152. What does this photograph indicate about the United States in the 1950s?
(1) Extraordinary steps were taken to hide atomic weapons.
(2) The nation had become the only nuclear superpower.
(3) Much fear was created by the Cold War.
(4) Only government officials would be safe in a nuclear attack. 153. What was one outcome of the Cuban missile crisis in 1962?
(1) Cuba became a communist nation.
(2) The United States seized military control of Cuba.
(3) The Soviet Union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba.
(4) Fidel Castro met with President John F. Kennedy. The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it
(1) Forced the United States to find new sources of fuel
(2) Focused attention on the need to regulate the uses of outer space
(3) Heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition
(4) Ended the period of peaceful coexistence between the United States and the U.S.S.R.
154. Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of this cartoon?
(1) Russia put cosmonauts on the Moon.
(2) The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite.
(3) The United States was defeated in the Vietnam War.
(4) American students scored low on tests in math and science. 155. Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader are similar to the muckrakers of the Progressive Era because they have
(2) Led directly to the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment
(3) Energized a new women’s rights movement
(4) Reinforced the importance of women’s traditional roles Word Bank: Great Society, Bay of Pigs, Peace Corps, March on Washington, Gulf of Tonkin, The Feminine Mystique, Miranda v. Arizona, Cuban Missile Crisis, Malcolm X
The Women’s Liberation or Feminist Movement of the 1960s also transformed American society. Unlike the earlier Suffrage Movement, which focused on securing the vote, the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1960s was directed at achieving economic and social equality. Many women were dissatisfied with their roles as housewives and sought to express themselves in careers and work. Feminists such as Betty Friedan provided leadership. Ms. Friedan’s book, __________,_in_which_young_Americans_worked_as_volunteers_on_projects_in_undeveloped_countries_to_aid_the_people,_not_the_government,_of_those_countries.'>___________'>___________, revealed the frustration many women felt at being restricted to homemaking and motherhood.
Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court became a major instrument of social change – protecting individual rights, minority groups and those accused of crimes. In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained by the police through an illegal search could not be used in court. In Baker v. Carr (1962), the Court ruled that legislative districts must be reapportioned on the basis of “one man, one vote” since rural areas tended to be over-represented and cities under-represented due to shifting population patterns with the passing of time (i.e. more people migrated to cities). In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Court ruled that states must provide a free lawyer to any criminal defendant facing imprisonment who could not afford one. In ___________ (1966), a man confessed to a rape without being informed that he could have a lawyer present. The Court overturned his conviction, ruling that the police must inform suspects of their “Miranda” rights: to remain silent, to have a lawyer present during questioning, and that what they say can be used against them.
In 1964, President Johnson announced that the North Vietnamese had attacked U.S. ships in the __________. Congress gave the President power to stop this aggression. Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to escalate the war, ordering massive bombing raids of North Vietnam. He also sent more combat troops to South Vietnam. Despite the large American force, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam in 1968, seizing many cities. This convinced Americans that victory was far off. The war grew increasingly unpopular, and opponents held demonstrations and rallies.
In the meantime, new leaders were emerging in the ghettos of the North, where almost three-quarters of African-Americans lived. The most prominent was ___________, a leader of the Black Muslims. He and other Black Muslim leaders were preaching a new approach to gaining equality. They called on African-Americans to be sober and thrifty and to seize freedom. They inspired and encouraged self-awareness and a sense of self-respect and power for people in the ghettos. They also spoke of using violence as a legitimate response to oppression rather than using civil disobedience.
In 1963, Dr. King and other Civil Rights leaders called for a ____________ in support of a new civil Rights bill pending in Congress. A quarter of a million people attended the march. King gave his famous “I Have A Dream” speech, in which he looked forward to the day when Americans of all colors would live together peacefully.
In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected President. As part of his New Frontier, Kennedy proposed a tax cut to stimulate the economy, the creation of Medicare, civil rights legislation, and increased aid to education. Only the tax cut was passed by Congress. One of the greatest challenges Kennedy faced was the establishment of a Communist government by Fidel Castro in Cuba, only 90 miles from the coast of Florida. John F. Kennedy brought to the White House an aura of youthful idealism. He surrounded himself with bright young advisors. In spite of the new spirit in the White House, Kennedy had little success in getting Congress to pass major domestic legislation that he suggested as part of his New Frontier. Kennedy’s idealism and goals for America are illustrated in his inaugural address and in his establishment of the _________, in which young Americans worked as volunteers on projects in undeveloped countries to aid the people, not the government, of those countries.
In 1961, Cuban exiles, trained in the United States, invaded Cuba at the __________. Kennedy, fearing Soviet involvement, refused to give them air support and they were defeated by Castro’s army. This was a major foreign policy failure for the Kennedy Administration.
In 1962, the United States discovered that Cuba was secretly trying to build bases for Soviet nuclear missiles. Kennedy imposed a naval blockade on Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. For several days the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles for a pledge that the United States would not invade Cuba. The _________ was a major foreign policy success for the Kennedy Administration.
The nation was shocked when Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was immediately sworn in as the next President. As President, Johnson proposed to Congress the most far-ranging legislation since the New Deal. Johnson’s aim was to turn the United States into a “__________” by opening up opportunities for all citizens and improving the quality of American life. Johnson passed a broad program of civil rights legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Social Security was expanded to provide medical care, hospital insurance, and post-hospital nursing for people over age 65 with the Medicare Act of 1965. Johnson called for a “war on poverty.”
