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1816-1831: Interactions1816-1822: Macquarie’s second intervention – OverviewIn 1814 Macquarie was quite sanguine about the hostilities as the settlers had largely provoked an Aboriginal response. However, in 1816 Macquarie unleashed a co-ordinated series of civil and military measures that were largely successful in their aim to permanently remove the threat of the “hostile natives.” Drought was always an indicator of conflict. By 1816 the drought had lasted for approximately four years and came to an end with heavy rains in January and floods in February, June and December of 1816. Perhaps the floods only exacerbated relations as much as drought. Macquarie may have taken the lukewarm response of Aboriginal people to the Native Institution as a personal insult. Macquarie was also under pressure from the propertied free settlers who suffered from the loss of stock and by the threat posed by musket-armed Aboriginal people. Macquarie in 1816 was not a well man. From June to September he was racked by an inflammation of the bowels which coincided with the implementation of martial law in the Hawkesbury, Nepean and Grose River valleys. As well, Macquarie had to deal with enemies at his own table. W. C. Wentworth’s March 1816 doggerel only exacerbated the hostility of Colonel Molle and the officers of the 46th Regiment to Macquarie’s policies towards their position and emancipists.109 Samuel Marsden had lost no time in supporting Ellis Bent, the deputy judge advocate and his brother Jeffery, a judge, in their struggle against Macquarie.110 Bent and Marsden fanned the outrage prompted by Governor Macquarie’s order to flog three free men who were in the Domain illegally in April 1816.111 Macquarie was ill during much of 1816. The effectiveness of the campaign to get rid of Macquarie was apparent in a December 1816 letter from the exile in England, John Macarthur, to his wife Elizabeth, in New South Wales: “It is however generally understood that his removal has been determined upon as several persons have been named as candidates for the appointment. The one spoken of with greatest confidence is Sir Thomas Brisbane a very distinguished Officer of the highest character.”112 Macquarie did offer his resignation in 1817 and Brisbane did eventually succeed him. The historical record of 1816 is confused, incomplete and inadequate. In large part this is due to the perfunctory reporting of the imposition of martial law in the second part of the year. As in 1805 and 1824, the paucity of reporting of operations under martial law in 1816 has impacted on the historical interpretation of this period. As well, the scattered nature of Australian record keeping is a challenge all of its own. Few, if any, of those Australians who attended a school in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were taught Australian history.113 Their knowledge of their country’s past came from oral traditions and newspapers; most historical records were still in England. The centenary in 1888 and Federation in 1901 provided opportunities to explore and mythologise the past. These accounts celebrated the triumphs of free settlers and stigmatized convicts. The history of contact with First Peoples was characterised by silence, denial and distortion, particularly in regard to what was in effect martial law in 1816. Charles White, an early Australian historian wrote The Story of the Blacks. The Aborigines of Australia which was serialised in newspapers across the continent. The Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal, in the late 1880s and early 1890s included it in an Early Australian History series, dealing with the governors, Aboriginal people, convicts and bushrangers. White’s work appeared in the Windsor and Richmond Gazette in 1904. The section dealing with events on the Nepean Hawkesbury in 1814-16 typified the confusion and misinformation of these accounts. In dealing with the events of 1816 Charles White jumbled the events together, creating the erroneous impression that hostilities ended with the killing “of two of the most hostile of the natives, called Durelle and Conibigal”.114 ‘CHAPTER V. - GOVERNOR MACQUARIE'S SYSTEM. For six or seven years preceding 1814 there was a period of comparative quiet between the colonists and the natives but the year mentioned was marked by the outbreak of fresh hostilities. The rapidly diminishing natural food supply, for which the Europeans were chiefly responsible, their encroachments on the one hand and their fishing and hunting excursions on the other, making fish and animals either shy or scarce, drove the natives to the verge of destitution and despair; and it was very natural that their anger towards the usurpers should find vent in deeds of robbery and violence. In the district of Appin, a body of natives marched into a field of ripe maize in the open day and began carrying off the corn when three of the military settlers advanced with firearms to defend their fields. But the blacks were not to be thus intimidated. Putting on a bold front, a party of them went to meet the settlers, and poised their spears in a threatening manner, while their companions continued to pluck the corn. The Europeans fired, and the blacks at once replied with a shower of spears, one of the settlers falling mortally wounded, and the others beating a retreat. Next day the settlers assembled in large force and pursued the aggressors into the bush, where a pitched battle was fought, lives being lost on both sides. This was the commencement of a sanguinary warfare which raged along the borders of the colony for several weeks. It is needless to say that the superiority of the whites made itself manifest and that many natives fell before the organised forces that were arrayed against them. Shortly after this Governor Macquarie, who recognized that the natives were entitled to a little consideration, set apart a tract of land at George's Head, near Sydney exclusively for the use of those of them who resided in the neighbourhood. In order that they might be enabled to follow to greater advantage their favourite pursuit of fishing, he presented to them a boat with the necessary gear. The Governor and Lady Macquarie attended personally at the founding of the settlement, and caused to be distributed to the blacks a suit of clothes each, together with an assortment of implements of industry. The little community, all told, numbered only sixteen male adults, with their, wives and families, and one of the former, at the request of his companions was formally appointed chief. But the experiment was not so successful as the Governor expected it to be, and after a little time the blacks grew tired of the spot and wandered off in search of variety and entertainment. The habits of a lifetime could not so easily be changed by the adults, and it was not to be expected that the younger members of the community would take kindly to the spade and hoe without encouragement and example from their elders. Previous hostilities were closely aligned with increases in settlement and drought. The author made no mention of the impact of 1814-16 drought. The author blamed settlers for declining natural food supplies causing Aboriginal raids on corn fields. This is not a proven causal relationship. The facts surrounding the killing of Private Isaac Eustace in May 1814 differ from the adjacent account. Eustace was killed after he and two other privates from the veterans company killed a boy in a party taking corn from a field. A Aboriginal mother and two children were killed and mutilated by settlers and William Byrne recounted the killing of settlers in response. A shepherd and woman were killed by Aborigines on Macarthur’s farm. Governor Macquarie did not visit the settlement at George’s head until 31st January 1815 some eight months after the killing of Private Eustace. Early in 1816 several organized raids were made by the blacks on the settlers who had located on the banks of the Nepean. At Bringelly, twenty or thirty of the natives suddenly came from their retreats in the bush and plundered the farm of one of the wealthier settlers, carrying off large quantities of corn, as well as other effects. On the day following seven white men, well armed, crossed the river hoping to recover the stolen property and to punish the robbers; but the blacks, in anticipation of such movement, had prepared themselves. No sooner had the Europeans crossed the water than the aborigines, rushing from their lurking places, surrounded the party, and before he knew what had happened every man of them was disarmed and powerless. Then commenced the work of murder. Their own muskets, as well as the spears and nulla-nullahs of the enemy turned against the whites, and four were killed outright, one was severely wounded, and two only escaped. Emboldened by their success, next day the blacks assembled in superior numbers, and again attacked the farms, carrying off everything they deemed of any value, and destroying what they did not take away, At the first alarm the settlers fled for their lives. In one of the farm houses the mistress, and a servant man alone remained, having no time to escape. These two took shelter in the upper story of the barn, fastening the door inside; but the blacks were not to be foiled in their murderous enterprise. They drove their spears through the crevices of the house, and as they could not thus reach the inmates, they proceeded to unroof the barn. The servant man now recognized one of the attacking party as a former acquaintance, and ventured to open the window and make himself known, at the same time urging the black to influence his companions in the direction of mercy. Recognizing the man as one who had been kind to him in the past, the black complied, and his companions conceded the mercy sought, and desisted, saying they would not "kill un this time," and they went away after calling out in chorus "good-bye." But another woman and her man-servant were not so fortunate, for they were murdered in cold blood by the natives, who further indulged by their savage ferocity mangling the bodies of their victims after death. Large numbers of blacks, never before seen within the limits of the settled districts, came in from the mountains and reinforced the frontier tribes. At Cow Pastures, they were exceedingly troublesome, and on the newly-formed Bathurst Road travellers on their way over the mountains to the new country were stopped and their drays plundered and their cattle killed. At Lane Cove, in the vicinity of Sydney Harbour, also at least one raid was made upon the settlers, a body of nearly a hundred aborigines making their appearance suddenly and committing various depredations - the Indian corn, which was then extensively grown, being the chief attraction, that being with them a favourite article of food.115 On the 2nd March 1816 Palmer’s farm was plundered. Four farm works were killed and one wounded on the following day when they crossed the Nepean in pursuit. On Monday the 4th of March Aboriginal warriors plundered Captain Fowler’s farm, which was near Palmer’s farm. They spared Mrs Wright and a worker who were sheltering in the roof. The Story of the Blacks. The Aborigines of Australia. (Continued). In order to intimidate the offending tribes, and check the outrages which .were becomingly common, a detachment of the 46th Regiment, under Captain Shaw and Wallis, was sent out to make a circuit round the outstations. At the same time a Government proclamation was issued, prohibiting any aboriginal from appearing armed within one mile of any town or village, and prohibiting even unarmed aboriginals from assembling in larger numbers than six. To the well disposed blacks who cared to provide themselves with such protection passports were given by the Government; and in the same proclamation, evidently moved by a desire to shew the natives that he was as anxious to promote their welfare as to check their outrages, the Governor made known that he would grant to such of them as desire to conform to the habits of civilized life, allotments of land in suitable localities, with provisions for six months for themselves and families, together with agricultural implements and seed, and a suit of clothes and a blanket for each person. The second instalment of the article is either deliberately or accidentally confusing. A detachment of the 46th under Captain Schaw marched out on the 10th of April 1816. Captain Wallis was already in the field and destroyed a Aboriginal group on the 17th of April 1816, near Broughton's farm at Airds. Macquarie’s Proclamation was issued on the 4th of May about a week after he ordered the troops home on the 30th of April when it was obvious that the combined forces of Schaw, Wallis and Dawes were not going to deliver the anticipated victory. The Proclamation of martial law on 4th May 1816 was not the order that sent Schaw and Wallis into action. It was a follow up. In order to make this proclamation widely known, a congress of the aborigines of the colony was invited to be held at Parramatta. At this meeting; some hundreds of blacks were induced to attend, and the whole thing was explained to them. Shortly afterwards a school for young natives was established in Parramatta, and a considerable number of the children were handed over by their parents to be educated. This assembly of the blacks at Parramatta resolved itself into an annual affair, and was continued during a number of years. The school continued to be well attended until the near tribes from whom the fluctuating school roll was kept up had so far decayed that very few, either of young or old, remained within the then settled districts of the colony. The congress of the aborigines of the colony in order to make this proclamation widely known, did not take place till the end of 1816! The military detachment sent out for the protection of the remote settlements returned after scouring the country, reporting that at a place called Airds they had encountered a large tribe of blacks, gave battle, and were not vanquished until fourteen of their number had been killed, and five taken prisoners. Numbers of others were also arrested and marched in chains to Sydney, where they were imprisoned for a time - as a warning to others not to disobey a proclamation the terms of which they could not understand, and the conditions of which they could not possibly fulfil. Ten of the most troublesome of the blacks were solemnly outlawed by name, and a reward of £10 each was offered by the authorities for their capture, alive or dead. The author jumped back in time to recount Wallis’ encounter of the 17th April 1816 near Broughton's farm at Airds. The author’s reference to the outlawing of ten men came from the proclamation of the 20th of July 1816. The author then proceeded to quote the proclamation of 4th May 1816. The proclamations that were issued by the Governor are unique as specimens of labored composition and grandiose sentences, and are well worth preserving among the curiosities of the early days of Australia. The preamble set out the various offences committed by the aborigines, and the lenity, humanity, forbearance, protection, assistance and indulgence shewn by His Excellency towards them in the effort to conciliate them to the British Government, followed by the sending out of a military force which had unavoidably killed and wounded several natives, including some few innocent ones ; and then the proclamation ran as follows:--116 And whereas the more effectually to prevent a Recurrence of Murders, Robberies, and Depredations by the Natives, as well as to Protect the Lives and Properties of His Majesty's British Subjects residing in the several Settlements of this Territory, His Excellency the Governor deems it his Indispensible Duty to prescribe certain Rules, Orders and Regulations to be observed by the Natives, and rigidly enforced and carried into effect by all Magistrates and Peace Officers in the Colony of New South Wales, and which are as follows : - First. - That from and after the Fourth Day of June next ensuing, that being the Birthday of His Most Gracious Majesty King George the Third, no Black Native or Body of Black Natives shall ever appear at or within one mile of any Town, Village, or Farm, occupied by or belonging to any British Subject, armed with any Warlike or Offensive Weapon or Weapons of any Description, such as Spears, Clubs, or Waddies, or Pain of being Deemed and Considered in a state of Aggression and Hostility and treated accordingly. Second. - That no number of Natives exceeding in the whole six persons, being entirely unarmed, shall ever come to lurk or loiter about any Farm in the Interior, on Pain of being considered Enemies, and treated accordingly. Third. - That the practice hitherto observed among the Native Tribes, of assembling in large Bodies or Parties armed, and of fighting and attacking each other on the plea of inflicting Punishment on Transgressors of their own Customs and Manners, at or near Sydney, and other Principal Towns and Settlements in the colony, shall be henceforth - wholly abolished as a barbarous custom, repugnant to the British Laws, and strongly militating against the Civilization of the Natives, which is an Object of the highest Importance to effect, if possible. Any armed Body of Natives, therefore, who shall assemble for the foregoing Purposes, either at Sydney or any of the other Settlements of this Colony after the said Fourth Day of June next, shall be considered as: Disturbers of the Public Peace and shall be apprehended and Punished in a summary manner accordingly. The Black Natives are therefore Hereby enjoined and commanded to discontinue this Barbarous Custom, not only at and near the British Settlements, but also in their own Wild and Remote Places of Resort. Fourth. - That such of the Natives as may wish to be considered under the Protection of the British Government, and disposed to conduct themselves in a peaceable, inoffensive and honest manner, shall be furnished with Passports or Certificates to that Effect, signed by the Governor, on their making application for the same at the Secretary's Office, at Sydney, on the First Monday of every succeeding month; which Certificates they will find will protect them from being injured or molested by any Person, so long as they conduct themselves peaceably, inoffensively, and honestly, and do not carry or use offensive Weapons, contrary to the Tenor of this Proclamation. The Governor, however, having thus fulfilled an imperious and necessary Public Duty, in prohibiting the Black Natives from carrying or using offensive Weapons, at least in as far as relates to their usual Intercourse with the British Inhabitants of these Settlements, considers it equally a Part of his Public Duty, as a Counter-Balance for the Restriction of not allowing them to go about the country armed, to afford the Black Natives such means as are within his power to enable them to obtain an honest and comfortable Subsistence, by their own Labour and Industry. His Excellency therefore hereby proclaims and makes known to them that he shall always he willing and ready to grant small Portions of Land in suitable and convenient Parts of the Colony, to such of them as are inclined to become regular Settlers, and such occasional Assistance from the Government as may enable them to cultivate their Farms, Namely: - Firstly. - That they and their Families shall be victualled from the King's Stores for Six Months, from the time of their going to reside actually on their Farms. Secondly. - That they shall be furnished with the necessary Agricultural Tools; and also with Wheat, Maize, and Potatoes for Seed; Thirdly. - To each person of a Family, one Suit of Slops, and one Colonial Blanket from the King's Stores shall be given. But these indulgences will not be granted to any Native unless it shall appear that he is really inclined and fully resolved to become a Settler, and .permanently to reside on such Farm as may be assigned to him for the purpose of cultivating the same for the support of himself and his Family. His Excellency the Governor therefore earnestly exhorts, and thus publicly invites the Natives to relinquish their wandering, idle and predatory Habits of Life, and to become industrious and useful Members of a Community, where they will find Protection and Encouragement. To such as do not like to cultivate Farms of their own, but would prefer working as Laborers for those Persons :who may be disposed to employ them, there will always be found Masters among the Settlers who will hire them as Servants of this Description. And the Governor strongly recommends to the Settlers and other Persons, to accept such services as may be offered by the Industrious Natives desirous of engaging in their employ. And the Governor desires it to be understood that he will .be happy to grant Land to the Natives in such Situations as may be agreeable to them selves and according to their own particular Choice, provided such Lands are disposable, and belong to the Grown. And. whereas his Excellency the Governor, from an anxious Wish to civilize the Aborigines of this Country, So as to make them useful to themselves and the Community, has established a Seminary or Institution at Parramatta, for the purpose or educating the Male and Female Children of those Natives who might be willing to place them in that Seminary;117 His Excellency deems it expedient to invite a general Friendly Meeting of all the Natives residing in the Colony, to take place at the Town of Parramatta, on Saturday, the 28th December next, at Twelve O'clock Noon, at the Public Market Place there, for the purpose of more fully explaining and pointing out to them the Objects of the Institution referred to, as well as for Consulting with them on the best means of improving their present Condition. On this occasion and at this public general meeting of the Natives, the Governor will feel happy to reward such of them as have given proofs of Industry and an inclination to be Civilized. And the Governor, wishing that this General Meeting, or Congress of the Friendly Natives should in future be held Annually, directs that, the 28th Day of December, in every succeeding year, shall be considered as fixed for this Purpose, excepting when that day happens to fall on a Sunday; when the following day is to considered as fixed for holding the said Congress. And finally, His Excellency the Governor hereby orders and directs that on the Occasions of any Natives coming armed, or in a Hostile Manner without arms, or in unarmed parties exceeding Six in number, to any Farm belonging to or occupied by British Subjects in the Interior, such Natives are first to be desired in a civil manner to depart from the said farm, and if they persist in remaining thereon, or attempt to plunder, rob, or commit any kind of Depredation, they are then to be driven away by Force of Arms by the Settlers themselves; and in Case they are not able to do so; they are to apply to a Magistrate for aid from the nearest Military Station; and the Troops stationed there are hereby commanded to render their Assistance when so required. Given under my Hand at Government. House, Sydney, &c, LACHLAN MACQUARIE. By Command of His Excellency, J. T. Campbell, Secretary. God Save the King! The other Proclamation was issued by the Governor in July of the same year. It recited that the military parties had been sent to punish the "Banditti" or Tribes of Black Natives, for their "sanguinary disposition" and "wanton and barbarous murders;" and that an invitation had been given them in a previous proclamation to become peace able and law-abiding citizens.118 It then proceeded: - And whereas since the issuing of the said proclamation (with which it is well known the said natives soon became fully acquainted) it has appeared that there are still among these People some individuals far more hostile and mischievous than the rest, who by taking the lead have lately instigated their deluded followers to commit several further atrocious Acts of Barbarity on the unoffending and unprotected Settlers and their Families: And whereas the ten natives whose names are hereunder mentioned are well known to be the principal and most violent Instigators of the late Murders, namely –
Now it is hereby publicly proclaimed and declared that the said ten natives abovenamed, and each and every of them are deemed and considered to be in a State of Outlawry, and open and avowed enemies to the Peace and Good Order of Society, and therefore unworthy to receive any longer the Protection of the Government which they have so flagrantly revolted against and abused. And all and every of His Majesty's Subjects, whether Free Men, Prisoners if the Crown, or Friendly Natives, are hereby authorised and enjoined to seize upon and secure the said ten outlawed Natives, or any of them, wheresoever they may be found, and to bring them up to the nearest Magistrate to be dealt with according to Justice. And in case the said Ten proscribed Hostile Natives cannot be apprehended and secured for that purpose, then each of His Majesty's Subjects hereinbefore described are and shall be at liberty by such Means as may be within their Power, to kill and utterly destroy them as Outlaws and Murderers as aforesaid; and with this view, and to encourage all His Majesty's said Subjects, whether White Man or Friendly Natives, to seize upon, secure, or destroy the said Outlaws, a Reward of Ten Pounds Sterling for each of the said ten proscribed Natives, will be paid by Government to any person or persons who shall under the circumstances bring in their persons, or produce satisfactory proof of their having killed or destroyed them within a period of Three Months from the Date hereof. And the Settlers are further hereby strictly enjoined and commanded, on no Pretence whatever to receive, harbour, or conceal any of the outlawed Banditti, or afford them any countenance or assistance whatever; nor are they to furnish aid or provisions to any of the friendly natives who may visit their farms, but upon the express Condition of their engaging and promising to use their best endeavours to secure and bring in the said Ten Outlaws, and deliver them up to the nearest Magistrate, or lodge them in Prison; And these friendly Natives are to be given to understand that if they faithfully and earnestly exert themselves in apprehending and bringing in the said Outlaws, every reasonable Indulgence and Encouragement will be afforded them by the Government ; whilst, on the contrary, until this Object is attained, no Peace or Amnesty with the Natives at large in this Territory will be made or conceded … With a view to overawe the hostile Natives generally, in those parts of the colony where they have committed the more flagrant and violent acts of Cruelty and Outrage, three separate Military Detachments will be forthwith stationed at convenient distances on the rivers Nepean, Grose and Hawkesbury, to assist and afford protection to the Settlers whenever Occasion may require it, each Detachment to be provided with an European and also a Native guide." A week later a notice appeared in the Gazette to the effect that several of the natives who were suspected to be the most atrocious actors in the late barbarities had been apprehended and placed in confinement. One of the natives, named Dewal was banished by the Governor to a distance settlement, in order to strike alarm into the minds of others of the tribe. It was also stated that the proclamation prohibiting them travelling armed about the Settlements had proved effectual in stopping attacks upon travellers. Several of the ten natives named were either killed or captured, and the proclamation of their outlawry was annulled; but the natives were solemnly assured that if any further outrages occurred measures "more strong and effective" would be resorted to for the purpose of punishing the transgressors. In quoting the report in the Gazette on the 3rd of August 1816 that several Aborigines had been placed in confinement and Dewall was banished, the author created the impression that the proclamation of 20th July 1816 was responsible for their capture. Dewal had been captured on the 22nd of April 1816. The first military “drive” was thus described in the Government organ, the Gazette of current date:-120 The author then returned to Wallis’ action and made the claim that: Amongst the killed were found the bodies of two; of the most hostile of the natives, called Durelle and Conibigal, despite the names of these men not being among those outlawed. "The three military detachments despatched on the 10th ultimo, under Captains Schaw and Wallis, and Lieut. Dawe, of the 46th Regiment, in pursuit of the hostile natives returned to Head Quarters on the 4th instant. In the performances of this service the military encountered many difficulties, and underwent considerable fatigue and privations, having to traverse a widely extended range of country on both sides of the River Nepean, from the Banks of the Grose, and the second ridge of the Blue Mountains on the North, to that tract of country on the Eastern Coast, called 'The Five Islands.' Captain Schaw, with his party, scoured the country on the banks of the Hawkesbury, making degressions East and West, but observing a general course to the Southward; whilst Captain Wallis proceeding by Liverpool to the districts of Aird and Appin, and thence into the Cow Pastures, made his digression East and West of the Nepean, taking his course generally Northwards, with a view either to fall in with the Natives or by forcing them to flight to drive them within the reach of the Central Party, under Lieutenant Dawe, stationed at Mrs. McArthur's farm in the Cow Pastures ; or if they should elude his vigilance that they might in with Captain Schaw, who was advancing from the second ridge of the Blue Mountains, and the banks of the Grose. It appears that the party under Captain Wallis fell in with a number of the Natives on the 17th ultimo, near Mr. Broughton's farm, within Airds district, and killed fourteen of them, taking two women and three children prisoners. Amongst the killed were found the bodies of two of the most hostile of the natives, called Durelle and Conibigal. 
We are also informed that Lieutenant Dawe had on the 12th ultimo, nearly surprised a small encampment, but having been discovered the natives suddenly took to flight, leaving only a boy about 14 years old, whom he took prisoner, and there is every reason to believe that two of them had been mortally wounded. Without being enabled to trace more particularly the progress of the military parties on this expedition, we learn generally that several of the natives were taken prisoners and have since been brought to Sydney and lodged in the gaol. The humanity with which this necessary but unpleasant duty has been conducted throughout by the officers appointed to this command, claims our warmest commendations, and although the result has not been altogether so successful as might have been wished, yet there is little doubt but it will ultimately tend to restrain similar outrages, and a recurrence of those barbarities which the natives have of late so frequently committed on the unprotected Settlers and their Families." Directory: docs docs -> Application for acem docs -> Observational Assessment of Teaching Practices Teaching Assessment Initiative Proposal Submitted to The Teachers for a New Era project docs -> Traditional British values docs -> From Warfighters to Crimefighters: The Origins of Domestic Police Militarization docs -> Borzoi Club of America Register of Merit Program I. What is a Register Of Merit docs -> Protecting the rights of the child in the context of migration docs -> United Nations E/C. 12/Esp/5 docs -> 9th May 1950 the schuman declaration docs -> Getting To Outcomes® in Services for Homeless Veterans 10 Steps for Achieving Accountability Download 3.05 Mb. Share with your friends:
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