Abstracts for the Panel Sessions resúmenes de los paneles

Frente a la inacabada tragedia colombiana del desplazamiento interno y el refugio que ya suma alrededor de 5.700.000 víctimas, existe un relativo consenso sobre el retorno como el escenario ideal para lograr la superación de la situación del desplazamiento y refugio de las víctimas. Éste aparente consenso esconde una diversidad de concepciones sobre lo que significa el retorno en general, y el derecho al retorno en particular, en ocasiones contrapuestas entre si, en un contexto donde el retorno de las victimas habría sido mínimo.

3. 
   María Angélica Prada: La restitución de tierras en Colombia: entre los derechos y el modelo de desarrollo.
   

Al igual que otros países en el mundo que se han embarcado en procesos de transición, Colombia se caracteriza por ser un país en desarrollo con altos niveles de desigualdad. Es por eso que en actualmente coexisten en el país dos tipos de políticas que si bien son complementarias han sido, comúnmente, abordados de manera independiente: i) las políticas de justicia transicional; y ii) las políticas de desarrollo económico. El divorcio entre estas dos disciplinas ha tenido como consecuencia la exclusión de demandas de justicia social y redistributiva de los mecanismos de justicia transicional, los cuales históricamente se han enfocado en resarcir las violaciones de los derechos civiles y políticos. Esta exclusión no es algo inesperado sino que es la consecuencia lógica de los orígenes ideológicos y políticos de la justicia transicional.

4. 
   Felipe Arias: La protección y salvaguarda del desplazado en contextos de construcción de paz: ¿un debate potencialmente excluyente?
   

El desplazamiento se origina por causas económicas, culturales, sociales, ambientales, conflictos internos, proyectos económicos, entre otros, que genera movientos colectivos continuos o escalonados de personas que abandonan sus lugares de origen. Si bien el desplazamiento puede ser definido bajo conceptos transversales que permean cada una dichas causas, es pertinente destacar las distintas afectaciones de derechos fundamentales producidas según el fenómeno que lo haya originado. En contextos de producción de paz originado por conflictos armados prolongados, como lo es el contexto colombiano, el debate sobre la reparación a las comunidades desplazadas no puede reducirse a una sola causa que lo haya originado: la violencia. En efecto, en los procesos para erradicar el conflicto de una sociedad es posible soslayar las causas reales que originaron el desplazamiento de personas, y generando dos efectos: por un lado, incluir a todos los desplazados como víctimas del conflicto armado o, por otro lado, excluir a varias comunidades desplazadas por no considerarlas víctimas del mismo.

5. 
   Juan David Villa: Consecuencias psicosociales de la Participación en Escenarios de Justicia Transicional en un Contexto de Conflicto, Impunidad y No-transición
   

La ponencia que se propone recoge las voces de víctimas de violencia política y desplazamiento forzado en tres escenarios geográficos y sociopolíticos: el Oriente Antioqueño, el sur de Córdoba y la ciudad de Medellín (Madres de la Candelaria). Este trabajo investigativo se desarrolló a través del método autobiográfico con 62 relatos de vida recogidos en entrevistas en profundidad y complementados con 19 grupos de discusión desarrollados donde los y las participantes expresaron sus significaciones y experiencias en torno a su participación en escenarios de reparación, verdad y justicia propiciados por el Estado Colombiano (hasta junio de 2012) en el marco de las normas de transición (ley 975 de 2005, Justicia y paz; decreto 1290 de 2008, de reparación administrativa; y ley 1448 de 2011, ley de víctimas) que se han aplicado en un contexto donde no ha finalizado el conflicto armado y se mantienen altos índices de impunidad y coerción de la población civil. Se discuten, a partir de los testimonios y relatos, las consecuencias psicosociales que se generan en las personas y en los colectivos cuando acuden a estos mecanismos propiciados por las normas colombianas. Abordando tanto los efectos de transformación y reparación, como aquellos que producen revictimización. Se concluye con una propuesta de justicia anamnética, que posibilite escenarios que respeten los derechos de las víctimas y desplazados sin que esto implique revictimización ni obstáculos al logro de la paz.

1. 
   Julieta Lemaitre: Shifting Frames, Vanishing Resources, and Dangerous Political Opportunities: Legal Mobilization among Displaced Women in Colombia
   

Although Colombia is a long-standing constitutional democracy with a strong administrative state and a steadily growing economy, the country remains submerged in a fifty-year-old conflict that has led to massive population displacement associated with gender-specific risks. Although there is extensive literature on women's vulnerability in conflict, there is little understanding of how they organize. How can we make sense of the use of legal claims and tactics under conditions of internal displacement and armed conflict? To answer this question, the article presents a theory of legal mobilization that takes insecurity into account by adapting concepts commonly used to explain collective action: frames, resources, and political opportunities. Relying on examples from extensive field research with displaced women's organizations in Colombia, the article expands on existing theory.

2. 
   Rumana Hashem: Resistance to forced displacement in Phulbari: a southern model for tackling forced/ environmental migration
   

This paper draws on a case study of Bangladesh. It presents a discursive analysis to the seven-year tremendous resistance to a large-scale development project, namely the Phulbari Coal Project, which would establish one of the largest open pit coalmines in the world and would forcefully displace up to 220,000 people including 20,000 indigenous families from their homelands in Northwest Bangladesh. I discuss how a humanitarian program, called `Phulbari Resistance’, is successfully operating to halt the project. I demonstrate how development induced forced displacement was resisted and how transnational activists formed alliance as a means to resist trajectories of displacement in Bangladesh.By way of illustration, I refute mainstream approaches to humanitarianism and I suggest a working definition of humanitarianism which includes political activism.

3. 
   Amrita Lamba: At the Crossroads: Forest Laws, Livelihood Rights and Indigenous Sovereignty in India.
   

This paper argues that empowering people by transforming governance institutions to make them more inclusive could help respond to the social challenges (social disarticulation and loss of a sense of self due to development-induced-displacement, for example) of environmental change. In particular the paper will explore the sustainability of an institutional architecture that is undergirded on the principle of viewing people not as subjects or beneficiaries but as citizens with rights and responsibilities. I use the State-Society Synergy approach that is predicated on building norms of trust and networks of civic engagement between the state and the community for more effective governance. Based on a field visit, I examine the vulnerability of the indigenous people – the Soliga tribes in the BRT Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, India, whose heavy dependence on the forest ecosystem as a source of livelihood tends to be disproportionately affected by climate change. The Soligas have been involuntarily displaced from the wildlife sanctuary as a consequence of new forest laws which have changed the status of the natural evergreen forests to a ‘reserved forest area’ thereby eroding the age-old concept of sustainability which is integral to their worldview. The paper examines how governance intervention which is based on synergistic ties between the forest department and the Soligas has helped ameliorate the lot of the latter. For instance, what began as a health service delivery programme by the forest department extended to participation by the Soligas in mapping forest resource uses that is considered critical for environmental sustainability.

4. 
   Julie Young, Adrienne Wiebe, Miriam Harder and Luann Good Gingrich: The “choice” of necessity: Central American migrant women negotiating the southern border of Mexico.
   

While population displacement in Central America was previously the result of state-related armed conflicts, today an unprecedented level of undocumented migration is generated by exclusionary economic development models and escalating organized crime in the region. Drawing from a community-based pilot project with Central American migrant women involved in the sex trade in southern Mexico, we examine women’s migration decisions and livelihood strategies in the context of current US, Mexican, and Central American policies and practices. In-depth interviews provide insight into how these women negotiate the various borders and structured environments that surround them as they attempt to care for themselves and their (often transnational) families. Undocumented migrant movements and work are analyzed to be gendered and multiscalar – performed in ordinary and extraordinary individual efforts to make a living, and within a framework of official state-led practices that keep border spaces both highly controlled and capriciously porous. We consider the relationships and intersections between these scales: the micro-perspective focusing on questions of “choice” in the lives of these women and the systemic view that considers dynamics and forces of structural violence (including poverty, environmental destruction, free trade agreements, etc.). The women’s stories highlight the “choice of necessity” that shapes their relationships, living arrangements, employment, and aspirations in constantly changing and paradoxical ways.

5. 
   Justin Lee: A Strengths-Based Empowerment Approach to Durable Solutions: From the Perspectives of People who are Forced to Migrate
   

As a social worker, researcher and professor, I am excited and passionate about people who are former refugees and their experience in overcoming incredible hardships. My research focuses not only on survival, but on durable solutions based on the strengths and resilience of former refugees and a widespread desire they seem to have in common to give hope and help to those suffering has they did. My current research also focuses on practice and policy solutions to healthcare access and disparities among refugees and those forced to migrate due to extreme poverty.

1. 
   Maria Delussu: The complexity of durable solutions in developing contexts: local integration of refugees in Mexico and the role of state and non-state actors.
   

This presentation conceptualizes the vulnerability of forced migrants not only as coming from the forced movement but as emerging from and reinforced by the socio-political contexts of origin and destination.

Particularly in developing contexts, where most refugees and asylum seekers are located, international protection provisions are limited by constraints such as lack of resources and access to social services, lack of political interest and institutional capacity, social exclusion and discrimination.
Therefore, in order to achieve durable solutions for forced migrants, it is essential to go beyond the category of international protection and complement it with humanitarian and social policy considerations. In particular, the concept of social protection permits to “ground” international protection and extend its significance to a wide range of non-state, community-based and private actors and to the concept of informal social protection (family and kin, social networks).
After analysing different conceptualisations of protection, the presentation will discuss the local integration of forced migrants in Mexico using a conceptual framework based on the theoretical and practical interaction between international, humanitarian and social protection. This will permit evaluating the impact of international frameworks on domestic protection mechanisms, how political will and institutional capacity challenge the implementation of such obligations and how formal and informal mechanisms of collective action are established in response to the reduced room for manoeuvre left to forced migrants.
Mexico is a signatory of the 1951 Convention and of the Cartagena declaration but, despite significant advance in legislation in the last years, there is still a protection gap that limits the local integration of refugees and other beneficiaries of international protection. The characteristics and causes of forced migration in the area and, in particular, the predominance of transit migration and mixed flows make difficult to identify individuals in need of international protection while the lack of appropriate migration infrastructure in term of legal framework, public policies and provisions for local integration lead to increased vulnerability. This gap is filled by humanitarian actors, migrants’ networks and CSOs but their capacity to offer longer-term and sustainable solutions is debated.

The actual context is marked by extremes of hospitality and xenophobia with the coexistence of a range of different actors, a direct involvement of Mexican civil society and a primary role for migrants’ formal and informal networks. The presentation will analyse the main drivers and the variety of forms of civil society engagement in favour of migrants and refugees from individual solidarity in the case of “las patronas”, to organised support for humanitarian assistance, human rights protection and public policy advocacy.

2. 
   Jenifer Byrne: Not Like Me: Examining Integration of Liberian Refugees in Ghana
   

Since 1990, Buduburam Refugee Camp has been host to more than 65,000 refugees. With the UN declaring cessation in 2012, many Liberian refugees that called Buduburam home were faced with tough decisions regarding their future. Aside from repatration back to Liberia, remaining in the host country of Ghana through a local integration program is an option for a durable solution. Local integration is a durable solution that combines three dimensions, a legal process by which refugees attain a range of rights in the host state, an economic process that enables refugees to have sustainable livelihoods and a comparable standard of living to the residents of the host country, and a socio-cultural process that allows them to become politically integrated and live in the host country without fear of discrimination. In this inquiry, I use a grounded theory design to identify what the Liberian refugees expect if they were to locally integrate, as well as perceived challenges and benefits of integration. I discuss these issues from the perspective of the refugees and in the framework of the three dimensions (legal, economic and socio-cultural) of local integration. I explore in detail the sociocultural dimension as many Liberians cite cultural incompatibilities as an obstacle to local integration.

3. 
   Maria Paula Subia: An exploration on the possibilities for the advancement of labour mobility schemes for refugees in Argentina
   

1 In this paper, I use IOM’s definition of “labour migration” as the “movement of persons from one State to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment” (Perruchoud et at., 2011:58). Ms. Paula Subia M.A. Candidate European Master in Migration and Intercultural Relations (EMMIR) 2007), Afghan-based (see Monsutti, 2008) and Middle Eastern-based (see Chatelard, 2009).

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