What impact did technological innovations of the post-WWII period have on American life?

What impact did technological innovations of the post-WWII period have on American life?

• 
  How does a nation’s involvement in international conflicts affect politics and society at home?
  
• 
  To what extent did the effects of the Cold War impact economic, political, and social life in America?
  
• 
  Did the Cold War ultimately have a positive or negative impact on the United States?
  

Social Effects

• 
  “Duck and cover” was suggested method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear detonation which the United States government taught to citizens during the Cold War.
  
• 
  Fallout Shelters - an enclosed space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion
  
• 
  House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties
  
• 
  Hollywood Blacklist - Communists were said to be placing subversive messages into Hollywood films. The most famous group of blacklisted individuals was known as The Hollywood Ten, they refused to answer any questions from HUAC and were jailed by the government and blacklisted by Hollywood
  

Economic Effects (Truman)

• 
  Fair Deal - Harry Truman's domestic program which built on Roosevelt's New Deal. Truman believed that the federal government should guarantee economic opportunity and social stability.
  
• 
  AFL-CIO – a voluntary federation of labor unions created in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
  

Economic Effects (Eisenhower)

• 
  Taft-Hartley Act - amended much of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, the federal law regulating labor relations of enterprises engaged in interstate commerce. The act established control of labor disputes by enlarging the National Labor Relations Board.
  
• 
  National Highway Act - authorized the building of highways throughout the nation, which would be the biggest public works project in the nation's history.
  

Political Effects

• 
  Alger Hiss – a prominent US government figure who was accused of, found guilty of, and jailed for being a communist. He fought for his innocence until his death.
  
• 
  Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed for espionage in Sing Sing Prison on 19 June 1953. They had been convicted of giving American atomic secrets to the Soviets during World War II. Though the government was convinced of their guilt, many people were not and the debate over their guilt or innocence did not stop with their deaths.
  
• 
  National Security Act (1947) - mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government. The act created the National Security Council (NSC).
  
• 
  Détente - a permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War. It is a term usually associated with the relations between America, Russia and China.
  
• 
  S.A.L.T. I and II- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – two rounds of talks and agreements between the US and USSR concerning nuclear arms.
  
• 
  China became communist.
  

• 
  How did the Civil Rights Movement change America?
  
• 
  To what degree has equality been achieved in America?
  
• 
  How did the philosophical shift toward more militant tactics impact the outcome of the Civil Rights Movement?
  

• 
  C.O.R.E. – Congress on Racial Equality, an interracial organization that tried to bring change through peaceful confrontation.
  
• 
  Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas (1954) – court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) and said that schools must be integrated.
  
• 
  Thurgood Marshall – a civil rights leader appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. He ruled over many important civil rights cases for many decades.
  
• 
  Montgomery bus boycotts – Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in 1955 which led to the boycott of the bus system.
  
• 
  Martin Luther King, Jr. – Leader of the civil rights movement who advocated non-violent means of achieving equality. He was assassinated in 1968.
  
• 
  Little Rock Nine – President Eisenhower sent in troops to protect 9 African American students entering into Central High School in Little Rock, AR.
  
• 
  S.N.C.C. - Organization of young African Americans who wanted immediate change. They later became associated with the Black Power Movement.
  
• 
  Sit-ins – method of protesting segregation where people would sit in a restaurant until they were served.
  
• 
  Freedom Riders – Protesters tested desegregation laws by riding buses into the south – troops were sent in to protect them. (Freedom Summer)
  
• 
  24th amendment – outlawed poll taxes
  
• 
  March on Washington – 200,000 people came to Washington, DC to protest civil rights – where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech.
  
• 
  Civil Rights Act of 1964 – called for equal rights in jobs, schools, voting, and public services.
  
• 
  Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Allowed federal officials to register voters where locals would not allow; eliminated literacy tests.
  
• 
  Malcolm X – Important figure in the Black Power Movement who later changed his views away from violent protest. He was assassinated in 1965.
  
• 
  Black Power Movement/Black Panthers – Militant group who fought for civil rights. They called for African Americans to unite – Black Nationalism. (Marcus Garvey)
  

• 
  To what extent did social movements in America impact women, young people, and the environment?
  
• 
  How effective are challenges to authority in bringing about change?
  
• 
  How is America different because of the social movements which took place between 1945-1980?
  

Latinos - César Chavez- Leader in the Latino rights movement.

American Indian Movement (AIM) – fought for treaty rights and better conditions/ opportunities for Native Americans.

30

C ounterculture – movement by young people who wanted to resist the mainstream of dominant

culture. This included changing music – rock & roll.

• 
  Elvis Presley & British Invasion (Beatles) – music of the 1950s-1960s which was part of the counterculture and would influence music for years to come.
  
• 
  Haight-Ashbury – district of San Francisco which was a popular place for hippies to live.
  

W omen

• 
  Betty Friedan – author of The Feminine Mystique which told housewives it was ok to yearn for more than their accepted role as a wife and mother.
  
• 
  National Organization for Women (NOW) – fought for fair pay and equal opportunities for women.
  
• 
  Gloria Steinem – a women’s rights advocate who started Ms. Magazine
  
• 
  Phyllis Schlafly – opposed the women’s movement.
  
• 
  Equal Rights Amendment - would have made discrimination based on sex illegal, but was never ratified.
  
• 
  Roe v. Wade (1973) – legalized abortion.
  - Causes of the United States’ involvement in Vietnam
  
  

• 
  What impact did the Vietnam War have on the United States?
  
• 
  What political, social, and economic factors led to US involvement in the Vietnam conflict?
  
• 
  How does a government’s response to political events and situations affect the nation?
  

• 
  Domino theory – the idea that if one country fell to communism, another and another would fall after that.
  
• 
  Ho Chi Minh - Leader of Northern Vietnam
  
• 
  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave the president expanded powers to conduct war in Vietnam.
  
• 
  Robert McNamara – Sec. of State for Kennedy who established US strategy in Vietnam
  
• 
  Agent Orange and Napalm were chemical weapons used in the Vietnam War
  
• 
  Tet Offensive – turning point of the Vietnam conflict when the US decides they do not want to fight anymore after a series of attacks by North Vietnam.
  
• 
  My Lai Incident – American troops killed 400 women and children
  
• 
  Vietnamization – switching out US troops for Vietnamese.
  
• 
  Kent State and Jackson State – students were killed by the national guard while protesting the Vietnam War.
  
• 
  26th Amendment – 18 year olds have the right to vote.
  
• 
  Paris Peace Accords – the US withdrew from the war in 1973.
  
• 
  War Powers Act (1973) – congress limited powers to conduct war
  
• 
  Fall of Saigon, 1975 – the capital of the south fell to the north. Vietnam united and became communist.
  - Impact of technological innovations that have impacted American life.
  
  

• 
  How do technological changes alter the lives of individuals?
  
• 
  How does innovation impact a nation?
  
• 
  What technological innovation has had the greatest impact on American life?
  

• 
  Radio & TV in 1950s – spread information and increased advertising.
  
• 
  Sputnik – first satellite launched into orbit by the USSR.
  
• 
  NASA – government agency created for space exploration
  
• 
  National Defense Education Act – gave money to improve science and math in schools
  
• 
  John Glenn – first man to orbit the earth (1962)
  
• 
  Neil Armstrong – first man to walk on the moon (1964)
  
• 
  Computers began to be present in the government - Silicon Valley California became an important hub for high-tech development
  
• 
  ICBMs – Intercontinental ballistic missiles; rockets invented to deliver bombs
  
• 
  Nuclear power – became popular in the 1960s as more people became concerned with the pollution associated with coal and gas.
  

- Political events and the actions and reactions of the government official and citizens. Asses the social and political consequences.

• 
  How does a government’s response to political events and situations impact the nation?
  
• 
  What social and political consequences resulted from the actions of the government between 1945 and 1980?
  
• 
  Why is change so difficult for some people?
  

25th Amendment- created provisions for the succession of the president and vice president.
K ennedy

• 
  New Frontier – Kennedy’s program to help the poor, invest in space programs, and improve the economy.
  
• 
  Peace Corps – program to send volunteers to other countries as teachers, health workers and to do other public works projects.
  

J ohnson

• 
  Great Society – Johnson’s programs to help the poor, fund education, healthcare, regulate housing and protect the environment.
  
• 
  HUD- Housing and Urban Development: oversee housing to help the poor
  
• 
  Head Start – preschool program for low-income children
  
• 
  VISTA – volunteers to help poor areas
  
• 
  Medicare – healthcare for the elderly (>65 years old)
  
• 
  National Endowment for the Humanities – gives money to artists and academics
  

E lection of 1968

• 
  Robert Kennedy – was killed after winning the California primary in 1968.
  
• 
  1968 Democratic National Convention – democrats had to decide who to nominate to run in the presidential election – Humphrey was nominated but the party was majorly split – weakening it and allowing Nixon (Republican) to win.
  

N ixon

• 
  Watergate scandal – People in Nixon’s reelection campaign were caught breaking into the Democratic Party’s headquarters. Nixon tried to stop the investigation and cover it up. Nixon was reelected and the story began to come out
  
• 
  Bob Woodward/Carl Bernstein of the W ashington Post uncovered a lot of the wrongdoings.
  
• 
  Sam Ervin/Senate Watergate Committee led the investigation and found that Nixon had tape-recorded many of his oval office conversations.
  
• 
  U.S. v. Nixon (1974) – Nixon was told to turn over the tapes. He did with 18 ½ minutes missing.
  

31

Yasser Arafat - PLO Helsinki Accords Jimmy Carter

Camp David Accords Anwar el-Sadat Menachem Begin Shah of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini Iranian Hostage Crisis Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) Iran-Contra Affair

Mikhail Gorbachev INF Treaty

Fall of the Berlin Wall Tiananmen Square Nelson Mandela Saddam Hussein Persian Gulf Wars Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia

Foreign debt

Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg Schools

Title IX

Geraldine Ferraro William Rehnquist Sandra Day O’Connor Flag burning

Texas v. Johnson

(1989)

Clarence Thomas Americans with Disa- bilities Act

Energy Crisis Stagflation

WIN (Ford) Three Mile Island

Department of Energy National Energy Act Supply-Side Econom- ics (Reagonomics) “Trickle-down” theory National debt

Food stamps Challenger disaster NAFTA

Computer Revolution Internet

Bill Gates NASDAQ

Sunbelt

New Federalism Presidential Pardon Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan

Elections of 1976-2000 New Right Coalition Stonewall Riots

Gay Rights Movement Graying of America New Democrat

Ross Perot Bill Clinton Al Gore

Newt Gingrich Joe Lieberman John McCain

Immigration Policy Act Regents of the UC v. Bakke (1978)

Green Card Bilingual education No Child Left Behind Nuclear proliferation Embassy Bombings Terrorist Networks Al-Quaeda

Osama bin Laden September 11, 2001 Patriot Act

Colin Powell George W. Bush

World Trade Center Taliban Regime Afghanistan

War on Iraq Department of Home- land Security

Pre-emptive strikes Bush Doctrine “Axis of Evil”

Significant Events in Foreign Policy
1970’s


Court Rulings, Legislation, & Constitutional Amendments

Economic, Technological, & Environmental Changes

Social, Political, & Cultural Changes

1990’s

1980’s

2000’s

• 
  How have significant events in foreign policy since the Vietnam War impacted America and America’s role in the world?
  
• 
  To what degree is the self-perception of the U.S. impacted by world opinion?
  
• 
  What impact does the media have in shaping United States foreign policy?
  

• 
  Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) - in 1948, led by Yasser Arafat in an attempt for Palestinians to regain their lands that they claimed was taken by the Jews after WWII.
  
• 
  Helsinki Accords (1975) - recognized the borders of Europe, as they had been at the end of World War II, thus recognizing Soviet domination of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)
  
• 
  Camp David Accords (1977)– President Jimmy Carter had Israel and Egypt meet to try and cre- ate peace in the Middle East.
  
• 
  After WWII the U.S. gave aid to Iran. Muslim leaders did not want Iran to become like the West, so in February 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini, an extremely traditional religious leader of Islam, over- threw the Shah (King) of Iran and instituted extremely strict laws from the Koran, outlawing any- thing western.
  
• 
  Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) – President Regan’s proposal in 1983 to build a satellite shield in space to intercept missiles from the USSR.
  
• 
  Iranian Hostage Crisis – Under Carter, In November 1979 Iranians broke into the US embassy in Tehran, Iran and kidnapped 52 people. The hostages were beaten and tortured and kept for 444 days before being released.
  
• 
  Apartheid – the legal separation of people by race in South Africa. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the United States put embargos on good to try and make apartheid end. (It did in 1994). Nelson Mandela became the president of South Africa.
  
• 
  Iran-Contra Affair (1980s) – Under Reagan, The United States sold weapons to Iranian terrorists and gave the money to Nicaraguan freedom fighters (Contras) even though Congress said not to.
  
• 
  Mikhail Gorbachev – the late 1980s Soviet leader who encouraged Eastern European Communist governments to loosen restrictions on their citizens.
  
• 
  INF Treaty – Signed by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987, it eliminated all nuclear-armed ground ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5500 kilometers.
  
• 
  Tiananmen Square (1989) – China’s government stopped a mass student protest to be more democratic by bringing in tanks and killing thousands of protesters.
  
• 
  Fall of the Berlin Wall – in 1989 anti-communist revolts in Eastern Europe spread to East Germany where protesters tore down the Berlin Wall
  
• 
  Saddam Hussein – leader of Iraq, attacks Iran because of Ayatollah Khomeini’s fundamentalist beliefs. Iraq (Hussein) is later invaded by the US in 1991 for its oil and relations with Kuwait. (1^st War on Iraq/Persian Gulf War/1^st Gulf War), and then again in 2002 for suspected Weapons of Mass Destruction. Hussein was captured and executed in late 2006.
  
• 
  Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia – The United States gave (and still gives) humanitarian aid to countries with widespread poverty. In Somalia, the United States sent in troops to help distribute food and stabilize the country. After the death of about a dozen US soldiers, President Clinton withdrew the troops from Somalia.
  

• 
  How have recent constitutional amendments, court rulings, and federal legislation impacted the lives of
  

U.S. citizens?

• 
  Have recent government actions increased civil rights and liberties of citizens?
  
• 
  To what extent did federal legislation promote equality in the last part of the 20th century?
  

• 
  Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971) –Said that bussing was a legal way to promote integration.
  
• 
  Title IX – law which said any federally funded program could not discriminate based on sex. This impacted many educational institutions, particularly sports teams.
  
• 
  Geraldine Ferraro – First female to run for Vice President with a large party.
  
• 
  William Rehnquist – Strict constructionist Supreme Court Justice.
  
• 
  Sandra Day O’Connor – The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court (by Ronald Reagan)
  
• 
  Texas v. Johnson (1989) – protected flag burning under the 1^st amendment.
  
• 
  Clarence Thomas – an extremely conservative judge appointed to the Supreme Court by George Bush (senior).
  
• 
  Americans with Disabilities Act – made public places more accessible for the disabled.
  

• 
  How has America been impacted by economic, technological, and environmental changes?
  

• 
  What is the price of innovation and change?
  
• 
  What is the role of citizens in caring for and protecting the environment?
  

• 
  Department of Energy – Coordinates federal programs to research new energy sources and promote conservation.
  
• 
  Stagflation – When inflation and unemployment increase and the economy is stalled. This caused a recession in the 1970s.
  
• 
  WIN – “Whip Inflation Now” – Ford’s plan to reduce inflation based on peoples voluntary conservation of fuel and money.
  
• 
  Three Mile Island – Nuclear reactor meltdown in Pennsylvania which released radiation and led to improvements in nuclear plants.
  
• 
  Supply-Side economics (Reagonomics) – cut taxes to give business people and investors more money to hire more employees, produce more goods and help the economy.
  
• 
  “Trickle-down” theory – the idea that when government helps companies, they will produce more and thereby hire more people and raise salaries. The people, in turn, will have more money to spend in the economy.
  
• 
  Challenger disaster
  
• 
  NAFTA – North American Free Trade Organization – meant to open up trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.
  

34

• 
  To what extent have recent social, political, and cultural changes in the U.S. affected life in America?
  
• 
  Have the differences in political ideologies created a more divisive society?
  
• 
  What factors have contributed to shaping the social, political, and cultural identity of America?
  

• 
  New Federalism – Reagan’s plan to put more government control into the hands of the states.
  
• 
  Jimmy Carter – President from 1979-1981 during the Oil Crisis and the Iran Hostage Crisis.
  
• 
  Ronald Reagan – President 1981-1989 during the Iran-Contra Affair, the end of the Iran Hostage Crisis; he also came up with the “Star Wars” Strategic Defense Initiative which was never launched. Reagan ran up the national debt on defensive spending.
  
• 
  New Right Coalition – “Christian Coalition” – an extremely conservative group of churches that join the Republican party.
  
• 
  Stonewall Riots – series of violent conflicts between GLBT groups and New York City Police in June 1969. They are often considered to be the catalyst for the Gay Rights Movement.
  
• 
  Graying of America – looks at how America (especially the baby boomer pop- ulation) is rapidly aging.
  
• 
  Bill Clinton – Elected in 1992 after the Republican Party was split and Ross Perot took 19% of the Republican vote. Clinton’s presidency is remembered by the whitewater and Lewinsky scandals. Al Gore (who ran for president in 2000) served as Clinton’s vice president.
  
• 
  New Democrat – Clinton’s “Centralist” coalition.
  
• 
  John McCain – Likely the Republican nominee in the 2008 Presidential election.
  
• 
  Immigration Policy Act – the current immigration policy that looks at grandfathering current immigrants into the United States.
  

- Impact of growing racial and ethnic diversity in American society.

• 
  To what extent is America more racially and ethnically diverse today than at the turn of the 20th century?
  
• 
  Have the changes in American society improved life in the U.S.?
  
• 
  What impact has recent immigration had on the social, economic, and political culture of the US?
  

• 
  Affirmative Action - policies aimed at a historically non-dominant group (typically, minority men or women of all races) intended to promote access to education or employment. It also serves to encourage public institutions such as universities, hospitals and police forces to be more representative of the population. (This is also called reverse discrimination at times).
  

• 
  Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) – Court case which
  

decided that the use of quotas in affirmative action programs was not allowed.

• 
  Green Card - an identification document issued by the United States of Ameri- ca affording non-citizens of that country some of the rights its citizens enjoy, sometimes with the prospect of naturalization
  
• 
  No Child Left Behind - United States federal law (Act of Congress) that reauthorized a number of federal programs aiming to improve the performance of
  

U.S. schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts, and schools.

- Impact of twenty-first century terrorist activity on American society.

• 
  How has the nation changed since the events of 9/11?
  
• 
  How does society balance the desire to increase freedoms while maintaining national security?
  
• 
  How far should the government go to secure protection for its citizens?
  

• 
  Nuclear proliferation – the spread of nuclear weapons
  
• 
  Terrorist Attacks on the US – The World Trade Center 1993, U.S. Embassies in Tanzania and Kenya bombed in 1998, and USS Cole attacked in 2000.
  
• 
  Osama bin Laden was the ter rorist leader of Al-Qaeda (The ter rorist organi- zation of the Taliban government in Afghanistan and spread throughout other coun- tries) which was behind the September 11, 2001 attacks on the NY World Trade Center Twin Towers and the Pentagon.
  
• 
  The Department of Homeland Security was created in response to the attacks of 09/11/2001 in order to coordinate government agencies in the protection of the U.S.
  
• 
  Patriot Act – passed shortly after 9/11/2001 in order to increase domestic surveillance in order to protect Americans. Imposes on civil rights.
  
• 
  In 2002, led by President George W. Bush, the United States entered into the 2^nd War on Iraq, intended to bring down Saddam Hussein because he may have Weapons of Mass Destruction. We are still in war today.
  
• 
  Colin Powell – secretary of State under George W. Bush.
  
• 
  Bush Doctrine – Foreign policy under George W. Bush and John McCain created after the September 11^th attacks which said that the United States had the right to treat countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups as terrorists themselves – this helped justify the invasion of Afghanistan.
  
• 
  “Axis of Evil” – Term coined by G.W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union Address to describe governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction.
  

35

13^th Amendment 14^th Amendment 15^th Amendment 16^th Amendment 17^th Amendment 18^th Amendment 19^th Amendment 21^st Amendment 24^th Amendment

Alien & Sedition Acts Chinese Exclusion Act Civil Rights Act 1964
Clayton Antitrust Act Dawes Severalty Act Emancipation Proclamation Espionage & Sedition Acts Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Fugitive Slave Act Homestead Act

Immigration Act 1965 Indian Removal Act Interstate Commerce Act Judiciary Act of 1789 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Lend-Lease Act Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Morrill Land Grant Act Neutrality Acts

Pendleton Civil Service Act Pure Food and Drug Act Sherman Antitrust Act Selective Service Act Truman Doctrine

Voting Rights Act War Powers Act

(1789) law that established the federal court system

(1789) reduced the political power of recent immigrants to the U.S.

(1820) Maine entered the U.S. as a free state; Missouri a slave state; Unorganized territory divided along the 36’’30 line.

(1823) Warned European nations to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere
(1830) forced Native Americans off of their land
(1850) part of the Compromise of 1850, all escaped slaves had to be

returned to their owners

(1854) gave the territories of Kansas and Nebraska the right to vote on

whether or not there would be slavery in their territories

(1862) Gave land to states to sell in order to create agricultural colleges
(1862) gave heads of household 160 acres of land out west
(1863) Freed slaves behind confederate lines in the Civil War
(1865) Abolished slavery
(1868) Defined citizenship
(1870) voting rights could not be withheld based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
(1882) Kept Chinese Immigrants from entering the United States
(1883) Ended the spoils system, government jobs given on merit
(1887) Forced the assimilation of Native Americans

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Jackson Andrew Johnson Bill Clinton

Franklin Delano Roosevelt George Washington

Harry S. Truman

Herbert Hoover James K Polk James Monroe John F. Kennedy John Quincy Adams Richard Nixon Ronald Reagan

Rutherford B. Hayes Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant William Howard Taft William McKinley Woodrow Wilson

No Political Party (1789-1797) Warned against political parties and foreign entanglements
Democratic Republican (1801-1809) Strict constructionist who purchased the Louisiana Territory.
Democratic-Republican (1817-1825) Established the Monroe Doctrine, warning other countries to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
Democratic-Republican (1824-1829) Winner of the Election of 1824. It was called a “corrupt bargain” when the speaker of the house was appointed to be vice president.
Democrat (1829-1837) Credited as the president who started the “spoils system”
Democrat (1845-1849) Acquired more land in the U.S. than any other president
Republican (1861-1865) President during the Civil War who issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the Confederate States.
Democrat (1865-1869) President during Reconstruction. His plan was said to be too lenient on the Southern states.
Republican (1869-1877) Star general of the Union in the Civil War, he later became president even though he did not win a majority of the white vote. His presidency was marked with scandal – Credit Mobilier & Whiskey Ring.
Republican (1877-1801) Became president as a result of the Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877, effectively ending Reconstruction with the removal of federal troops from the South.
Republican (1871-1875) President during the Spanish-American War during the United States growth as an imperialistic nation.
Republican (1901-1909) Utilized “big stick” diplomacy in dealing with foreign affairs. He led the Bull Moose party in the election of 1912.
Republican (1909-1913) Utilized “dollar diplomacy” in dealing with foreign affairs
Democrat (1913-1921) Won the election of 1912 when there was a split in the Republican Party. He was president during WWI, but was reelected to a second term using the slogan “he kept us out of war”. Creator of the League of Nations.
Republican (1929-1933) Dispersed the Bonus Army using military force after WWI.
Democrat (1933-1945) Created the New Deal to bring the United States out of the Great Depression.
Democrat (1945-1953) President who dropped the atomic bomb.
Democrat (1961-1963) Young, popular president assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.
Republican (1969-1974) President involved with the Watergate scandal
Republican (1981-1989) President during the Iran-Contra affair, when the U.S. sold weapons to Iran and gave the money to Nicaragua.
Democrat (1993-2001) The 2^nd president to be impeached (for lying under oath)

Brown v. Board of Education Dred Scott v. Sanford Gibbons v. Ogden Korematsu v. U.S.

Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland

Munn v. Illinois

Northern Securities v. U.S. Plessy v. Ferguson Regents of CA v. Bakke Roe v. Wade

Schenck v. U.S.

Texas v. Johnson

U.S. v. American Tobacco

U.S. v. E.C. Knight and Co.

U.S. v. Nixon Wabash v. Illinois Worcester v. Georgia

(1803) Established judicial review – the right of the courts decide

whether or not something is constitutional.

(1819) Federal laws are superior to state laws, you can not tax the

national bank.

(1824) Only the federal government can regulate trade
(1832) Native Americans do not have to abide by state laws
(1857) Slaves are property, not people
(1877) States can regulate certain businesses within their borders
(1886) States can not regulate interstate commerce
(1895) Limited government control over monopolies
(1896) Established the “separate but equal” doctrine
(1904) Dissolved railroad company trust during the Progressive Era
(1911) Trust busting to break up large company in N.C.
(1919) First Amendment rights are not absolute (WWI letters).
(1944) Government can suspend civil liberties during times of war
(1956) Separate is not equal. Desegregation in schools.
(1973) Abortion is legal.
(1974) Evidence involving possible criminal activity can not be

withheld, even by a president

(1978) Race can be a consideration in admissions, but organizations may not set quotas.
(1989) Government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply

because it is offensive. (Flag burning)

The American Dictionary A Century of Dishonor

Civil Disobedience and Walden The Feminine Mystique Harlem

The History of the Standard Oil Company How the Other Half Lives

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History The Jungle

The Last of the Mohicans

The Liberator Silent Spring

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

(1826) Written by James Fennimore Cooper, this book discusses the closing of the frontier and the culture clashes related to westward expansion.
(1828) Written by Noah Webster, this was the first of its kind written to help common man to learn and understand the American English.
(1831) Written by William Lloyd Garrison, this newspaper supported the abolition of slavery.
(1845-1849) Written by Henry David Thoreau, these books were by a transcendentalist trying to live off the land and protest government action in the Mexican American War.
(1852) Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel explores the daily lives of slaves and played a key role in the events leading to the Civil War.
(1881) Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, this is a novel written showing the treatment of Native Americans throughout the history of the United States.
(1890) Written by Alfred T. Mahan, this novel details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.
(1890) Written by Jacob Riis, this novel, by a famous muckraker, explains the working and living conditions of immigrants and poor Americans.
(1904) Written by Ida Tarbell, this book uncovers the corruption and terrible working conditions of the Standard Oil Co. owned by Rockefeller.
(1906) Written by Upton Sinclair, this novel explores the terrible conditions of the meat packing industry and the lives of the immigrants that worked in them. It later led to the passage of the Pure Food

and Drug Act.

(1930) Written by Langston Hughes, this poem from the Harlem Renaissance proclaims that all African Americans should embrace their heritage proudly.
(1962) Written by Rachel Carson, this novel opens people’s eyes to the environmental issues at stake in the

(1963) Written by Betty Friedan, this novel explores the lives of the 1950s housewife. The author claims she understands their thoughts of being unsatisfied with childbearing and homemaking.

Abigail Adams Betty Freidan Dorthea Dix Carrie Nation

Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Kelley Harriet Tubman Harriet Beecher Stowe

Ida Tarbell Ida B. Wells Jane Addams

Phyllis Schlafly

Rosa Parks
Lucretia Mott,

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Susan B Anthony

Created the Hull House (a settlement house) to give the poor shelter and food.
Reformed prisons and treatment of the mentally ill.
African American civil rights advocate, spoke out against lynching.
Campaigned against women working out of the home. Believed

women should be happy being housewives.

First women’s advocates that met at Seneca Falls to discuss

women’s rights and the plan to achieve full suffrage rights.

Wrote The Feminine Mystique and explained to women that she

understood why they were dissatisfied with being housewives.

Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin and explained the lives of slaves to those

around the United States that have never seen it first hand.

Wrote to her husband to “remember the ladies”. Believed that

women should not be bound by laws in which they had no voice.

Advocate for the Temperance movement. Famous for walking it to

saloons and private bars to preach to those inside.

Conductor of the Underground Railroad, helping thousands of run away slaves escape to the North.
Great women’s rights advocate during her husband’s presidency and

the Great Depression.

Leader of the Civil Rights movement starting the Montgomery Bus

Boycott.
Great advocate for children’s rights during the Progressive era.

Muckraker who wrote about The History of the Standard Oil Co. and

brought attention to the corruption of big business.

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