Abstracts for the Panel Sessions resúmenes de los paneles

México es un país de tránsito y de destino para los migrantes centroamericanos que cruzan este país. Dadas las crisis estructurales que aquejan actualmente a los países de la región centroamericana, existe una cultura de migración que tiene por objetivo lograr llegar y cruzar la frontera norte de México para establecerse en Estados Unidos, mejorar su calidad de vida o lograr la reunificación familiar. Esta inercia migratoria, por lo general, opaca el hecho de que estos de migrantes escapan de sus países no sólo por la precariedad económica, sino porque además enfrentan persecuciones sistemáticas de bandas y grupos del crimen organizado, violencia generalizada, discriminación de género y problemas políticos.

3. 
   Lorenzo Agar: Reasentamientos en Chile
   

Esta ponencia trata sobre la experiencia del reasentamiento solidario colombiano en Chile y el reasentamiento humanitario palestino en Chile (2007 - 2010). Se trata de abordar ambas experiencias en una perspectiva de respuesta regional (desde Chile) a desafíos de reasentamiento regionales y extraregionales. Se comentarán los avances y dificultades del proceso desde un punto de vista de la cohesión social y la pluralidad cultural en una sociedad en la cual ha primado históricamente la tendencia a una representación de sí misma como nación homogénea. Se analizarán asimismo los desafíos hacia el futuro de este tipo de experiencias.

4. 
   Rebeca Orosa Busutil: Cuba y su emigración: la historia de un conflicto
   

5. 
   Laura Parker yNicoletta Roccabianca: Invisibilización de la población refugiada: Riesgos y oportunidades de la nueva política migratoria del Ecuador
   

La persecución realizada por nuevos actores armados sigue expulsando a colombianos/as quienes se ven obligados a abandonar el país en busca de protección internacional. Debido a la supresión de la Declaración de Cartagena de la normativa ecuatoriana y a la introducción de un plazo de 15 días para solicitar refugio, las tasas de reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado/a en Ecuador han bajado considerablemente, dejando desprotegidas a alrededor de 100,000 personas que huyen del conflicto armado.

A pesar de los diálogos de paz entre el gobierno colombiano y las FARC, no han disminuido las solicitudes de refugio presentadas ante el Estado ecuatoriano. La entrada en vigor en Ecuador del Acuerdo sobre residencia para nacionales de los Estados Partes del MERCOSUR, Bolivia y Chile, a mediados del 2014, abre nuevas oportunidades de regularización migratoria para personas colombianas, incluyendo aquellas que no han sido reconocidas como refugiados/as.
La Visa MERCOSUR representa un paso progresista en materia de políticas migratorias regionales, sin embargo no ofrece una protección completa para las personas refugiadas. Al mismo tiempo ilustra ciertas tensiones presentes en el sistema de derechos humanos. Reconociendo las ventajas prácticas de esta nueva vía, también es preocupante la posible invisibilización de las verdaderas razones de huida de Colombia.
En efecto, el riesgo que genera este fenómeno es que se dificulte la identificación de los/as colombianos/as refugiados/as en Ecuador, impidiendo así responder a sus necesidades particulares. Además, introduciría dudas sobre el futuro papel de las organizaciones internacionales y sociales con mandato de protección.

Por último, una reducción del número de solicitantes de refugio podría ser interpretada como un indicador del éxito del proceso de paz. Existe el riesgo de ocultar las nuevas dinámicas del conflicto, tales como la persecución por bandas criminales.

1. 
   Los daños e impactos del desplazamiento forzado: Retos para la reparación. Martha Nubia Bello, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
   

El desplazamiento forzado es una forma de violencia que vulnera derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos. Es un delito que causa graves daños e impactos de orden económico, político, ambiental, sociocultural, moral y emocional y que afecta de manera diferenciada a hombres mujeres, niños, niñas y comunidades étnicas. La experiencia vivida por la mayoría de las personas muestra que el desplazamiento no es un evento que empieza o termina con la salida o la huida forzada, es un largo proceso que inicia con la exposición a formas de violencia como la amenaza, la intimidación, los enfrentamientos armados, las masacres y otras modalidades; por lo que la salida está precedida de períodos de tensión, angustia, padecimientos, miedo intenso, que en algunos casos son los que llevan a tomar la determinación de salir. El desplazamiento forzado es, por tanto, un evento complejo que altera significativamente la existencia y los proyectos de vida de cada uno de los miembros de una familia. Es una experiencia que implica varias y simultaneas pérdidas y transformaciones: pérdidas económicas y de bienes, de lugares y de relaciones sociales y afectivas. El desplazamiento ocasiona una transformación abrupta y por lo general difícil de roles y posiciones tanto en el hogar como en al ámbito laboral y social. Reconocer los procesos que viven las familias y los daños e impactos causados es fundamental para pensar políticas y respuestas de atención orientadas a la reparación de las víctimas.

2. 
   Desplazamiento forzado en Colombia: ¿Permanencia o fenómeno a cambiar? Gloria Inés Restrepo, Universidad Javeriana
   

El desplazamiento forzado se ha constituido en Colombia en un fenómeno de larga duración. Desde las guerras civiles del siglo XIX se ha constituido en estrategia y efecto de la guerra. Se han desarrollado múltiples iniciativas desde la academia y las organizaciones sociales para comprender el fenómeno. También desde la política pública han surgido múltiples estrategias en materia de reparación simbólica y material. Sin embargo, el fenómeno no parece tener reversa. ¿Se trata de una propiedad constitutiva de nuestra sociedad?, ¿se trata de un elemento esencial en la configuración de relaciones en torno a la propiedad de la tierra?, ¿qué impide que las iniciativas funcionen?, ¿se trata de una realidad que no puede cambiar?. La ponencia intentará entonces responder a estas preguntas y plantear nuevas relacionadas con el reto de comprender y responder al desplazamiento forzado en Colombia. La reflexión resulta del trabajo de casi 8 años en educación sobre el desplazamiento y de implementación de políticas públicas para población desplazada en Urabá, magdalena Medio y oriente Antioqueño.

3. 
   Desplazamiento Forzado y Retorno. Marta Inés Villa. Corporación Región
   

El retorno, ya sea entendido como parte del proceso migratoria o como una nueva modalidad migratoria, hacer parte de este contexto paradójico. Durante los últimos años en Colombia se han promovido procesos de retorno desde entidades nacionales y gobiernos locales, y sobre todo, por la propia población. Desde la teoría migratoria se resalta el retorno como una decisión similar a la de migración: las personas deciden retronar o no dependiendo de los beneficios que este proceso reporte. En al caso de la migración forzada este balance también se hace, pero factores como la seguridad en el lugar de origen, el trauma y el dolor que significa volver a lugares arrasados por la guerra y las posibilidades reales de rehacer la vida cuando existe una pérdida patrimonial total , toman peso. Esta presentación busca hacer una lectura de las especificidades del retorno en contextos de migración forzada a partir del trabajo de memoria realizado en una pequeña localidad de Colombia, el municipio de San Carlos. Después de que más del 90% de su población salió de sus tierras (20mil de los 26 mil personas que lo habitaban) en un contexto de guerra, en los últimos años, casi 10 mil han retornado. ¿Por qué lo han hecho? ¿Qué han encontrado? ¿Qué retos plantea este proceso a los gobiernos y a las políticas migratorias?. Estas son algunas de las preguntas que pretendo explorar.

4. 
   Resistencia, organización y participación de población desplazada por la guerra en Colombia. Flor Edilma Osorio Pérez, Universidad Javeriana
   

La guerra en Colombia ha reconfigurado territorios a velocidades vertiginosas. Los lugares se vacían de pobladores y de sentido. Quedarse sin lugar en la sociedad y empobrecidos de manera abrupta, se acompaña de una pérdida importante de autoestima. Recomenzar sus vidas material y emocionalmente, es un proceso duro en condiciones adversas e inciertas; con el destierro no solo se pierde el fruto de muchos esfuerzos, sino también su dignidad como vecinos, productores y ciudadanos. Las condiciones son muy adversas. Por lo mismo, es significativo y esperanzador registrar la emergencia de actores y movimientos que siguen resistiendo. Son luchas con un fuerte sentido territorial, en donde la memoria de lugar confiere fuerza colectiva para demandar lo suyo, buscando reconvertir identidades negativas. Son procesos diversos que requieren ser valorados en sí mismos desde sus duras realidades, evitando edificar jerarquías desde las cuales se legitiman, reconocen o invisibilizan unos u otros. Articulando viejas y nuevas prácticas y repertorios, quienes sufren el destierro buscan reivindicaciones y negociaciones con hegemonías fragmentadas, en medio de la ausencia de respuesta institucional y con la terca esperanza de un mañana mejor.

5. 
   Retorno, justicia y memoria: el desplazamiento y el retorno como eventos críticos. Pilar Riaño, University of British Columbia.
   

El retorno al territorio de origen como horizonte de justicia y reparación para las personas en situación de desplazamiento plantea numerosos retos tanto para las instituciones responsables de garantizar un retorno digno como para los sujetos que lo han vivido. En esta presentación exploro los reclamos de justicia y los actos de memoria e imaginación (tanto del pasado como del futuro como horizontes de deseo) que los procesos de retorno activan entre las poblaciones desplazadas. Tomando como referente procesos de retorno en la Guajira (Portete) y en el Oriente Antioqueño (Santa Ana), la presentación se aproxima al retorno como un evento social crítico que permite indagar tanto el horizonte de posibilidades y acción social en el que operan las personas como las maneras en que los diferentes actores involucrados discuten y negocian estrategias para rehacer sus vidas y reclamar sus derechos.

Afros, indígenas, mestizos y blancos; todos tienen lugar en esta radiografía de las realidades del desplazamiento.

Panelists from the Institute for the Study of International Migration at Georgetown University introduced the Crisis Migration Project at IASFM 14. The three-year research initiative addresses the movement-related ramifications of humanitarian crises that do not fit within existing frameworks and mechanisms for protecting forced migrants. Those who move internally or internationally, temporarily or permanently in any situation in which there is a widespread threat to life, physical safety, health or subsistence that is beyond the coping capacity of individuals and the communities in which they reside, fall within the scope of the project. Of equal importance are those who become ‘trapped’, unable to move in order to find safety and are in need of relocation.

1. 
   Elizabeth Holzer. Taxing Refugees?  Rethinking the Relevance of a Scorned Institution
   

When refugee crises bring mass influxes of people to already struggling host states, they overwhelm existing infrastructure.  In refugee camps, aid workers, hosts and refugees create parallel systems that divorce refugees and aid workers from hosts.  This proposal presents preliminary data from Ghana on the potential of taxation to help motivate host states to move beyond refugee camps and increase refugee rights.  When taxation was been instituted in the Buduburam Refugee Camp, a protracted refugee crisis in Ghana, it offered few benefits to refugees.  But scholars and activists have explored the potential of this scorned institution to promote global economic justice elsewhere.  How might this institution be harnessed to promote refugee rights in protracted refugee situations?   There are two reasons to believe that taxation may serve as a tool for reforming refugee encampment.  First, policymakers often cite the lack of state infrastructure as a major justification for administering refugee aid through international agencies rather than state institutions.  Political historians have shown that taxation played a pivotal role in the rise of the state.  Taxation provided states with efficient, calculable sources of revenue—a necessary resource for public civil service and security institutions.  Second, social scientists have found that taxation strengthens the bargaining position of constituents over public administrators.  Being neither citizens nor clients of host authorities, refugees have little power to negotiate for better treatment.  Taxation may help increase their standing.  This paper explores the possibilities and practical limitations of taxation for humanitarian action in a “second-best world.”

2. 
   Hyojin Im. Protection under chaos: Seeking solutions for the protracted Somali refugee situation in Kenya
   

Kenya has been a primary destination of Somali refugees who have fled from violent conflicts and humanitarian crises since the Somali Civil War erupted in 1991. Due to prolonged turmoil in Somalia, Somali refugees in Kenya are trapped in a protracted refugee situation, which has incubated security threats and increased tensions with the host community. Pervasive antagonism between refugees and locals has been exacerbated since Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia and the ensuing retaliation of Somali militia, al-Shabaab, inducing a spate of terrorist attacks and community violence in both urban and refugee camp settings. As a political reaction to increasing insecurity, Kenya’s push for either encampment or repatriation has been escalating, although neither of them has been perceived as feasible or humanitarian in nature by refugees given the geopolitical climate. Many Somalis who have migrated to Eastleigh, Nairobi, due to dire and insecure circumstances in the Dadaab camps have established businesses and a community as a means for survival. The Kenyan government, meanwhile, has taken the position of not supporting even basic services or human rights protection for Nairobi’s Somalis, leaving the community marginalized and isolated. Against this backdrop, this paper will investigate several strategies that are being implemented by local community-based organizations to increase opportunities for Somalis in Kenya to assist integration while balancing national security needs. Among these interventions are a violence prevention program focused on youth leadership and civic participation and community mobilization for human rights awareness. Based on mixed method research that honors the voice of Somalis in Kenya, early results of longitudinal community development efforts will be discussed.

3. 
   Mark Canavera. The role of community groups and networks in protecting and caring for refugee children in Kampala, Uganda

   

This research, undertaken at the suggestion of UNHCR, examines the perceptions of Congolese and Somali refugees with protracted refugee status in Kampala, Uganda concerning harm to children and the community-based mechanisms that deploy to respond to these harms.  Focusing especially on the role that education initiatives can play in reducing harms to children, the study used a rapid ethnographic method in which a small team of researchers lived with, interviewed, and conducted discussions and participant-observation with refugees who had opted not to live in camps but rather to come to Uganda's capital city.  The presentation will suggest that refugees’ conceptions of harms and protection concerns differ to a substantial degree from those laid out in frameworks emanating from the international humanitarian community and the Ugandan government.  For example, while discrimination and access to basic services were refugees' primary concerns concerning their children, the policies and programs designed for children focused largely on specific forms of abuse and vulnerability, such as gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS.  Moreover, the presentation will argue that although international frameworks for humanitarian assistance to refugees do utilize a discourse of a “family- and community-based approach,” existing interventions do not sufficiently take stock of nor build upon the family- and community-based mechanisms available for ensuring children’s protection, development, and well-being, including clan-based structures and religious groups.  The paper concludes with suggestions for ensuring more robust linkages between humanitarian interventions and genuinely family- and community-based child protection mechanisms.

1. 
   Refugee integration in Ontario, Canada: A tale of six cities. Michaela Hynie, Ashley Korn, Katarina Canic
   

This paper presents the results of an impact evaluation of the Client Support Services program, which is a federally funded client centered support program for Government Assisted Refugees in six cities in Ontario, Canada.

Initiated in 2009 following a two year pilot, the program was intended to facilitate adaptation and adjustment of refugees into their community, and service agency adaptation to refugee needs. Interviews (N = 10) and focus groups (N = 11) with service providers, and focus groups (N = 24) and surveys with refugees were used to evaluate integration within the six sites. Using a modification of Ager and Stang’s (2008) social integration model, we contrast different patterns of functional integration, social connections and sense of belonging between refugees in these six cities. This is assessed as a function of community characteristics in the six cities. Specifically, we describe how pathways of social integration for refugees in different cities within the same province and graduating through the same support program differ as a result of social, economic and structural differences in city characteristics that either facilitate or hinder functional integration, social connections and sense of belonging among recent refugees. These include the impact of the availability of co-ethnic housing clusters and the distance of housing from services; the nature of available employment; and how community attitudes and support for refugees can all facilitate or hinder functional and social integration. Strategies undertaken by service providers in these agencies to respond to and modify the local situations are also described.

2. 
   Welcoming the Karen to the “New World”: a study of the settlement experiences of Karen refugees in Australia. Duncan MacLaren, Susan McGrath, Ei Phyu Han
   

This paper examines the settlement experiences of Karen refugees in two major sites in Australia: Melbourne and Sydney. The Karen are a minority ethnic group from Burma; many fled to refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border starting in the late 1980s and beginning in 2005 were designated for resettlement by UNHCR. Approximately 7000 have been settled in Australia in communities across the country. Interviews were held with twenty-two Karen refugees along with key informant interviews with government analysts and NGO leaders. The data is analyzed using a social integration framework drawing on the work of Ager and Strang (2008). The results identify key barriers to integration including lack of English language skills, lack of access to employment and education opportunities along with low incomes and lack of affordable housing. The Karen demonstrate agency and resilience with strong social bonds among community members and global communication networks with refugees settled in other countries including the US, Canada and Norway. The Karen have organized local associations and a national Australian Karen Organisation The implications for settlement practices and future settlement programs for refugees from protracted refugee situations are considered.

3. 
   Unravelled: A Contextual Exploration into the Weaving of Karen Refugee Women. Meighan Mantei
   

Employing critical feminist ethnography in Thailand and Canada through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and photography, this study explores the meaning of weaving for 10 Karen refugee women as they transition from their villages in Burma to Thai refugee camps and eventually, for some, into resettlement in Saskatchewan, Canada. The analysis stresses the importance of context in the formation of meaning and purpose from weaving. The findings suggest interdependency between weaver, the weaving and context. As the weavers leave Burma, the purpose for weaving is transitioned from the making of clothing for community belonging, self-sufficiency, and cultural identification, into a means of generating income and filling time in Thailand. Third country resettlement continues the story of weaving further still, suggesting both a diminishment of purpose and meaning, and a lingering practice. The study concludes that as Karen women resettle in Canada, the practice of traditional weaving is used, altered and dismissed in the formation of identity. Weaving is a connection to the past, to what has been left behind, and can be rejected in resettlement as it binds the hopefulness of the future to the painful memories of the past, or alternatively be gripped to, as a connection of what was. Weaving can also be a combination of both of these elements, a push and pull of memory and forgetting.

4. 
   From Camp to High Rise: the Urban Settlement of Karen Refugees in Canada. Susan McGrath, Michaela Hynie, Ei Phyu Han, Sheila Htoo
   

The Karen are a minority ethnic group in Burma also known as Myanmar. Starting in the late 1980s, thousands fled civil conflict in Burma for refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border. In 2005, they were designated for group resettlement by UNHCR and Canada agreed to accept 3900 as government sponsored refugees. They were settled in small groups (from 20 to 200) to primarily urban centres across the country. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study of the settlement experiences of the Karen in Canada. Using snowball connections, in-depth interviews with 15Karen community leaders/members from cities across the country were held. Key informant interviews were also held with 5 settlement or government workers. The data was analyzed using a social integration framework drawing on the work of Ager and Strang (2008) which allows for an examination of not only the indicators of functional integration but also the role of social connections and the development of a sense of belonging. The results identify some expected challenges to integration including lack of English language skills, lack of access to employment and education opportunities and health issues related to prolonged periods in refugee camps. The strengths of the Karen include a keen sense of loyalty and commitment to their community members. However, these strong social bonds that supported their integration experience have also created challenges in terms of tensions between individual and collective interests. These tensions in integration are explored and the policy and practice implications considered.

5. 
   The Next Stage of Vulnerability: Why Some Young Refugees Join Street Gangs in Winnipeg, Matthew Fast
   

Abstract:This study explores the challenges, perceptions, and life experiences of war-affected young refugee men who became gang-involved after their families were resettled in Winnipeg, Canada. In doing so, this study examines their descent into street gangs while highlighting their challenges, coping strategies, and turning points. A qualitative semi-structured interview process involving formerly gang-involved young refugee men, community agency workers, police, and community elders was used in this study. The data collected during this study revealed that the study participants face challenges in multiple areas including: school, family, peer group, neighbourhood, ethnic community, and law enforcement. These challenge areas were significant contributors for these young people becoming involved in street gangs. Gaps were also identified in areas involving a lack of resources or knowledge of available resources for social programming and job training. This study is significant because it gives voice to young refugees who are often marginalized by the dominant discourse within society. As well, this study creates an understanding of the challenges and basic needs refugee young people have that should inform policy and future approaches by government and community-based organizations to assist them in their transition into a new society. Further, the study provides insight into why refugee young people join gangs, and what influences them to leave gangs. This valuable knowledge can be used to inform future gang prevention or gang-exit strategies aimed at refugee young people.

6. 
   Immigration policy, political discourse, and public perception of a foreign national-crime nexus in the UK. Khamael Al-Faris
   

Since the 1950s, the topic of immigration has been politicised and has been one of the leading issues in almost every election campaign in the UK. The rhetoric of different political parties about immigration has fuelled public concern over the economic, social, and legal impact of immigration. By the 1990s, Foreign Nationals (FNs) were largely blamed for increasing crime, and linked to different illegal activities in spite of very little evidence supporting the relationship between FNs and crime.

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