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Militarism – nations of Europe had been building up their armies and weapons Alliances
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Militarism – nations of Europe had been building up their armies and weapons Alliances – European countries had created a system of alliances to keep a balance of power. Imperialism – European countries competing for influence around the world. Nationalism – Countries wanted to gain power and took actions that were in their own interest. Short-Term Cause Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife were killed on a visit to Bosnia. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (thinking they were behind the attack). Other countries became involved due to alliances. T he Start of World War I Allies - Russia, France, Great Britain Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire President Woodrow Wilson issues a statement declaring the United States a neutral or iso- lationist country in order to protect trade. U S Becomes Involved in World War I U-Boat submarine warfare – German submarines were attacking unarmed Ally merchant and passenger ships without warning. Several Americans were killed in the attacks. Lusitania – a British passenger ship, torpedoed and sunk, killing over 1200, including 128 Americans. Sussex – a French ship torpedoed after Wilson had demanded Germany stop attacking. Germany then made the Sussex Pledge in which they promised to warn ships before they attacked. Germany ended the Sussex Pledge, causing the US to break off ties with Germany and arm their merchant ships. Election of 1916 – Woodrow Wilson was reelected president under the slogan “he kept us out of war.” Zimmermann Telegram – A telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted Germany attempted to convince Mexico to declare war on the US in return for land. April 6th 1917 the U.S. entered into WWI with President Wilson saying we must “Make the world safe for democracy” - Political and military turning points of the war and their significance to the outcome of the conflict. How were certain political and military events significant to the outcome of the war? To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War I help to determine the outcome of the war? How did the United States’ entry affect the nations already involved in the conflict? C hanging Warfare Trench warfare - Armies dug long trenches in which they hid, they would stand and shoot out the top short distances away from each other. "No Man's Land"- an unoccupied region between the two armies. Mustard gas – an efficient way to kill a large number of people. Tanks, airplanes U S Entry into War Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions – with the shift from autocracy to a republic, then to communism, the United States was more willing to ally with Russia in WWI. In 1917, The American Expeditionary Force (aka doughboys) led by General John J. Pershing was the 1st set of American troops to arrive in Europe. The Allies only used the group as reinforcements; therefore, they had little impact during the battles. African American troops served in segregated units and were often not allowed to fight in battle. Selective Service Act – started the draft for young men to serve in the military. A t home in the U.S. The war opened up many jobs for minorities. Many African Americans moved north for factory jobs (The Great Migration) Women were able to work more, which had a hand in the 19th amendment War Industries Board, War Labor Board, and Food & Fuel Administration all focused on the American economy supporting the war effort. T he War’s Conclusion Wilson’s 14 points - stated support for open peace covenants, no secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade, disarmament, adjustment of colonial claims, a League of Nations, and the rights of minorities. League of Nations – a proposal of a group of countries that would keep peace, presented to Senate in what became known as his “peace without victory” speech. Under the League of Nations, an attack on one was considered an attack on all. The United States does not join the League of Nations because they did not want to be tied to all of the other countries (isolationism). “The Big Four” - These were the four men that were responsible for creating the peace after WWI. They were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, the Premier of Italy, and the Premier of France. Treaty of Versailles - France was given territory; The Ger man Rhineland area would be demilitarized. England and the U.S. would protect France. Germany was give full responsibility for the war and was forced to billions of dollars in war reparations. This would become a cause of World War II. 19 – Prosperity & Depression
Directions: Place each word from the list at the bottom of the page under the appropriate side of the curve.   Directions: Fill in a description of each term in the flow chart. The Red Scare World War I 
Nativism Isolationism Communism 
Immigration Re- strictions – PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION (1919-1939) How did the war impact America’s social, economic, political, and cultural institutions? - Assess the political, economic, social and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations. To what extent did World War I change US society and affect other nations? How did the industrial and technological advancements in this era impact America and the rest of the global community? How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict? 18th Amendment - Prohibition 19th Amendment - Women’s suffrage Committee on Public Information – muckraker George Creel was appointed by President Wilson to head this war propagation committee which promoted the war domestically while publicizing Amer- ican war aims abroad Food Administration - Herbert Hoover headed this organization during WWI, designed to conserve food at home so that it may be provided to allied troops. War Industries Board - established to mobilize the nation's resources for war while protecting the economy's basic structure and character for the peace that was to follow Espionage and Sedition Acts - provided the government with powers over the rights of free speech and press. Eugene V. Debs - started the American Railway Union. He became a socialist leader who opposed World War I and was imprisoned for 10 years during the war under the Espionage Act. Industrial Workers of the World - labor Union organized in opposition to capitalism and conservative unionism. It believed in revolutionary industrial unionism and ‘One Big Union’ that combined commitment to industrial unionism, direct action, and building a union controlled by its members. Schenck v. United States (1919) – The case was opened against the Espionage Act, but the Supreme Court decided that in a time of war, extraordinary conditions may allow Congress the right to forbid print- ed materials or speech aimed at hindering the war effort. The test for "a clear and present danger" was formulated to deal with questions regarding freedom of speech. Palmer Raids – because of a fear that Russian communists were going to attempt to overthrow the Amer- ican government, thousands of Russians and socialists in the U.S. were arrested and held without trial. This was also known as the “Red Scare.” People had an increased feeling of nativism. United Mine Workers - The Coal Miners Str ike (1919) with their leader, John L. Lewis, pushed for a raise and shorter working hours. The court ordered the miners back to work and an arbitrator put an end to the dispute. Washington Naval Conference - international conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area. Dawes Plan - American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale. - Cycle of economic boom and bust in the 1920s and 1930s. How did the economic, social, and political events of the early 1900s lead to the economic cycles of the twenties and thirties? How did the variations in the economy in the 1920s cause major changes in that decade and in the 1930s? How did early government reactions to the economic bust serve to worsen its effects? Industrialization - when a society changes and becomes based more heavily on industry. Laissez-faire - the government’s “hands-off” approach to business and economy. Mechanization - jobs began using more machines and needed less human labor. Ex: assembly line. Rugged individualism - The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. H arding Administration (1921-1923) Warren G. Harding - Republican President (1921-1923) who ran under the slogan "Less government in business and more business in government." While in office, the Teapot Dome Scandal occurred. Harding’s secretary of the interior Albert B. Falls secretly leased oil-rich public land to private compa- nies in return for money and land. Falls was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding at Cabinet post. In the early 1920s Republicans focused on a “Return to Normalcy.” They ceased to promise progressive reforms and instead aimed to settle into traditional patterns of government. C oolidge Administration (1923 – 1929) After the death of President Harding, VP Calvin Coolidge took the office. He helped to restore people's faith in their government and in the Republican Party. The next year, Coolidge was elected president. Speculation - the buying of stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin- paying a small percentage of stock prices as a down payment and bor- rowing the rest. H oover Administration (1929 – 1933) Herbert Hoover - 1928 campaign pledge: “A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Hoover tried to reassure the nation. He opposed any federal form of welfare, or direct relief to the needy. He said that handouts would weaken people self-respect and “moral fiber.” He believed individuals, charities, and local organizations should help. His response shocked and frustrated Americans. “Black Tuesday” - October 29, 1929 - the bottom fell out of the market and the nation’s confidence collapsed. By mid-November, investors lost about $30 billion; an amount equal to the costs we spent on the war. Hawley-Smoot Tariff - passed in 1930 established the highest protective tar iff in US history. This was supposed to protect American farmers, but ended up hurting them. By reducing the flow of goods into the US; the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. (World trade declined). – Prosperity for different segments of society during this period. How were different groups of people affected by the business cycles of the 1920s and 1930s? How do economic changes impact society? Why and how does economic prosperity vary so much from one segment of society to the next? L eading up to the Great Depression Urbanization – Cities spread both up and out with increasing population Installment plan – people could buy on easy credit and then pay off their debt in smaller amounts on a monthly basis instead of paying one lump sum. Overproduction – more goods are produced than necessary, therefore lowering the prices. Hoovervilles - homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Angry, cold and hungry Americans, who had no other place to reside, nicknamed the shacks in honor of President Herbert Hoover. Breadlines & Soup Kitchens – people received free food – almost 25% of the nation was unemployed. Bonus Army (1932) - A gathering of 12,000 to 15,000 World War I veterans who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., demanding President Hoover give immediate bonus payment for wartime services, to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression. Dust Bowl - a term born in the hard times from the people who lived in the drought-stricken region during the great depression. Farmers suffered greatly. 22 How do technological and social changes impact American traditions? To what extent should the federal government attempt to effect economic and social change? What should the role of the federal government be in the economic and social lives of its citizens? What long term effects did the New Deal have on the United States? Technology – radio, electricity, automobiles, and airplanes modernized America. Music – The Jazz Age - Grew out of African American music of the south (blues), was largely improvised with an off- beat, syncopated, rhythm. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington – influential musicians. Movies – Movie attendance skyr ocketed in both silent films and “talkies” The Jazz Singer in 1927 was the first film with sound, a “talkie” Literature Lost Generation – A group of American writers disenchanted by the growing pop-culture of the United States. They left the U.S. for Europe (primarily Paris). Authors included F. Scott Fitzgerald and Earnest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis - a writer who was the fir st American to win the Nobel Prize in liter ature. He was among the eras most outspoken critics. Prohibition – the time period after the 18th Amendment and Volstead Act in which the manufacturing, pr oduction, sale, and consumption of alcohol was illegal. Speakeasies - bars that operated illegally Bootleggers - suppliers of illegal alcohol - Challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender. How were government programs in the 1920s and 30s a challenge to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender? How does conflict promote change in a nation’s identity? To what degree did America experience social progress during the 1920s and 30s? How was America changed the 1920s and 30s? Women Suffrage – The 19th Amendment fir st gave women the right to vote in 1920. Women began working out of the home more, attending more social clubs, and having a greater voice in society. Flappers - American women of the 1920s who were rebellious, energetic, and bold, wearing shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and heavy make-up. While not many women actually adopted the flapper lifestyle, many did adopt new fashion ideas from them, modernizing the American woman. Eleanor Roosevelt was an outspoken advocate for women’s rights. African Americans Blacks were still feeling the effects of segregation because of things like Jim Crow Laws and the result of the Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson. African Americans also felt resistance and violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which was formed against anyone who was not a white protestant. In just one year, KKK membership grew from 100,000 to 4 million. Many African Americans joined in the Great Migration, moving from the south to the north for better job opportunities and to escape the violence of the south. The north did offer some relief, it was not the land of equality many hoped for. Harlem Renaissance – the African American literary awakening of the 1920s, celebrating African American culture. Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous authors. United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - led by Marcus Garvey, the UNIA aimed to build up African Ameri- cans’ self-respect and economic power. Garvey in his Back to Africa Movement urged African Americans to return to “motherland Africa” to create a self-governing nation. Some African American leaders criticized Garvey because of his call for the separation of the races The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), led by W.E.B. Du Bois, fought to protect the rights of African Americans Immigrants Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, sentenced to death, and killed within 4 months of being arrested for the robbery and murder of a man. Many Americans believed they were arrested mainly because they were immigrants with radical beliefs. The National Origins Act was passed in 1924, reducing the quota of immigrants allowed in to 2 percent of the 1890 census. It also specifically excluded the Japanese. President Harding believed that restricting immigration helped the cause of social stability. Religion Religious traditionalists pushed Christians toward the idea of fundamentalism, which argued that God inspired the Bible, so it cannot contain contradictions or errors, it is literally true. Aimee Semple McPherson and Billy Sunday were two influential fundamentalists. The Scopes Trial – after a small town teacher taught the theory of evolution in his biology class, he was taken to court and the case became a battle between two of the countries greatest lawyers – William Jennings Bryan (Fundamentalist) and Clarence Darrow (supporter of free speech) over constitutional rights and the changing beliefs and values of the United States. As expected, since Scopes ha d clearly violated Tennessee law, William Jennings Bryan and the funda- mentalists won. - Impact of the New Deal reforms in enlarging the role of the federal government in American life. How did the role of the federal government change during the 1920s ands 30s? Is it appropriate for the government to be involved in social and economic change? To what degree did America change positively or negatively during the 1920s and 30s? Why did citizens allow the federal government to increase its power during the Great Depression, and how did it impact the future of the nation? FDR’s New Deal “Brain Trust”- FDR carefully picked advisers who began to formulate a new set of policies designed to alleviate the problems of the Depression. This became known as the New Deal- a phrase taken from a campaign speech in which Roosevelt had promised “a New Deal for the American people.” Its policy is focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. Social Security – Started by the Social Security Act, it was one of the New Deal’s most important achievements. It provided financial security in three major parts: old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses, unem- ployment compensation system, and aid for families with dependent children and the disabled. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - put 2.5 million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks. They earned $30 a month and had free housing, food, job training, and healthcare. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - Tried to raise farm prices through subsidies, government financial assistance. The AAA used taxes to pay farmers not to raise certain crops, in hopes that lowering production would cause prices to go up. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Established by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933, the FDIC was established to insure bank deposits up to $5,000 dollars. The FDIC prevented banks from closing, and It still protects our money today. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Set up after the Federal Securities Act (which required companies to release information about their finances if they sell stock), the SEC was set up by congress to regulate the stock market. The commission still exists today. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) – Sought to raise prices and balance the unstable economy through exten- sive planning. Codes were made to establish fair business practices; it controlled working conditions, production prices, and established a minimum wage. Public Works Administration (PWA) – Preceded by the NIRA, the PWA completed projects ranging from dams to bridges to highways. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power plant used during WWI. It provided cheap power, flood control, and recreational activities to the entire Tennessee Valley. Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Provided work for more than 8 million citizens. It improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, hospitals, airfields, and also supported creative works of artists and writers. National Labor Relations Board (Wagner Act) - Legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and closed shops (workplaces only open to union members). The NLRB enforced the Wagner Act. Fair Labor Standards – Set the maximum work hours for the week at 44 hrs, to drop to 40 hrs after 2 years. It also set a minimum wage ($.25, which would eventually be raised). It set rules for the employment of those under 16, as well as banned hazardous work for those under the age of 18. 23 – World War II & the Beginning of the Cold War
Directions: Fill in each box with details about the heading. Use terms from the Goal 10 glossary page if you need ideas. 
 – WWII AND THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR (1930-1963) - World War II and reasons for the United States’ entry into the war. - Identify military, political, and diplomatic turning points of the war What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the U. S. into World War II? Was US involvement in the World War II inevitable? Were the reasons for the US’s entry into the World War II justifiable? Concepts Which Led to Conflict Isolationism - America's longstanding reluctance to become involved in European alliances and wars Totalitarianism – a type of government in which all social, political, economic, intellectual, and cultural activities are controlled by the rulers of a state Militarism - belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it Nationalism – a love and pride for one’s country Appeasement - the policy of granting concessions to potential enemies in order maintain peace Fascism - authoritarian nationalist political ideologies or mass movements that are concerned with notions of cultural decline Political Leaders Allies Joseph Stalin – Russia (Communist) Winston Churchill – Great Britain (Democracy) Franklin D. Roosevelt – United States (Democracy) Axis Powers Emperor Hirohito – Japan (Militarism) Benito Mussolini – Italy (Fascist) Adolf Hitler – Germany (Fascist) Political Events Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) - Made war illegal. This failed because there was no way to enforce the law. Neutrality Acts (1935) - Passed by the United States prior to their entry into WWII, these acts forbade giving any type of aid to countries at war. Quarantine Speech (1937) – a speech by FDR which called for an international “quarantine of aggressor nations” through economic pressure. Munich Pact (1938) - It permitted immediate occupation by Germany of the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia Non-Aggression Pact (1939) – an agreement between Germany and the USSR not to attack each other. It was supposed to last 10 years but lasted less than 2. Four Freedoms (1941) – a speech by FDR that stated that people all over the world should have (1) freedom of speech (2) freedom of religion (3) freedom from want (4) freedom from fear. Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)– This Act basically repealed the Neutrality Acts, allowing the united states to aid any country that they saw as essential to US security. Pearl Harbor – In December of 1941, Japan attacked a US military base in Pearl Harbor, HI. This became the immediate cause of the US’s entry into WWII. To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War II determine the outcome and aftermath of the war? How were America and the world different because of the events of World War II? What changes to society resulted from the treatment of various groups of people Propaganda – methods used to convince the public to support war efforts. Blitzkrieg – German method of war which included surprise air and land attacks. Ally Leaders General George Patton – US general involved with the invasion of Italy. Douglas MacArthur – Commanding general of the US military in the Pacific. Chester Nimitz – US admiral who used the method of island hopping (US strategy of attacking some islands and leaving others as they made their way across the Pacific Ocean to Japan) Major battles/Important Events in WWII Battle of Britain (Aug. 1940) – German attack on Britain – mostly by air Battle of Midway (June 1942) – After this Ally victory over Japan, the Japanese were unable to launch any more offensive actions in the Pacific. Stalingrad (Sept. 1942) – Germans surrendered to the Allies in Russia and it became a major turning point of the war in the East. D-Day (Operation Overlord) (June 1944) - The Allied troops began the liberation of Western Europe. Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944)– A battle in between Germany and the Allies in which after much back and forth, with the help of the United States, the Allies defeat the Germans. Iwo Jima (Nov. 1944) – Americans attacked Japan by air and by land. Okinawa (April 1945) – 100,000 Japanese v. 180,000 Allies. After months of fighting 7,200 Japanese surrendered. Over 50,000 Americans died. Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam – Conferences between the big world powers discussing the end of the war and how to secure lasting peace. Manhattan Project – Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, this was the project which devel- oped the atomic bomb which was dropped twice on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. V-E Day, V-J Day – Victory in Europe and Victory in Japan Days. Genocide/Holocaust – The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime Nuremberg Trials – Trials of the Nazi commanders for the crimes on humanity of the Holocaust. 12 were sentenced to be hanged, showing that leaders must be held responsible for their actions. 26 How and why did World War II impact the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the U.S.? How did the war bring about innovation and change on the home front? How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict? Should civil liberties be denied during a time of war? W ar Efforts at Home Selective Services Act – Draft for young men to sign up to serve in the military in WWII. This was the first peacetime draft. War Production Board – government agency that oversaw production of goods in WWII. Rationing – Conserving food and goods to help war efforts. War bonds – helped raise money for the government and the war. Rosie the Riveter – media propaganda creation devised to encourage women to fill in for men while they were fighting World War II. WACS – a division of the military in which women served. E ffects of WWII on American Society G.I. Bill – provided money for college and loans to buy homes for people in the military. Levittown – suburban neighborhoods. Homes were built quickly and for less money. Baby boomers – the population greatly increased after WWII due to an increased economy and men returning home from war. The United States saw increased conformity during this time. R estrictions on Civil Liberties Civil liberties – freedoms that protect individuals from the government to a certain extent (examples: freedom of speech, religion, etc.) Japanese Internment – During WWII in the US, Japanese were forced to live in prison-like camps because of US fear of spies and cooperation with the Japanese government. Korematsu v. United States (1944) – Court case which said that internment camps were legal and furthermore they were needed for the security of the US. - Changes in the direction of foreign policy related to the beginning of the Cold War. How did the events of World War II help facilitate the onset of the Cold War and influence American foreign policy throughout most of the 20th century? To what extent was America’s decision to drop the atomic bomb a viable option to end the war in the Pacific? What impact did World War II have on the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the United States? Containment – The United States’ policy to stop the spread of communism. Iron Curtain – In 1946 Churchill made a speech in which he said the Soviet Union had created an iron curtain of communist domination and oppression. Truman Doctrine (1947) – stated that the policy of the USA must be to contain com- munism through supporting people who are resisting communist oppression. Marshall Plan (1947) – tried to strengthen European nations by giving them money to create strong democracies and economies so the nations would not support communism (Soviet Union). Berlin Airlift (1948-1952)– Drops of goods by the US into Soviet-controlled East- Berlin after WWII. Korean War (1950-1953)– Post WWII Korea was split along the 38th parallel. The north was communist and the south anti-communist. The north invaded the south and the U.S. immediately called for UN police action. Russia supported the north, allies the south. A three year war ensued, and in the end the line remained drawn. Hydrogen Bomb (1953) – After receiving word that the USSR had created an atomic bomb, the US felt the need to build a bigger/better/more powerful bomb. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) – Eisenhower continued Truman’s policy of containment, adding the Middle East in the protection from the spread of communism. U-2 Incident – (1960) A US spy plane was shot down over Russia, showing the strength and abilities of the USSR. Bay of Pigs (1961) – The US made a failed attempt to overthrow the Cuban government by supporting Cuban rebels who were against communist leader, Fidel Castro. Berlin Wall (1989) – After WWII the Soviets built a wall to split East and West Germany. It stopped people from fleeing from the east to the west. The wall symbolized the division of the Cold War. How effective have organizations been in maintaining peace in the world? How has the status of being a superpower affected the relations between the U.S. and other nations? To what degree have peace-keeping organizations been successful in their purpose? United Nations – The United States, Great Britain, and the USSR agreed to create the UN so that nations could settle their differences peacefully. They met at Casablanca, Tehran, Potsdam, and Yalta among other places. The UN also created a security council where the major powers, who would be permanent members, could veto any measures brought before them. O.A.S. – Organization of American States (North and South America) – promoted cooperation between democratic nations. N.A.T.O. – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – group of US and European allies who agreed to a policy of collective security (attack on one = attack on all). Warsaw Pact – The Soviet Union’s response to NATO – a military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations. 27 – Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil
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