Analyses for
advanced HIV
disease
The term “advanced HIV disease” refers to two categories of cases:
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new diagnoses of advanced HIV disease
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concurrent diagnoses of advanced HIV disease and AIDS.
It is important to know the number of persons who have been diagnosed with advanced HIV disease, since this is the number of people who should receive care and treatment services.
Analysis by year of diagnosis: To assess trends in advanced HIV disease cases, deaths, or prevalence, it is preferable to analyse and present the data by year of diagnosis. Analyses by year of diagnosis will reflect what is currently happening with the epidemic, and eliminate artefacts of reporting in the surveillance system.
Analysis by year of report: Analyses and presentation of data by year of report reflects reporting practises of the surveillance system. This does not reflect newly diagnosed cases or recent infections.
Analyses
for AIDS
AIDS represents the end stage of a disease spectrum, and for the reasons outlined above, is less representative of the current state of the HIV epidemic. However, it still has value to inform on potential differences in access to HIV testing and care services.
Analysis by year of diagnosis: To assess trends in AIDS cases, deaths, or prevalence, it is preferable to present the data by year of diagnosis. Analyses by year of diagnosis will reflect what is currently happening with the epidemic, and eliminate artefacts of reporting in the surveillance system.
Analysis by year of report: Analyses and presentation of data by year of report reflects reporting practises of the surveillance system. This does not reflect newly diagnosed cases or recent infections.
Analyses of
deaths among
people with HIV
The term “deaths among people with HIV” refers to two categories:
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HIV-related deaths
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deaths from all causes among persons with HIV infection.
It is important to know the number of HIV-infected persons who have died. We need to be able to differentiate between those persons whose deaths were related to HIV disease and those who died from other causes. Data on HIV-related deaths can inform us about the access to and impact of care and treatment programmes. Data on all HIV-infected persons who have died is key to calculating the number of persons in the population currently living with the disease.
Analysis by year of death: To assess trends in HIV-related deaths, it is preferable to present the data by year of death. Analyses by year of death will reflect what is currently happening with the epidemic, and eliminate artefacts of reporting in the surveillance system.
Analysis by year of report: Analyses and presentation of data by year of report reflects reporting practises of the surveillance system. This does not reflect when people died.
HIV Surveillance Report
An HIV surveillance report should be published on a regular basis (annually at a minimum). In addition to the annual report, medium and high morbidity areas should also consider publishing summary data on a quarterly or semi-annual basis. Producing and distributing a routine report will decrease the number of individual requests for data.
The report can be developed including the following components:
Title or
cover page
A title or cover page is used to announce what is to follow. It extends an invitation to the reader to read the contents.
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The title should describe the content of the report, including the time period covered.
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Information on where the data come from should be included (for example, HIV case surveillance for Cariba and the office that produced the report).
Executive summary
An executive summary summarises the entire report in approximately a page. This is particularly useful for busy officials who may not have time to read the whole report. Include the salient points, especially recommendations.
Acknowledgements
An acknowledgements section lists the persons who contributed significantly to the report and the groups of healthcare providers who reported cases.
Introduction
The introduction includes a definition of the audience, dates and contents of previous reports, and statement of objectives/purpose of the report.
Body of the report
The body of the report includes the methodology of how the data were collected and managed, and the results. This includes:
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definitions of terms used in the surveillance report
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discussion of the quality and limitations of the data (such as timeliness and completeness)
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narrative interpreting each table and chart so that persons unfamiliar with the subject matter can interpret the data correctly.
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a logical sequence of presentation to ensure clarity for readers
Body of the report, continued
The following analyses should be included in the report for HIV, advanced disease and/or AIDS):
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HIV cases, advanced HIV disease and/or AIDS cases diagnosed in most recent calendar year(s)
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number, percentage, and rates of HIV, advanced HIV disease and/or AIDS cases diagnosed in most recent calendar year by:
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number and percentage of HIV, advanced HIV disease and/or AIDS cases diagnosed most recent calendar year by:
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number and percentage of persons living with HIV (including all stages and CD4 counts) by:
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age group and sex
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risk factor and sex
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race/ethnicity and sex (if applicable)
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number and percentage of persons living with advanced HIV disease:
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age group and sex
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risk factor and sex
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race/ethnicity and sex (if applicable)
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number of persons living with AIDS:
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age group and sex
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race/ethnicity/sex (if applicable)
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number of HIV-related deaths by:
Discussion
The discussion section interprets the data and explains the epidemic and how it has changed from previous years. It should also address any biases or limitations to the data. In particular, it should be noted if the data presented are not complete.
Conclusion
The conclusion reemphasises pertinent findings and integrates these findings into a comprehensive statement on the state of the epidemic.
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