binney, Horsemen of the First Frontier” Volcanic Productions, 2005.

9^ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/luttrell-edward-2381 and http://theluttrells.homestead.com/edwardluttrellborn1757.html

10^ In a letter written on the 21^st of February 1821 to Commissioner Bigge, William Redfern wrote concerning the evidence of his assistant, Henry Cowper: “Mr. Luttrell when on duty at the Hospital, was much offended at My forbidding Henry to associate with his son, who was an idle, profligate boy, & and for whom I detected Henry taking sulphur & nitre to make Gun-powder.” Page 198, John Ritchie, The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, Volume 2 The written evidence, Heinmann, Melbourne, 1971.

11^ Andrew Hamilton Hume, 1762-1849, was another clergyman’s son. He was cashiered in 1786 after a duel with a superior officer. He came to NSW and took up various government positions which he appeared to have jepodised by his actions. He was a one time Hawkesbury settlers ruined by fire and the 1806 floods. Respectability came with land grants at Prospect and Appin, Australian Dictionary of Biography. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hume-andrew-hamilton-2210

12^ Pages 164 and 173-178, R. M. Arndell, Pioneers of Portland Head: Builders of Ebenezer Church and School, Early Settlers of the Hawkesbury and Hunter Rivers and Squatters of the North-West New South Wales and Southern Queensland including Family Genealogies, W. R. Smith and Paterson, 1976.

13^ daughter of Simon Freebody.

14^ David Brown had been speared in the throat in 1798.

15^ On the 8^th of September 1853, in a letter to Governor La Trobe, George Faithfull concluded a description of the retributive expedition by writing: “The fight I have described gave them a notion of what sort of stuff the white man was made, and my name was a terror to them ever after.

I picked up a boy from under a log, took him home and tamed him, and he became very useful to me, and I think was the means of deterring his tribe from committing further wanton depredation upon my property; my neighbours, however, suffered much long after this.”

http://www.voea.vic.edu.au/resources/curriculum/pioneerletter_georgefaithful.html.

16^ ‘In proof of his tact with, and sympathetic treatment of, the natives it is also recorded by Mr. F. G. Docker: — 'At one- time, a tribe of blacks numbering about three hundred, roamed over the country from Bontharambo down to the junction of the Murray and Ovens Rivers and on the south side of the Ovens River to Yarrawonga, but held their corroborees on a small island near our stables. Some of the early day squatters in the neighborhood took harsh measures to punish them, but my father, from the first, treated them kindly, and they never molested his employees or his stock. My father's humane treatment had good results, though no doubt he ran a considerable risk. The blacks, at a time when the shepherds absconded, took charge of the 7,800 sheep on Bontharambo, for a period of twelve or eighteen months, taking good care of them. They were perhaps expensive shepherds, as they ate as many of the sheep as they required for meat, but they also protected them from wild dogs and acted most faithfully, and they never molested the cattle or other stock. An incident occurred shortly after my father settled at Bontharambo which no doubt promoted the friendly relations between the natives and himself. The blacks were allowed to come about the homestead whenever they liked, sometimes chopping wood or rendering some other light service, but if they saw a horseman riding up to the homestead, they always hurried away and swam over a creek, fearing that the new arrivals might be mounted troopers, of whom they stood in awe. On one occasion a blackfellow was at the back of' the hut and did not notice the arrival of two troopers in time to take the usual method of escape, so he rushed into the hut, and. hid himself under my mother's bed for about two hours until the troopers departed. My father and mother and sister knew that he was there, but did not betray him. No doubt this was talked about among the tribe and they had sufficient gratitude to do us no injury.' Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 30^th August 1929. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85925955

17^ Page 56, Joseph Holt, A Rum Story, The Adventures of Joseph Holt, Thirteen Years in New South Wales, 1800-1812, Edited Peter O’Shaughnessy, Kangaroo Press, 1988.

18^ Sydney Gazette, 11^th January 1812, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628396

19^ Page 300, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

20^ Governor Macquarie to Bathurst 7/10/14, Page 314, HRA.

21^ http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628845

22^ Sydney Gazette, 2^nd December 1815, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629240

23^ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lowe-robert-2375

24^ Page 14, The Bigge Report, Australiana Facsimile Editions, No. 70, Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1966.

25^ Sydney Gazette, 23^rd May 1812, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628477

26^ Sydney Gazette, 1^st January 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628834

27^ Colonial Secretaries’ Index, AONSW, Reel, 6004, page 251

28^ 20^th August 1814, Sydney Gazette, Trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628966

29^ The following observation by Francois Peron illustrates the control that the authorities exerted over the convicts. ‘A formidably strict chief of police resides in Sydney. He carries out the duties of his office in such a way a to make the boldest convict tremble: the slightest misdemeanours are punished by two or three hundred strokes of the cane, and it is rare for a day to pass without twenty or so such penalties being administered in the prison yard – without trial and on the simple order of a constable. Among people so profoundly depraved, it is not hard to find informers and spies. They are paid a small sum, and the government keeps great numbers of them, always ready to tell it of conspiracies that might be hatched by the convicts.’ Pages 398-399, Peron, François and Freyincet, Louis, Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands, Translated by Christine Cornell, The Friends of the State Library of South Australia, 2006.

30^ This appears to be an archaic form of provocation. It was not unusual for Howe to show off his learning.

31^ Sydney Gazette, 11^th January 1812, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628396

32^ Page 73, Valerie Ross, Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989.

33^ Sydney Gazette, 9^th January 1813, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628604

34^ James Mileham came free in 1797 as an Assistant Surgeon. He was sent to the Hawkesbury in 1808 and was made Justice of the Peace and Magistrate at Castlereagh in June 1811. His daughter, Lucy, married Samuel Otoo Hassall. Mileham died 28^th September 1824.

35^ Source: Australian Archives of NSW: Reel 6021; 4/1819 pp.193-198

36^ Sydney Gazette, 9^th January 1813, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628604

37^ Mr. Robinson enjoyed a peculiarly exalted position in Macquarie’s world. “Saturday. 31. January 1818 This day gave an Order to Mr. Michl. Robinson to receive Two Cows from the Govt. Herds, as a Gift, & remuneration from Government, for his Services as the Poet Laureat (sic) of the Colony.”http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1818/1818jan.html

38^ Sydney Gazette, 23^rd January 1813, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628610

39^ Sydney Gazette, 23^rd January 1813

40^ The Reverend Samuel Marsden appropriated to himself the role of God’s estate agent in New South Wales. In Genesis 18:1 the Lord appeared to Abraham “in the plains of Mamre” and promised a child to Abraham and his wife Sarah, despite their age and told Abraham that “all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him”. In 1822, Elizabeth Hawkins crossing the Blue Mountains encountered the Reverend Marsden who was returning from across the Blue Mountains. ““Oh,” he said, “I congratulate you. You are all going to the Land of Goshen.” The Land of Goshen was the best land in the Egyptian delta and given by the Pharaoh to Joseph. (Page 117, George Mackenass, Fourteen Journeys Over the Blue Mountains of New South Wales 1813-1841, Howitz Publications and The Grahame Book Company, Sydney, 1965). James Hassall, writing about a sermon preached by his grandfather, the Reverend Samuel Marsden in St John’s at Parramatta, recalled, “A High pulpit stood in the middle of the church. I remember my grandfather preaching from it about the patriarchs and saying that Abraham was a squatter on Government ground.” (Page 11, James S. Hassall, In Old Australia, Records and Reminiscences from 1794, Originally printed 1902, Facsimile edition 1977).

41^ Riverton Farm is now better known as Riverstone. John Powell, Place Names of the Greater Hawkesbury Region, Hawkesbury River Enterprises, 1994.

42^ St Matthews Church of England Windsor NSW Parish Registers 1810 to 1856.Lake Macquarie Family History Group Inc, Hawkesbury City Council, 2003.

43^ http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AUS-PT-JACKSON-CONVICTS/2003-01/1041501880

44^ “Croppy Beach, which was near the place where the murders and robbery were effected, is named Croppy Beach by the natives, as a place which fugitives from Hunter's River cannot avoid in their escape from that settlement.” Sydney Gazette, 2^nd July, 1814, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628943

45^ Page 76, John P. Powell, Placenames of the Greater Hawkesbury Region, Hawkesbury River Enterprises, 1994.

46^ Sydney Gazette, 2^nd July, 1814, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628943, Sydney Gazette, 24^th September 1814, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628986

47^ Pages 250-251, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1914.

48^ Sydney Gazette, 7^th May 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628910

49^ The Gazette, of 25^th February 1815 identified that Private Eustace was killed on 7th May.

50^ The Veteran Company of the NSW Corps was formed in 1792 from marines who wished to stay in the colony. In 1806 the company was reinforced with 100 recruits from Britain’s 2^nd and 4^th Royal Veteran Battalions. When the NSW Corps became the 102^nd Regiment, and was relieved by the 73^rd Regiment, the Veteran Company was topped up with men from the 102^nd who wished to stay. The Veteran Company was a supernumerary to Royal battalions in NSW till 1823 when the company was disbanded. Page 21, Leonard Barton, The Military History of Windsor NSW, Len Barton, 1994.

51^ Sydney Gazette, 14^th May 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628911

52^ www.horden.com/hh/pdf/acquisitions/acq_102011_large.pdf http://lanternerougepublishing.wordpress.com/tag/aborigines/

53^ Mackenzie’s account of Carnimbeigle’s death “being placed at bay, he died manfully, having received five shots before he fell" was provided to him by Surgeon Hill, who in turn would have received it from Lieut. Parker who hung the bodies of Carnimbeigle and Durelle. Captain Wallis in his journal described how “some had been shot and others met their fate by rushing in despair over the precipice”. Wallis had “considerable difficulty in getting up the precipice” the bodies of Durelle and Carnimbeigle. Perhaps the differences in the accounts of Carnimbeigle’s death may be reconciled in Wallis’s veiled reference to the horror of the close quarter fighting in his description of capturing two women and three children: “They were all that remained to whom death would not be a blessing. “Wallis made no reference to the 1816 fighting in his An Historical Account of the Colony of Nw South Wales amd its Dependent Settlements, London, 1821.Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart., Illustrations of Phrenology, with engravings, London, 1820. https://archive.org/stream/illustrationsofp00mack/illustrationsofp00mack_djvu.txt and NSW Archives, Microfilm Reel 6045 AONSW CSO 4/1735.

54^ http://www.sykesfamily.com.au/history/history01william.htm

55^ Page 105 Old Times, Sydney, May 1903,

56^ Pages 301-302, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

57^ However, in March 1816, Elizabeth Macarthur recorded in a letter to her friend Eliza Kingdon: “Yesterday the Governor was pleased to order a non-commissioned Officer and six soldiers out to protect our establishments from further injuries.” This was in response to attacks on her Cowpasture farm. Page 307, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

58^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1814/1814june.html

59^ The report referenced Caley’s letter of 12^th March 1804 to Banks in which he suggested that the mountain tribes were of a different race to those on the Sydney Plain and raised Polygenesis again.‘I fell in with some natives who had never seen white men before. I should not have seen them had I not met with a native who knew some and gave me their history and he conducted me to the place where they were along with some others, who also knew me. On his shouting to his party they came running in a hurry towards him, and the strangers along with them, and were close upon me before they perceived me. They seemed to be quite of a different race to those that I am acquainted with. Not only by their features, but also in size; their hair was black, and in height they were about 5 foot 10 inches, and very stout made.’ http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/images/banks/digitised/800590.jpg and

http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/images/banks/digitised/800591.jpg

60^ The camp which was attacked and destroyed by Captain Wallis in 1816 consisted of men, women and children.

61^ In describing Cowge as “Their chief” the Gazette is referring to the “Liverpool tribe” not the “Mountain tribe”.

62^ Sydney Gazette, 4^th June 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628924

63^ Entry 32, Page 111, St. John’s C of E, Wilberforce parish records, Microfilm, Reel 15, Windsor Library.

64^ http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Richard_Beale_Reynolds_(1769-1837).

65^ Cemeteries can provide evidence of discrimination in that Aboriginal burials used to be in a separate section. It is not possible to tell where Elizabeth was buried. While her burial was registered no records were kept of where she, or any other person, was buried. Burials in Wilberforce cemetery began on the Eastern side and moved progressively to the West. Most early burials were on the right or Northern side, however, there were also burials at this time against the Southern side of the cemetery. Sarah, Edward’s wife, died in 1828, but she does not appear to have a gravestone. She may have been buried with her first husband, Thomas Sibrey. Edward Reynolds died in 1830 following a fall from a horse. His grave does have a headstone, row 7, plot 24. Page 34, Lake Macquarie Family History Group Inc. St. Matthews Church of England Windsor NSW Parish Registers 1810 to 1856, Hawkesbury City Council, 2003; Parish of Wilberforce Burial Register, Sections 1-2, nos. 1-71; Wilberforce Cemetery Conservation Management Plan, 2008, http://www.hawkesbury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/6303/Wilberforce_Cemetery.pdf and http://www.hawkesbury.net.au/cemetery/wilberforce/wwc590.html.
Stan Stevens on page 15, Hawkesbury Heritage, refers to “Jane, an Aboriginal, supposed 20, no service, the woman being unbaptised.” I have looked at the microfilm of the St Matthew’s parish records and, so far, have been unable to find any record of her. Being unbaptised, Jane was probably buried at the back of the cemetery.

66^ Sydney Gazette, Saturday, 18^th June 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628932

67^ Page 105, Old Times, May 1903.

68^ Sydney Gazette, 23^rd July 1814, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/628951/7188

69^ http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/all/journeys/people/profiles/warby.html

70^ The guides were Mary Mary, Budbury, Quayat (?) and Karrijong.

71^

72^ Page 44, Valerie Ross, A Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, 1989.

73^ R. Lewis, a free settler who lived at Richmond and Cox’s Chief Superintendent for building the road across the Blue Mountains, 1814-15, was not the husband of the Mrs. Lewis killed at Grose Vale in 1816. George Bowman identified her as the wife of William Lewis. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400191.txt

74^ Tye, or Tigh, was rewarded with land on the Hawkesbury.

75^ William Cox, Journal 1814, MS C708-2/CY Reel 1022:25 ML.http://www.megalong.cc/Ambermere/william_cox__the_road_builder.htm

76^ Page 52, Ross, Valerie, The Everingham Letterbook, Anvil Press, 1985. David Collins also used aborigines in 1801, Pages 454 and 456, Collins, David, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume I, London 1802, A. H. and A. W. Reed, 1975.

77^ Despatch of 7^th May, 1814.

78^ Despatch of 8^th October, 1814.

79^ Page 313, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

80^ This phrase “indolence and indifference” is used in A Treatise on Human Nature, David Hume, 1739.

81^ The phrase “means of subsistence” was used by both Mathus and Ricardo.

82^ Lord Kames used the phrase “degrees of civilization” in Sketches of the History of Man, 1778.

83^ The phrase “reason and reflection” was used by John Locke in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690.

84^ While the text refers to a grant made to Bungaree, the HRA note refers to a grant made to Colebee in the district of Bathurst, which lay between the Richmond and Windsor Roads across East Creek. The HRA note is anachronistic because Colebee was not promised the land till 1816. The HRA note is followed by a Gazette account of the grant to Bungaree.‘Note 86. A Piece of Land

Governor Macquarie made several attempts to civilize the aborigines (sic) and raise them to the level of the white races. An example of this policy is found in the issue of a land grant of thirty acres in the district of Bathurst to a native, name Colebee. This grant was dated 31^st August, 1819.’
The Gazette provided an account of the grant to Bungaree.

‘On Tuesday last, at an early hour, His Excellency the GOVERNOR and Mrs. MACQUARIE, accompanied by a large party of Ladies and Gentlemen, proceeded in boats down' the Harbour to George's Head.

The object of this excursion, we understand, was to form an establishment for a certain number of Natives who had shewn a desire to settle on some favourable spot of land, with a view to proceed to the cultivation of it. - The ground assigned them for this purpose (the peninsula of George's Head) appears to have been judiciously chosen, as well from the fertility of the soil as from its requiring little exertions of labour to clear and cultivate; added to which, it possesses a peculiar advantage of situation; from being nearly surrounded on all sides by the sea; thereby affording its new possessors the constant opportunity of pursuing their favorite occupation of fishing, which has always furnished the principal source of their subsistence.
On this occasion, sixteen of the Natives, with their wives and families were assembled, and His EXCELLENCY the GOVERNOR, in consideration of the general wish previously expressed by them, appointed Boongaree (who has been long known as one of the most friendly of this race, and well acquainted with our language), to be their Chief, at the same time presenting him with a badge distinguishing his quality as "Chief of the Broken Bay Tribe," and the more effectually to promote the objects of this establishment, each of them was furnished with a full suit of slop cloathing, together with a variety of useful articles and implements of husbandry, by which they would be enabled to proceed in the necessary pursuits of agriculture: - A boat (called the Boongaree), was likewise presented them for the purpose of fishing.
About noon, after the foregoing ceremony had been concluded, HIS EXCELLENCY and party returned to Sydney, having left the Natives with their Chief in possession of their newly assigned settlement, evidently much please with it, and the kindness they experienced on the occasion. ‘

Sydney Gazette, 4^th February, 1815, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629052

85^ Pages 367-373, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916. I have not included William Shelley’s proposal for the Native Institution. It can be found at pages 370ff., HRA, Volume VIII. The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

On the 4^th of December 1815 Bathurst replied favourably to the proposal, providing “the Expence of the Establishment, which you deem adequate for making the Experiment, is not more than the Colonial funds, aided by private Subscriptions of individual”s. Page 645, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

86^ Sydney Gazette, 10^th December 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629022

87^ http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/state-archives/digital-gallery/lachlan-macquarie-visionary-and-builder/public-notices/full-transcript-establishment-of-the-native-institution-1814NRS 1046 [SZ759, pages 11-14; Reel 6038]

88^ Sydney Gazette, 10^th December 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629022

89^ Sydney Gazette, 31^st December 1814, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629028

90^ ‘* Note 86. A Piece of LandGovernor Macquarie made several attempts to civilize the aborigines (sic) and raise them to the level of the white races. An example of this policy is found in the issue of a land grant of thirty acres in the district of Bathurst to a native, name Colebee. This grant was dated 31^st August, 1819.’

91^ Pages466-467, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

92^ Sydney Gazette, 5^th August 1815, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/629160

93^ ‘‡ note 156. The despatches of 8^th and 7^th of October.’

94^ Page 645, HRA, Volume VIII, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1916.

95^ Sydney Gazette, 13^th January 1816, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176505/492960

96^ Sydney Gazette, 24th February, 1816, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176562/492992

97^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816may.html#may31

98^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816june.html

99^ Sydney Gazette, 29^th June 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176711

100^ Howe’s bridge over South Creek.

101^ Sydney Gazette, 16^th December, 1816, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2179946

102^ Sydney Gazette, Saturday, 15^th February 1817, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2177075/493251

103^ Sydney Gazette, 15^th March 1817, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2177134

104^ Page 39, Baiba Berzins, The Coming of the Strangers, Collins Australia, 1988.From .H. Clark, Field Sports &c. of the Native Inhabitants of New South Wales, 1813. I have not yet tracked down the original source to check its veracity.

105^ Shane Park.

106^ Sydney Gazette, Friday, 4^th October 1822, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2181367

107^ Page 407, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

108^ X. Y.Z. A Ride to Bathurst, Letter II, The Australian, 17^th March, 1827, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/37072089

109^ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/molle-george-james-2465

110^ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bent-ellis-1772

111^ http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie

112^ Page 279, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

113^ Text books, such as Pinnock’s Comprehensive Grammar of History and Geography, 1827, were in short supply, published in Britain and focused on the northern hemisphere. One page of Pinnock’s 460 pages dealt with Australia. History was introduced into NSW public schools under the 1880 Education Act. In avoiding religious controversy the focus was on the succession of English monarchs and Australian explorers. Pages 36 and 118, Sydney and the Bush, NSW Department of Education, 1980.

114^ Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, 7^th December 1889, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62224222

115^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 25^th June 1904, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85891533

116^ The above paragraph replaced the following paragraph that appeared in the Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, 7^th December 1889, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62224222

‘The proclamations that were issued are unique as specimens of laboured composition, and are well worth preserving among the curiosities of the earlier days.’

Here is an exact copy, culled from the official Gazette of the time:- PROCLAMATION By his Excellency Lachlan Macquarie, Esq., Captain General and Governor-in-Chief in and over His Majesty's Territory of New South Wales and its Dependencies, &c, &c, &c. Whereas the Aborigines, or Black natives of this colony have for the last three years manifested a strong and sanguinary spirit of Animosity and Hostility towards the British Inhabitants residing in the Interior and Remote Parts of the Territory, and been recently guilty of most atrocious and Wanton Barbarities, in indiscriminately murdering Men, Women and Children, from whom they had received no Offence or Provocation; and also in Killing Cattle, and plundering and destroying the Grain and Property of every Description, belonging to the Settlers and persons residing on and near the Banks of the River Nepean, Grose and Hawkesbury, and South Creek, to the great Terror, Loss and Distress of the Suffering Inhabitants - And whereas, notwithstanding that the Government has heretofore acted with the utmost Lenity and Humanity towards these Natives, in forbearing to punish such Wanton Cruelties and Depredations with their merited Severity, thereby hoping to reclaim them from their Barbarous Practices, and to conciliate them to the British Government, by affording them Protection, Assistance and Indulgence, instead of subjecting them to the Retaliation of Injury, which their own wanton cruelties would have fully justified; yet they, have persevered to the present day in committing every species of sanguinary Outrage and Depredation on the Lives and Properties of the British Inhabitants, after having been repeatedly cautioned to beware of the Consequences that would result to themselves, by the continuance of such destructive and barbarous Courses - And whereas his Excellency the Governor was lately reluctantly compelled to resort to coersive and strong Measures to prevent the recurrence of such Crimes and Barbarities, and to bring to Condign Punishment such of the Perpetrators of them as could be found and apprehended; and with this view sent out a Military Force to drive away these hostile Tribes from the British Settlements in the remote parts of the Country and to take as many of them Prisoners as possible; in executing which services several Natives have been unavoidably, killed and wounded, in Consequence of their not having surrendered themselves on being called to do so; amongst whom it may be considered fortunate, that some of the most guilty and atrocious of the Natives concerned in the late Murders and Robberies are numbered. And although it is to be apprehended that some few innocent Men, Women and Children may have fallen in these Conflicts, yet it is earnestly to be hoped that this Unavoidable Result, and the Severity which has attended it, will eventually strike Terror among the surviving Tribes, and deter them from the further commission of such sanguinary Outrages and Barbarities –‘

117^ The Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, 7^th December 1889, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62224222 included the following sentence which has been deleted from the Windsor and Richmond Gazette. “His Excellency now therefore earnestly calls upon such Natives as have Children to embrace so desirable and good an opportunity of providing for their helpless offspring, and of having them brought up, fed, clothed and educated in a Seminary established for such humane and desirable. purposes. And in furtherance of this measure,’

118^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 2^nd July 1904, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85892667

119^ Carbone Jack, who had many variations on his name, was the father of Narrang Jack. While Louisa Atkinson’s account of how Nerang Jack ended up on a farm is suspect, it is important in highlighting the close interaction of setters and Aborigines.”A man named Cobbon Jack, i.e. Big Jack, had a son which received the diminutive of Jackey Nerang (little or the less). This man's gin was given to the practice of infanticide, which he objected to, and requested a lady to adopt his son should he die, and leave it to the heartless Jinny's care. She promised to do so, and inquired by what name the child should call her, "nowar," (mother) queried Cobbon; on her assenting and repeating the word, he manifested great delight; little Jackey was henceforth called Garrida, from his birthplace ; the blacks explaining that he was going to be gentleman now, implying that a name emanating from landed possessions carried rank with it, as the Scotch lairds were called by the names of their estates.” The Sydney Morning Herald, 25^th September 1863, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/13094036

120^ In Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, 7^th December 1889, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62224222, this sentence read: “The Gazette of 11th May same year thus describes the first "Black Drive":-“

121^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 9^th July, 1904, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85892140

122^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 4^th January 1896, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/72547534

123^ Sydney Morning Herald, 31^st December 1904, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/14622830

124^ Sydney Gazette, 20^th January 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176512

125^ George Thomas Palmer was a free settler with a military background. He acted as Provost Marshall 1810-11 and Superintendent of Government Stock in1813-1814. He received his grant of 700 acres at Bringelly in 1812. His chief place of residence was Pemberton Grange near Parramatta. Palmer was also one of the earliest settlers west of the Blue Mountains. http://adb.anu.edu/biography/palmer-george-thomas-2532

126^ Sydney Gazette, 9^th March 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176580

127^ Sydney Gazette, 16^th March 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176587

128^ Page 306, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

129^ He was made magistrate for Bringelly and Cooke districts in 1815 and in December of that year was allowed to take some of his stock across the Blue Mountains because of the drought on the County of Cumberland. Given that Lowe led the above expedition it is possible that the attack by Aboriginal warriors from the Cumberland Plain on stock at Glenroy on the Cox’s River later in 1816 was a payback for the expedition described in the letter.

130^ Now usually spelt Gundungurrah.

131^ Contrast this sentence with the previous one about being on the defensive.

132^ Henry Byrnes.

133^ Oxley

134^ This incident is significant in showing that from the Aboriginal perspective, conflict was individualised. The five Aboriginal men obviously had no quarrel with the stock keeper.

135^ Pages 177-183, James S. Hassall, In Old Australia Records and Reminiscences from 1794, Originally printed 1902, Facsimile edition 1977.

136^ A phrase used by Adam Smith.

137^ Pages 52-54, HRA, Vol. IX, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917.

138^ Giovanni Antonio Galinani, 1757-1821, was an Italian newspaper publisher who started an English library in Paris in 1800. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Galignani

139^ The upper part of the head.

140^ Sagay is a French Creole word, from the Seychelles, meaning spear.

141^ Sydney Gazette, 23^rd March 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176591

142^ i.e., the old junction of the Grose and Nepean Rivers before the 1867 flood shifted the junction downstream.

143^ Mrs Lewis was the wife of William Lewis.

144^ Archibald Bell came to the colony in 1807 as an ensign in the NSW Corps. He was appointed magistrate in 1808, replacing Thomas Arndell (who never recovered the position). He received considerable land grants and lived at Belmont, Richmond Hill. He returned from the trial of Major Johnson in 1811 as a lieutenant in the New South Wales Royal Veterans Company. He commanded the military detachment at Windsor from 1812 to 1818.

145^ Sydney Gazette, 30^th March 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176603

146^ Pages 173-174, Selected and Edited by John Ritchie, The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, New South Wales Under Governor Macquarie, Volume 1 The Oral Evidence, Heinemann Melbourne, 1971.

147^ Private Eustace

148^ I found this in Michael Organ, Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines, 1770-1850. University of Wollongong, 1990. The original is in Mitchell Library, D'Arcy Wentworth Correspondence, MLA752, CY699, pages 183‑6. I have yet to check it.

149^ This was not Daniel Moowattee who was executed for the rape of the daughter of a settler in August 1816.

150^ +1 W^m. Possum

+2 Creek Jemmy

3 Bidjee Bidjee

4 Harry

(N. B. ++ Those two Guides are to join Capt. Schaw's detachment at Windsor.)

Harry may have grown up with the Macarthurs or Marsdens

151^ Southwards to the Grose River where it intersects the escarpment.

152^ Stone Quarry Creek runs into the Nepean from the west. It is upstream of Macarthur’s farm, also on the west bank of the Nepean and the site of modern Picton.

153^ AONSW, Reel 6045, 4/1734, pages 149‑168

154^ Cogie may have been Cocky who was hung by William Cox.

155^ Mary Giles appears to have arrived in 1794 and married William Bowman in 1806. http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AUS-NSW-HILLS-HAWKESBURY-HUNTER-VALLEY/2012-06/1340944567

156^ Letter Macquarie to Murphy, 22/04/1816, NLA mfm N257, Reel 6065 AONSW CSO 4/1798, pages 39-50.

157^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816april.html#apr10

158^ Sydney Gazette, Saturday, 13th April, 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176619

159^ Budburry?

160^ Captain Wallis, AONSW, Reel 6045; 4/1735 pages 50-62.

161^ Lieutenant Dawe, AONSW, Reel 6045; 4/1735 pages 29-32.

162^ Benjamin Singleton built a mill on Little Wheeny Creek in 1811. It can be identified by Mill Road which crosses and runs alongside it. Singleton’s Hill is near the junction of modern Bell’s Line of Road and Comleroy Road. The area later became known as Rawlinson’s corner.

163^ John Howe in 1805 had a 100 acre farm on the left bank of the Swallow Rock Reach.

164^ On the 9^th of May 1816 Lieutenant A G Parker's reported on his activities on the expedition. Archives: Reel 6045; 4/1735 pages50-62.

165^ One was dated 10^th of April, nearly a fortnight before Serjeant Murphy was ordered out.

166^ The government camp was at the junction of the Cox’s River and the River Lett.

167^ It is difficult to determine whose cattle this refers to. Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson were all granted land west of the Divide for their efforts, as was William Cox for his road building efforts. Marsden was granted land there in 1814 as a reward for his missionary activities in N.Z. Lawson was the first to drive his cattle over the Blue Mountains in December 1815. Page 28, C. J. King, An Outline of Closer Settlement in New South Wales, Department of Agriculture, 1957.

168^ 1 Corporal and 15 Privates,

169^

170^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816may.html#may4

171^

172^. It would appear that Captain Schaw camped at Singleton’s Hill, near the junction of modern Comleroy Road and Bell’s Line of Road and made his way down the Grain Road, now called Kurmond Road, to Howe’s farm which was on the Hawkesbury River just below the Ebenezer church.

173^ Arndell’s Cattai farm.

174^ O’Connell’s farm was uphill of the old Riverstone meat works. AONSW, reel 6045, 41173 5, pages 33‑41.

175^ Pages 125-126, Saxe Bannister, Statements and Documents relating to proceedings in New South Wales in 1824, 1825 and 1826, Capetown, Printed by W. Bridekirk, Heeregracht, 1827.

176^ Pages 96-98, Saxe Bannister, Statements and Documents relating to proceedings in New South Wales in 1824, 1825 and 1826, Capetown, Printed by W. Bridekirk, Heeregracht, 1827.

177^ It is unknown whether any Aborigines took up the Governor’s offer.

178^ Sydney Gazette, 4th May,1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176637

179^ Serjeant Broadfoot appeared to be a most capable soldier. “In May 1815, Sergeant Robert Broadfoot and six privates, on detachment at Hobart Town in Van Dieman’s Land, received a bounty of one hundred pounds for the capture of the bushrangers Maguire and Burne, who were later executed.” Page 41, Leonard Barton, The Military History of Windsor NSW, Len Barton, 1994. Serjeant Broadfoot was the first depositor in the Bank of New South Wales.

180^ Colonial Secretary’s Index, Reel 6045: 4/1735, pages 44-49, and 72-73.

181^ http://members.iinet.net.au/~perthdps/convicts/con329.htm

182^ “Dunn, Kibble, & others, for apprehending 5 Bushrangers 5 0 0” The Sydney Gazette, 11^th November 1820.

183^ Page 13, James McCelland, Book No. 5, The Nepean River Valley, Its History, Its Floods, Its People, McCelland Research, 1978

184^ Page 2, Alan Searle in Springwood Notebook 1788-1977 Springwood Historical Society, 1978.

185^ Page 74, Michael Duffy, Crossing the Blue Mountains, Journeys through Two Centuries, Duffy and Snellgrove, 1997.

186^ It is possible to speculate about the identity of one of the trackers. Jean Renee Constant Quoy passed over the Blue Mountains in November 1819 and noted: “… it was in one of these pleasant retreats that we first saw any of the wretched inhabitants of these lofty regions; there were only two; one was a sick old man, lying on kangaroo skins, near a fire, and receiving the attention of a younger man. Mr Lawson recognised this old man as Karadra, supreme chief or king of that part of the mountains. No-one, according to him, had proved more dangerous to the English, many of whom had perished at his hand, without anyone being able to catch him in the act. For a long time, however, this man had been peacefully disposed towards the settlers; he even served them either in waring against inland aborigines when the latter wanted to approach the Nepean, or by warning the English depots of their approach, if he was not strong enough to repel them without outside help, or finally by acting as a guide to the English troops when hostile tribes were over-running the country to commit depredations. We asked the youngest of these natives to fetch us a gourd of water, which he art once did; we then left them after making them several presents.” Quoy, Rene Constant, Charles Gaudichaud and Alphonse Pellion 1950[1819], ‘Excursion to the Town of Bathurst, 1819’, in Fourteen Journeys over the Blue Mountains of New South Wales 1813–1841, George Mackaness (ed), Australian Historical Monographs, Sydney: 7–12.

187^ James Meehan’s Surveyor’s Notebooks 114 and 145 and Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 6^th July 1889. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/72559770

188^ Bell's Line was unknown to settlers at this time.

189^ Spelt Gratton in the index.

190^ McCann received an early land grant at what is now Emu Heights. McCann’s Island, in the bend of the Nepean River is the only reminder of his presence there. It is logical to identify McCann’s Ridge as that on which Rusden Road, Mount Riverview, now runs. This theory is supported by the fact that the Aborigines were seen on their way to the river from Springwood. Early settlers in the Blue Mountains clung close to the road and Aboriginal people used Cox’s Road.

191^ Page 4-6, James T Ryan, Reminiscences of Australia, 1894 Reprinted 1982.

192^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 9th September 1893, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/72543762

193^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816may.html#may7

194^ Sydney Gazette, 11th May 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176653

195^ Gorgets, brass plates worn around the neck, were a largely anachronistic relic of feudal armies; worn by eighteenth century officers. Both the French and English gave them to Native American allies as part of a well established strategy of dividing and conquering.

196^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816may.html#may25

197^ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wallis-james-2770

198^ The bad weather he referred to were the drought-breaking rains.

199^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816june.html

200^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816june.html

201^ http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases1801.html

202^ Page 854, HRA, Series 1, Volume 1X, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, Sydney, 1917.

203^ Pages 139 ‑ 140, HRA, Series 1, Volume 1X, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, Sydney, 1917.

204^ John Akers was attacked and wounded on the Argyle Reach in September 1794. I do not know if it is the same family.

205^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816june.html

206^ Sydney Gazette, 29th June 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176711

207^ George Bowman wrote that the two men came from Mr Crowley’s farm which was a short distance up the Grose River from the Lewis farm. According to The Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 21^st December 1889, “In 1816, Joseph Hobson was killed by blacks, where Richmond now stands.” I believe that this was a misunderstanding of what Bowman wrote. I believe that Bowman described the deaths of Hobson and another man at Richmond. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/72561112 Cooramill caused even more confusion on page 87 in his Reminiscences when he recorded “A headstone erected to a Mr. Dobson, who was killed by the natives in 1817.”

208^ Sydney Gazette, 13th July 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176725

209^ Belmont may have been a pun on the family name and the original meaning of a lovely hill.

210^ Edward Luttrell, the father had gone to Tasmania in January 1816. Robert had been killed in 1811 and Edward was lost at sea off the Governor Macquarie also in 1811. Alfred was 24 in 1816. I t was unlikely to have been Oscar who was seventeen in 1816. Oscar was killed by Aborigines near Melbourne in 1838, http://theluttrells.homestead.com/edwardluttrellborn1757.html

211^ the 6^th of July

212^ Kearns premises was Obadiaeh Aikens old farm. It was where Mrs Lewis and her assigned servant would be killed.

213^ Richard Lewis.

214^ 8^th July 1816

215^ On Little Wheeny Creek.

216^ the 9^th of July 1816.

217^ Pages 177-181, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 ML, reel CY2743; DL Add 81, State Library of NSW http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid=862003&suppress=N&imgindex=190

218^ William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 DL Add 81

Digital order No. 1893182

State Library of NSW

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219^ Page 182-183, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 ML, reel CY2743;

DL Add 81,

State Library of NSW

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220^ Page 184-186, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 ML, reel CY2743;

DL Add 81,

State Library of NSW

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221^ Probably short for Portland Head Jamie.

222^ Robert Catrwight was the chaplain of the Hawkesbury since 1810 and appointed by Macquarie to the magistracy.

223^ Page 187, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 ML, reel CY2743;

DL Add 81,

State Library of NSW

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224^ George James and “Daddy” Merrick were, according to Cooramill, the Hawkesbury’s first policemen. “Speaking of the boys who used to help George James, Alf Smith was the first I remember. He was the old man’s foster son, and to his credit he still speaks of the old man with respect and affection. Jack Whoolemboy was the other. I do not know where Jack came from, or what became of him. But I fancy I can remember the name in Kurrajong many years ago.

During James turn of office as policeman lawlessness was rife. The old man could tell of many adventures with the bushrangers. Grovenor (who was 6ft. 3in. high), Lynch, and Garey, Walmseley, Donohoe, Webber, Armstrong and a host of others he knew. And the encounters he had with the blacks!”

Page 272, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond, From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010

The Sydney Gazette, 2^nd September 1826 carried further information about Wool-loom-by, alias Bugle Jack, of Richmond.

225^ William Cox arrived in 1800 as Lieutenant and paymaster of New South Wales Corps. Financial irregularities while paymaster led to the resignation of his commission in 1809. He was fortunate in being in England during the deposal of Governor Bligh and as his wife signed a petition in support of Governor Bligh from their Clarendon home, Governor Macquarie was probably quite glad to appoint him a magistrate in the Hawkesbury from 1810. He supervised construction of the road across the Blue Mountains 1814-1815. He owned land at Dundas, Windsor, Bathurst and Mulgoa. Lachlan Macquarie probably had little problems with Cox’s financial irregularities. As paymaster of the 77^th Regiment in India at various times during the 1790s, Macquarie drew the regimental pay up to three months in advance, invested the money with Indian money lenders and kept the interest (£9000) for himself. Page 34, John Ritchie, Lachlan Macquarie, Melbourne University Press, 1986.

226^ John Brabyn arrived as an ensign in 1796. He returned to England with the 102nd Regiment in 1810 and arrived back in New South Wales in 1811 to join the New South Wales Veteran Company He left the colony in 1815 and returned on the transport Larkins in November 1817. He was a Magistrate at Windsor from January 1818. He owned land at Windsor and Prospect.

227^ Alfred Smith, Some Ups and Downs of an Old, Richmondite, Nepean Family Historical Society Inc, 1991.

228^ Whilst I am unsure of the meaning of the word, Boughton used it as a name of his home at Mountain Lagoon.

229^ Cooramill gave some insights into Bell's character in his memoirs. “Mr. Bell has been spoken of by the old hands as being a hard master; but one must remember it was hard times, and he had hard characters to deal with. There not only the prisoners to keep in subjection, but there were the aboriginals, of whom there was a goodly number and with whom it was necessary to deal with firmly, for they very naturally did not submit quietly to the surrender of their territory to the white intruders and were ever in the alert to take advantage of the unwary.

Mr. Bell’s training as an officer in the imperial service in India, before he came to Australia, made him cautious, and thus perhaps severe.”

Pages 106-107, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010
Elsewhere in his memoirs Cooramill wrote: “I have already stated that some people gave Mr. Bell a hard name. Some went so far as to say he was cruel – so cruel that even dumb animals resented his cruelty, and refused to draw his remains to their last resting place. After horses were tried, even bullocks refused.”

Page 111, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010

Toby Ryan on page 19 of his Reminiscences of Australia, described John Brabyn as “one of the tyrannical demons of the aristocracy” and one “of the old military despots”.

230^ Stephen Muecke, Textual Spaces, The University of New South Wales Press Ltd, 1992

231^ Page 109-110, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond, From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010

232^ Rawlinson’s Corner was the junction of Bell’s Line of Road and Comleroy Road. At some early stage it was a convict camp. Rawlinson, the blacksmith, lived there in the 1830’s. Rawlinson’s Corner was the scene of several hangings. Pages 62-63, Vivienne Webb, Kurrajong, An Early History, VivienneWebb, Sydney, 1980. Rawlinson’s Corner was downhill from Singleton’s Hill.

233^ Hominy is a Native American word for maize. In this context hominy could refer to soup, bread, or dumplings.

234^ I am not sure who the “well-known terror to the blacks” was. It may have been Alfred Luttrell, whose family seemed to be in perpetual conflict with the Aborigines.

235^ Cooramill’s use of the phrase bullock dray may have been anachronistic but the wagon used may have been that used by Benjamin Carver for transporting Baggage and Provisions of a Detachment of the 46th Regt. from Richmond to Sydney. Sydney Gazette, 17th of February1817, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2177063

236^ Thompson’s Ridge was an early name for the ridge upon which Gregg’s Road, Grose Vale now runs.

237^ Kearns’s Retreat, was Obadiah Aiken’s old farm at the junction of the Grose and Nepean Rivers.

238^ Pages 150-151, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010.

239^ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/other_features/correspondence/documents/document_102a/ As well as George Bowman's account, Peter Cunningham also wrote a fuller account about the killing of Mr. Greig's cousin and a convict servant on his Hunter property in October 1825. The killers then visited the Hawkesbury and returned via the Bulgar road, chasing some mounted settlers and stopped at a hut at Putty where there were three men known to them. One of the men was killed and the other badly beaten and the third escaped to Richmond. An armed party was sent out after them, and fell upon the camp of a “friendly tribe” which was scattered (Pages 197-198, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966). The three accounts suggest that Carr was the man killed at Putty.

240^ Call No: DLDOC 132, Digital Order No: a3057001

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid+877023&suppress=N&imgindex=1

241^ Apart from the following reference I have not yet been able to trace whether or not Captain, from Cattai, went to sea on the Elizabeth. http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2010/mari_nawi/docs/marinawi_captions.pdf

242^ Sydney Gazette, 20th July 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176728

243^ 26^th July, Circular re Aboriginal activities reel 6005, 4/3494, p 55:

244^ Sydney Gazette, 3^rd August 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176749

245^ Sydney Gazette, 3rd August, 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176753

246^ Sydney Gazette, 10th August 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176762

247^ Sydney Gazette, 31st August 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176790

248^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816sept.html

249^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816sept.html

250^ The Cox farm was at Mulgoa, Blaxland’s Grove Farm was at modern Wallacia on the Nepean, Wright’s farm was at Bringelly and Sir John Jamison’s at Regentville on the Nepean.

251^ The town of Bilpin probably owes its name to this man, rather than being an abbreviation of Bell’s Pinnacle.

252^ Call No: DL Add 81Digital Order No: a1893188

State Library of New South Wales

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid=862003&suppress=N&imgindex=190

253^ Call No. DL Add 81Digital Order No. a1893191

State Library of New South Wales

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid=862003&suppress=N&imgindex=190

254^ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1816/r_v_mowwatty/

255^ For the trial of Daniel Mowwatting see Sydney Gazette, 28th September 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176824

256^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816oct.html

257^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816nov.html

258^ Pages 365-366, HRA, Series 1, Vol. IX, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, Sydney, 1917

259^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816nov.html

260^ William Stubbs, born in 1796, married Mary Ann Rogers in 1819. He had been brought up by James Painter who had married William’s widowed mother in 1806 after the drowning of her husband in 1805.

A court case was held on 28^th June 1889 regarding “a Crown grant of 60 acres of land situate in the parish of Spencer, county of Northumberland, Hawkesbury River, commencing at the south east corner of Cleary's 40 acres, promised by His Excellency Governor Macquarie to one William Stubbs in 1816 as his reward and remuneration for his prompt assistance to the police and aid in pursuit of the black natives at the time of the eruption and disturbance in 1816, who thereupon entered into possession of the same, … A number of documents and petitions were tendered in evidence in support of the case, including a certificate from Captain Cox, formerly Magistrate at Windsor, under whom Wm. Stubbs served in the war that Stubbs was entitled to the grant; plan and survey and description of the land made by Mr. Surveyor Meehan. All went to show conclusively that the promise of a grant had been made by Governor Macquarie to Wm. Stubbs”

Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 6^th July 1889. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/72559770

261^ Joseph Mc Loughlin had been a guide in the earlier military expeditions.

262^ DL Add 81Digital order No. a1893189

State Library of NSW

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263^ This is the earliest usage of the phrase “half-cast” in this work. It comes from the Latin word castus, meaning pure.

264^ Bidgee Bidgee was awarded with a brass gorget naming him chief of the Kissing Point Tribe on the 6^th of June 1816.

265^ Pages 188-194, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 ML, reel CY2743; DL Add 81, State Library of NSW

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid=862003&suppress=N&imgindex=190

266^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816nov.html

267^ Whether it be Scotland, Canada or Australia the McDougall’s seem fond of building Ossian’s Hall. In the 1760’s the Scottish poet, James MacPherson, published a series of poems that he claimed were translations from the Scots Gaelic of Ossian. The most famous concerned the mythological hero Fingal. MacPherson’s work is thought to have been an inspiration for the Romantic Movement. It is now generally conceded that MacPherson’s work was largely a fabrication.

268^ Colonial Secretary’s Index, (Reel 6046; 4/1736 pp.140-2).

269^ Sydney Gazette, 21st December 1816, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176965

270^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816dec.html

271^ Call No: DLDOC 132Digital Order No: a3057004

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid+877023&suppress=N&imgindex=1

272^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1816/1816dec.html

273^ Sydney Gazette, 4th January 1817, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176987

274^ Call No: DLDOC 132Digital order No: a 3057005/6

State Library of NSW

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid+877023&suppress=N&imgindex=1

275^ Narrang Jack (Little Jack) P. 74, J. Brooks and J.L. Cohen, The Parramatta Native Institute and the Black Town, University of New South Wales Press, 1991.

276^ http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1817/1817jan.html

277^ Australian Archives of NSW (Reel 6038; SZ759 p.313).

278^ Sydney Gazette, 8^th February 1817, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2177063

279^ Page 342, HRA, Series 1, Vol. IX, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, Sydney, 1917.

280^ Sydney Gazette, 3^rd May 1817, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2177205

281^ Rewards were common. On the 2^nd of September1824 the Gazette carried a reward of 500 acres for the capture of Windradyne, also known as Saturday.

282^ Pages 451-452, Sibella Macarthur Onslow, (ed), Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1914.

283^ AONSW, Reel 6065, 4/1799, 10-11, (also recorded as 31 and No. 31).

284^ Page 124, Saxe Bannister, Statements and Documents Relating to Proceedings in New South Wales, in 1824, 1825, and 1826. Cape Town, W. Bridekirk, Heeregracht, 1827.

285^ Whether this was the father or the son is unclear.

286^ Pages 49, 74 and 128, Niel Gunson, Editor, Australian Reminiscences and papers of L. E. Threlkeld, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 2601.

287^ The original charge was murder.

288^ In his memorandum of the 8^th of October 1816 Cox complained that he only saw the parties in the field intermittently.

289^ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1824/supreme_court/r_v_johnston_and_others/ and http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/page/494903

290^ The Colonist, 27^th October 1838, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/page/4246179

291^ John Dunmore Lang arrived in 1823 to become the colony’s first Presbyterian Minister. Page 80, D.G. Bowd, Macquarie Country, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979.

292^ The Colonist, 27^th October 1838 http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/page/4246179?zoomLevel=3 The Oxford English Definition of Commando follows:”S. Africa...A party commanded or called out for military purposes; an expedition or raid: a word applied in South Africa to quasi-military expeditions of the Portuguese or the Dutch Boers (esp. the latter) against the natives.” The earliest record cited by the OED is for 1834. An earlier record appeared on pages clxvi-vii of Saxe Bannister, Humane Policy or Justice to the Aborigines of New Settlements, first published London 1830, Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1968. In 1802 Dr. Vander Kemp wrote “Should, however, the governor, with all his horror for commandos, yield to this application, and be persuaded to order one, under the most rigorous cautions against excess, then is the joy of the boors let loose. Conscience is silenced – fears vanish - complaint is no longer heard. Some of them even expatiate upon the tortures they will inflict upon their prisoners, whilst others make a merit of sparing a few children, whose services their wives or daughters have demanded for themselves. The thirst for blood is slaked, not at kraals known to have done them mischief, but at such as will be the most defenceless.”

293^ Page 195-197, William Romaine Govett, Sketches of New South Wales, originally published in The Saturday Magazine in 1836-37, republished by Gaston Renard, Melbourne, 1977.

294^ Pages 264‑265, Roger Milliss, Waterloo Creek, 1992.

295^ Page 29, Australian Aborigines, Copies of Extracts of Despatches relative to the massacre of various Aborigines of Australia, in the year 1838, and respecting the trial of their murderers. House of Commons 1839http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hTBDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq

296^ Prosper’s family background is not untypical of early Hawkesbury settler familes. His grandmother, Elizabeth Crouch, a convict, had four men in her life, reflecting the challenges of a convict mother. The first, Captain Stephen Tuckerman, was lost at sea in 1802. She married William Addy who had been driven out of Sackville in 1796 by Aboriginal attacks. He died in 1812. Her next husband, Thomas Ivory died in 1815. Edward Churchill was a successful Sackville farmer and raised her son Stephen, which probably explains Thomas’ presence in the Tuckeman vault at St. Thomas’ cemetery, Sackville. (http://australianroyalty.net.au/individual.php?pid=I52308&ged=purnellmccord.ged).

297^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 20^th June 1908, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85862861

298^ Mudgee Independent, 1875-1892.

299^ Sackville Reach.

300^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 25^th October 1890.

301^ I first came across this information in Peter Turbet’s The First Frontier. I have not yet investigated the source, AONSW, Judge Advocate’s reports 1796-1820, Reel 2232, pp.97-112.

302^ Page 263, J. Brooks and J.L. Cohen, The Parramatta Native Institute and the Black Town, University of New South Wales Press, 1991. Originally in Pages 170-71, Colwell J., History of Methodism, Sydney 1904.

303^ In 1810, letters on this matter were dashed off by Philanthropus and A Friend to Civilization. It is likely that Philanthropus was the Reverend Cartwright and A Friend to Civilization was George Howe, the editor of the Gazette.

304^ Sydney Gazette,17^th April, 1819, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/page/494184

305^ The Reverend Robert Cartwight, 1771-1856, was a Church of England minister in the Hawkesbury, who in 1819 transferred to Liverpool. He was an early advocate of Aboriginal welfare.

306^ William Minchin had been a NSW Corps officer who left the colony in 1810 before returning in 1818. In 1819 he was given a 1000 acre grant by Macquarie which is compassed in the modern Minchinbury estate.

307^ Thomas Moore, 1762-1840, sailor, master boat builder, settler and Georges River magistrate in 1819.

308^ Walter Lawry, 1793-1859, was a Methodist missionary who arrived in 1818. He served in NSW and the South Seas and is buried in Parramatta.

309^ John Youl, 1773-1827, was an Independent missionary and Church of England minister best known for his service at the Ebenezer church.

310^ Thomas Carne, an 1818 free settler with land at Cabramatta.

311^ John Wood was a free settler who arrived in 1818 and had land grants in the Bringelly area.

312^ Colonial Secretary’s Index, 24^th August, 1824, reel 6048, 4/1743, pages 166-8.

313^ The Sydney Gazette, 2^nd October 1819, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2179006

314^ The date is incorrect on the original document. It should be 1815.

315^ Maria was the daughter of Yellomundee. Maria married Robert Lock on the 26^th of January 1824. Maria’s death certificate showed that she was born in 1794. It was more likely she was born in 1808. Page 250, J. Brooks and J.L. Cohen, The Parramatta Native Institute and the Black Town, University of New South Wales Press, 1991.

316^ Nalour and Doors were apparently captured on the Punitive expedition. Page 69, Ibid.

317^ Betty Cox was married on the 19^th July 1821 to a Aboriginal man called Johnny who took her surname. Page 84, Ibid.

318^ Married on the 19^th of July 1821. Page 84, Ibid.

319^ Betty Fulton married Creek Jemmy’s son Bobby, on the 14^th of March 1821 and moved to the Richmond Blacktown Road. Page 83, Ibid.

320^ 10^th of October, 1821, Page 84, Ibid.

321^ ‘It is worthy of observation that 3 of the latter mentioned number of children (and the son of the memorable Ben-ni-long was one of them), were placed in the Native institution immediately on the breaking up of the congress on Saturday last, making the number of children, now in that establishment, altogether 18; and we may reasonably trust, that in a few years this benevolent Institution will amply reward the hopes and expectations of its liberal Patrons and Supporters, and answer the grand object intended, by providing a seminary for the helpless offspring of the natives of this Country, and opening the path to their future civilization and improvement.’Sydney Gazette, 4th January 1817, http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2176987
‘On Friday night last, THOMAS WALKER COKE an aboriginal native, and son to the renowned Bennelong, departed this life, at the Wesleyan Aboriginal Mission house, in the vicinity of Parramatta after a rather short illness. It is an especial duty, we conceive, to record the demise of this interesting youth: his age was somewhere about 20. When the Rev. Mr. WALKER first came in the Colony he adopted the deceased as his own son, in the benign view not only of feeding and cloathing him, but also to instil into his mind the saving principles of Christianity. A single aberration excepted, the once poor friendless black-boy amply compensated his master-friend-and brother, for the sedulous attention that was paid to his interest. Three or four months since, he was publicly baptized, being honored with the distinguished and humanizing name of the immortal Dr. COKE. A few weeks since he was married to a native girl, who had been some considerable time previous maternally treated in the family of Mrs.Hassall, of Parramatta: her name is Maria. Up to the period of his death he gave satisfactory evidence of his acceptance with his Maker, leaving his Pastor a firm hope of his eternal happiness. He ever seemed greatly interested in the present unenviable condition of his hapless race, and often fervently prayed that their case should never be allowed to droop’. Sydney Gazette, 6^th February, 1823, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2181620

322^ Page 84, Ibid.

323^ Page 84, Ibid.

324^ Maria and Martha ran away in the first part of 1821. Page 83, Ibid. I t is possible that it was this Maria who married Dicky. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the “Maria” who “had been some considerable time previous maternally treated in the family of Mrs.Hassall, of Parramatta” had attended the Native Institute.

325^ Page 84, Ibid.

326^ Polly was married on the 14^th of March 1821 to Michael Yarringguy, a constable at Richmond and moved to the Richmond Blacktown Road. Page 83, Ibid.

327^ Maria and Martha ran away in the first part of 1821. Page 83, Ibid. It was this Maria who lived with the Hassalls and married Dicky.

328^ NSW Heritage has an excellent coverage of the site’s history at http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_02_2.cfm?itemid=5051312

329^ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/other_features/correspondence/documents/document_68a/

330^ The case of Daniel Moowattye as the only record of rape of a European by an Aborigine.

331^ Mr. Campbell to Mr. Justice Burton - habits and manners of the BlacksNo 71, http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/other_features/correspondence/documents/document_71/

332^ The Sydney Gazette, 24^th February, 1821, carried a reference to “Colebee (a black native)” receiving a land grant.

333^ Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 8^th July 1927, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/85953295

334^ Pages 676-678, Historical Records of Australia, Series 1, Vol. X, The Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1917.

335^ http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1823/australasia2.html

336^ Pages 31‑32, Valerie Ross, Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989.

337^ Sydney Gazette, 11^th November, 1824, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2183382

338^ Sydney Gazette, 3^rd February 1825 and 3^rd June 1825.

339^ Pages 31‑32, Valerie Ross, Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989.

Valerie Ross also mentioned John Brown of ‘Flat Rock’, Lower Portland who reputedly feared the Aborigines and had set aside a portion of his land for them. This John Brown who died around 1840 was apparently an old soldier, but should not be confused with David Brown who was speared in 1799. I have not yet been able to trace Valerie Ross’ source for this information.

340^ a letter of John Brabyn, Colonial Secretary’s Correspondence, Reel 6068; 4/1812 p.11, suggested that Bumblefoot was at Broken Bay.

341^ Colonial Secretary’s correspondence, Reel 1119, AONSW Dillon’s letter of 25 May 1825 and Page 22, Valerie Ross, Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989.

342^ Pages 139-140, Valerie Ross, Hawkesbury Story, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989.

343^ Australian Town and Country Journal, 3^rd January 1906http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/71525972

344^ Page 26, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004.

345^ Pages 35-57, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004.

346^ Pages 81-88, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004.

347^ Pages 89 - 101, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004.

348^ Bigge’s partiality to Bell is revealed by the following record “… the chief constable of Windsor, Mr. Howe, had been employed to explore the country from the lower branch of the river Hawkesbury, in a northern direction, to Hunter’s River, or the Coal River. This tract of country had also been examined at a more recent period by a son of Lieutenant Bell, and was found to contain a long and stony ridge, covered with stunted shrubs, and occasional small tracts of good pasturage. At a place that is called by the natives Boottee, several vallies were found inclosed by rocky hills, passable for cattle. Proceeding further to the north, there was an alternation nearly of the same kind, but an improvement in the soil, which continued as far as Comorri, upon the banks of a branch of Hunter’s River, where it was the intention of Mr. Bell to make a temporary establishment for his cattle.” Page 9, The Bigge Report, Australiana Facsimile Editions, No. 70, Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide, 1966.

349^ Pages 173-174, Selected and Edited by John Ritchie, The Evidence to the Bigge Reports, New South Wales Under Governor Macquarie, Volume 1 The Oral Evidence, Heinemann Melbourne, 1971.

350^ Page 69, Collin Dyer, The French Explorers and Sydney, UQP, 2009.

351^ Pages 105-106, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004.

352^ Joseph Onus married Emma Powell, daughter of Edward Powell. Page 66, Alfred Smith, Some Ups and Downs of an Old Richmondite,

353^ Page 21, Andy MacQueen, Somewhat Perilous, Andy MacQueen, 2004 and. pages 50-54, Roger Milliss, Waterloo Creek, 1992.

354^ Page 435, Barron Field, Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, London, 1825.

355^ The escarpment, or Kurrajong Heights, appeared to have been known as Tabarag ridge or Talbaraga ridge according to Major Mitchell in 1833 (Page 34, Meredyth Hungerford, Bilpin the Apple Country, Meredyth Hungerford, 1995.

356^ Pages 106-107, S. Boughton (Cooramill), Reminiscences of Richmond From the Forties Down, Cathy McHardy, 2010.

357^ The fact that Cocky was mentioned at all, reinforces my contention that many of the Aborigines who we know were killed had frequent contact with the settlers.

358^ Emery, alias the Lawyer, was still alive in 1826. Sydney Gazette, 2^nd September 1826.

359^ Page 27, Alfred Smith, Some Ups and Downs of an Old Richmondite, Nepean Family Historical Society, 1991.These recollections were originally printed by Robert Farlow in the Windsor Richmond Gazette, 1909-1910.

360^ Page 90-91, Mrs Felton Matthew’s Journal, Olive Harvard, Mrs Felton Matthew’s Journal, Journal of the Royal Austrlaian Historical Society, Volume 29, 1943.

361^ The cut rock was the earliest road to descend from Kurrajong Heights to the Bilpin ridge. Page 233, Olive Harvard, Mrs Felton Matthew’s Journal, Journal of the Royal Austrlaian Historical Society, Volume 29, 1943.

362^ Mrs Mathew here puts up an entirely different version of Bell’s discovery, i.e., that he was shown the route. The descent of Cox’s Road down the western escarpment of the Blue Mountains was problematic. Various attempts were made during the 1820s to address the issue culminating in the completion of Victoria Pass in 1832. Pages 231-3, Mrs Felton Matthew’s Journal,

363^ Big Wheeney Creek.

364^ Cox’s “weather-boarded-hut” was at what is now Wentworth Falls. This is an important reference, indicating that the settlers were looking across from places such as the “weather-boarded-hut” to the northern side of the Grose Valley and contemplating a possible route.

365^

366^ Conrad Martens made a sketck of Jacob’s Ladder in 1876.

367^ Benjamin Singelton’s mills on the north side of Bell’s Line of Road near Comleroy Road.

368^ Page 20, Meredyth Hungerford, Bilpin the Apple Country, Meredyth Hungerford, 1995.

369^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilpin,_New_South_Wales

370^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Bell,_Jr.

371^ Pages 60 and 62, Meredyth Hungerford, Bilpin the Apple Country, Meredyth Hungerford, 1995.

372^ Call No: DL Add 81Digital Order No: a1893188

State Library of New South Wales

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid+862003&suppress=N&imgindex=188

373^ Call No: DLDOC 132Digital Order No: a3057004

http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/album/ItemViewer.aspx?itemid+877023&suppress=N&imgindex=1

374^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/66369080

375^ Page 24, Judy Campbell, Invisible Invaders, Smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press, 2002.

376^ ‘Cole-be's wife, the namesake of the Ba-rang-a-roo … died of a consumption’, Page 504, David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume I, A.H. &A.W. Reed, Sydney, 1975.

377^ By 1850 it was estimated that half the British population had consumption, or TB. Page 16, Judy Campbell, Invisible Invaders, Smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press, 2002.

378^ I have not been able to locate the primary source and must rely upon, Pages 336 352, Frank Debenham, The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen, vol 2 , Hakluyt Society, London, 1945.

379^ Sydney Gazette, 19^th August 1820

380^ Midway between modern Liverpool and Campbelltown.

381^ There is a general consensus now that small pox came with the First Fleet. While the author may be avoiding that admission, the difference between small pox and chicken pox was only established in the mid 18^th Century.

382^ A poisonous tree on the island of Java.

383^ Sydney Gazette, 16th December 1820, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2179946/494753

384^ Page 185, James S. Hassall, In Old Australia Records and Reminiscences from 1794, Originally printed 1902, Facsimile edition 1977.

385^ Page 122, J. Brooks and J.L. Cohen, The Parramatta Native Institute and the Black Town, University of New South Wales Press, 1991.

386^ Page 54, Glynn Barratt, The Russians at Port Jackson, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1981

387^ Page 103, Campbell, Invisible Invaders, Smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press, 2002 and Voyage medical autour du monde, pp110-111,.

388^ http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AUS-PT-JACKSON-CONVICTS/2005-04/1113432356

389^ If the Harry referred to by Barron Field in his Memoirs, published in 1825, is the same Harry referred to in the Memoranda, then the Memoranda was written in the late 1820's.

390^ ‘The venereal disease also had got among them; but I fear our people have to answer for that; for though I believe none of our women had connection with then, yet there is no doubt but that several of the black women had not scrupled to connect themselves with the white men. … It was by no means ascertained whether the lues venerea had been among them before they knew us, or whether our people had to answer for having introduced that devouring plague. Thus far is certain, however, that they gave it a name, Goo-bah-rong; a circumstance that seems rather to imply a pre-knowledge of its dreadful effects.’Page 496-497, David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume I, A.H. &A.W. Reed, Sydney, 1975.

391^ Page 202, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966. On Page 95 of the same work, Cunningham confidently assured his readers that “gonorrhoea is exceedingly common, and very virulent while it lasts, though always yielding readily to low diet, rest, and frequent ablutions.”

392^ Page 17, Judy Campbell, Invisible Invaders, Smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press, 2002.

393^ Page 18, ibid.

394^ Macarthur Papers, 1823-97, A4360, CY2378, Mitchell Library.

395^ Page 99, Neil Gunson,

396^ Page14, Judy Campbell, Invisible Invaders, Smallpox and other diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press, 2002.

397^ Page 54, ibid.

398^ Page 186, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966.

399^ Page 188, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966.

400^ Pages 195-197, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966.

401^ Major Goulburn replaced John Campbell to become the first official Colonial Secretary in February 1821.

402^ Pages 204-205, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966.http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ta6d3hENPa4C

403^ X.Y.Z. A Ride to Bathurst, Letter V, The Australian, 27^th March, 1827, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/37074294Page 121, Crossing the Blue Mountains, Duffy and Snellgrove, 1997.

404^ Page 162, Colin Dyer, The French Explorers of Sydney, UQP, 2009

405^ Ships Musters, 1816-21, hard copy of 4/4771, COD/420, AONSW, Kingswood, NSW.

406^ Thomas Chaseland arrived as a convict in 1792 and formed a union with Margaret McMahon, another convict. They had six children in the period 1798-1811. Bobbie Hardy, pages 84-86, Early Hawkesbury Settlers, Kangaroo Press, 1985, confused one of the six, Tom, with his older half-brother, also a Tom, in claiming that the young Tom was off on a sealing voyage “at ten years old”. The earliest reference to Thomas Chaseland in the Sydney Gazette is the 7^th of July 1805. By the time he subscribed to the Waterloo fund, Thomas Chaseland had become Thomas Chaseling: Sydney Gazette, 16^th of March, 1816.

407^ Sydney Gazette, 28^th August 1819.

408^ The background of Tom Chaseland has generated considerable interest and discussion, particularly as Tom Chaseland became a famous whaler and ended up in New Zealand. He has a chapter in Keith Vincent Smith, Mari Nawi, Aboriginal Oddessys, Rosenberg, 2010 and http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2010/mari_nawi/docs/marinawi_captions.pdf. There were a number of sailors called Tom at this time, however, they are all identified by their place of origin. While possible, there is no particular evidence to suggest that “Tom – from the Branch” was Tommy Chaseland. In a 2008 article, entitled A New Holland Half-Caste” (http://journals.publishing.monash.edu/ojs/index.php/ha/article/view/272/285 ) Lynette Russell tentatively argues that the young Aboriginal girl taken by Henry Lamb was Tommy Chaseland’s mother. I find this argument unlikely. Dr. Geoff E. Ford, in his MA thesis, Darkinung Recognition, http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/7745, argues that Aboriginal Tommy Chaseland was born in 1797 to a Botany Bay mother as his father was in Port Jackson at this time. This would have implications for Tom Chaseland’s Aboriginal identity. In a New Zealand marriage Registry Tommy Chaseland, the son, was identified as being 47 in 1850, which places his birth in 1803, http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Tommy_Chaseland_(c1797-1869) and http://journals.publishing.monash.edu/ojs/index.php/ha/article/view/272/285.

409^ Page 263, Ship Muster 1816-21

410^ http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2010/mari_nawi/docs/marinawi_captions.pdf

411^ Pages 99-101, Sir William Dixson - documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1816-1853 DL Add 81 Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW

412^ AONSW, Reel 6055; 4/1760, page139.

413^ Pages 197-198, Editor, David S. Macmillan, Peter Cunningham, Surgeon R.N., Two Years in New South Wales, First Published 1827, Reprinted, Angus and Robertson, 1966.

414^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/37072431

415^ On the 16^th of January 1816, John, Richmond, a “Black Native of the Colony; of Richmond was on a list of persons to receive grants of land … at Pitt Town”. Archives: Fiche 3266; 9/2652 p26.

416^ Sydney Gazette, 31st March 1825http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2183873

417^ Sydney Gazette, 22^nd October 1825, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2184584

A memorial by his sister, Maria Lock, contained a reference to Colebee dying before March 1831.

418^ Page 58, Niel Gunson, Australian Reminiscences and Papers of L. E. Threlkeld, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1974.

419^ Warren was one of the men listed by Cox in his memorandum of the 19^th of July 1816 and outlawed by Macquarie the following day.

420^ This was probably an error on the typesetter’s part. It probably should be Nirangi.

421^ Jonquay may have been Jubbinguy who was captured with Jemmy Monday, Kitten, Jack, Pamborah, and Pinboya in early November 1816.

422^ Sydney Gazette, 2^nd September 1826, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2186454

423^ Page 15, Ed. Malcolm Sainty and Keith Johnson, Census of New South Wales November 1828, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1985.

424^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2202441

425^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/12847522

426^ Sydney Herald, 29^th August 1833, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/12847584

427^ Shane’s Park was one of Chief Surgeon John Harris’ properties on the east bank of South Creek. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanes_Park,_New_South_Wales

428^ Clydesdale was Walter Lang’s 1813 grant of 700 acres on the east bank of South Creek. http://riverstonehistoricalsociety.org.au/history.html

429^ Jericho House was built by Richard Rouse for his son George on a 347 acre land purchase across the Richmond Road from his Berkshire Park estate. Jericho was on the west side of South Creek. It was named after the Rouse Home in England. http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AUS-NSW-PENRITH/2009-06/1245713984

430^ The Tumble-down barn was on the east bank of South Creek near the junction with Eastern Creek. While Margaret Catchpole was involved in the 1806 and 1809 floods there is no evidence that she rescued anyone. Page 145, Laurie Chater Forth, Margaret Catchpole, Laurie P. Forth, 2012.

431^ The Sydney Gazette in 1809-11 carried several references to a race course which was probably located around Box Hill. It is mentioned in reference to Copenhagen Farm and Second Ponds. It was located alongside the farms of Robert Fitz and William Boughton. The Sydney Gazette on 18^th August 1810 reported the existence of a race course near lands known as the Riverstone property. This may refer to either race course. Early journals report race meetings on a straight course on Andrew Thompson’s Killarney property adjoining Nelson Common before 1809. Killarney was the name given to part of Andrew Thompson’s land grant by one of his workers. Edmund Redmond, who later acquired the Killarney property, built Clare House for his daughter and her husband John Scarvill as a wedding present. Ian Jack, in Exploring the Hawkesbury, argues that an 1814 building was incorporated into Clare House. Clare House is on Clare Crescent across from Arndell Anglican College. Clare House is also known as Killarney House to locals. The first reference that I can find to horse racing on the Killarney property was the announcement of a two day race meeting on 22^nd and 24th July 1829 in the Sydney Gazette. The race committee that organised the race was made up of local worthies. John Scarvill was a steward for that first race. I believe that the local gentry seized upon the coincidence of the first race meeting in 1827 of the Killarney Race Course in Ireland to form their own race club. Being round, the Killarney race course was almost certainly not Andrew Thompson’s old straight track. “It measures about a mile and a quarter round and is nearly a dead level”, The Australian, 2^nd September, 1831, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/36867203. However, it may have been built over Andrew Thompsons old course, just as that, may have been built over the “race ground”, which I think may have been a ceremonial ground. An advertisement in the Sydney Herald, 13^th January 1834 http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/12848506, for the sale of “two valuable Farms of rich land, containing 25 acres each, granted from the Crown, during the administration of the late Governor Hunter in 1798, to John Powell and William Marsden” (these farms were on the southern bank of McKenzie's Creek and the western bank of Killarney Chain of Ponds); “bounded on the South by the Windsor Race Course, the property of Captain Scarvell, and contiguous to the extensive agricultural establishment of John Macdonald, Esq. The high-road from Windsor to Pitt-town passes through these grants and a ring fence encloses them”, points to the race course as being south of the current Wolseley Road. The Sydney Herald, 25^th July 1831, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/12843328, described the Hawkesbury races as being “at Killarney, about two miles from Windsor”. The 1867 flood waters broke “over McGrath's Hill down the Parramatta Road on Friday, flooding the whole of Killarney. Mrs Scarvell and family were taken from the top of their house yesterday, and narrowly escaped drowning.” Reports in the same article that “The houses on the top of McGrath’s Hill are under water” and “The Grandstand on the Killarney Racecourse has been full of people all night, and some have not been taken off” indicates that the race course was higher than Clare House (Sydney Morning Herald, 25^th June 1867, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/13142886). Mr. Geoff Huxley was quite definite that the “old Killarney race course was where the first galloping course was made. It started from Mulgrave railway station, straight down past the sale yards, through the school yard, across the Blue Road (i.e., the tar of the modern Windsor Road) and into the paddock. That was the first galloping club. I didn’t see it, but I heard people talk about it because I was interested in horses. Not too many old fellows would talk to a young fellow, but I was interested.

There was no road there. When I was a kid that paddock was a dairy. Where the houses are was just an open paddock. The houses there now, they’re only late models.” Geoff Huxley.

432^ The 17^th Regiment of Foot formed the Windsor garrison 1830-1836. A party of 1 officer and 26 other ranks of the 17^th Foot were, according to Leonard Barton, stationed at Lower Portland Head, i.e., Wiseman’s Ferry as a roving patrol to assist settlers with hostile Aboriginal people and to prevent convict runaways getting across the river.Page 50, Leonard L. Barton, The Military History of Windsor NSW, Leonard Barton, 1994.

433^ Mulgoa Joe’s claim to have killed two soldiers is probably apocryphal. I can find no reference to any soldier deaths that corresponded with the Killarney races.

434^ Page 115 ff., James T Ryan, Reminiscences of Australia, 1894 Reprinted 1982.

435^ Page 95, James Kohen, The Darug and Their Neighbours, Darug Link in association with Blacktown and District Historical Society, 1993. Original source: AONSW, Reel 1153, Vol. 2/7908. N.B. members of Matthew Locke’s family may be pleased to know that some of his correspondence is snuggled between that of Maria and Robert Lock.

Pondering the Abyss last updated 22/07/15

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