Electricity – General Electric Company was formed in 1892 to take over Thomas Edison’s electr ic lightbusiness.Electricitybecameavailabletoconsumerstopowerhouseholdappliances.
Mail order catalogs - A rise in goods being purchased through themail
$5 day - Ford paid his workers more than the average manufacturer, but foreign workers had to enroll in English and civics classes and let investigators inspect their homes. Graduation ceremoniesoccurredinwhichworkersshedtheirethnicidentitiesandbecame“Americans.”
Assemblyline–amanufacturingprocessinwhicheachworkerdoesonespecializedtaskinthe construction of the final product. Ford did not invent the assembly line, but he made it more efficient.
Skyscrapers - the Bessemer Process (steel production) and the invention of the elevator allowed for the building of high-rises incities
13
– The Emergence of the United States as a World Power
Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, describing the necessity of a strong navy for a pow- erful nation.
Poem by Josiah Strong making a parody of the “duty” white men felt to civilize indigenous peoples
The belief that whites were better than peoples of color
Extreme burst of national pride following a period of yellow journalism
Nickname given to the purchase of Alaska from Russia
United States gained this territory after it’s queen was overthrown by Hawaiian and American businessmen
Nickname given to the Spanish-American War because of its short duration
Led by Theodore Roosevelt, these men charged up San Juan Hill to victory in Cuba
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer led this type of sensationalized journalism which attracted readers using bold titles and outlandish pictures
Sinking of the USS Maine, DeLome Letter, Cuban Rebellion against Spain, burning of US owned sugar plantations by Cubans seeking assistance
Passed before the Spanish-American War, the US told Cuba that it would not annex it
Ended the Spanish American War, the United States gained the territories of Philippines, Guam, and Puer- to Rico
Cuba agreed to add this amendment on to their constitution, allowing the United States to set up a military base, agreeing not to go into debt, and allowing the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime they felt it necessary.
Once controlled by the United States, this connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
Ensured that the United States would be able to trade with China
Chinese rebelling against foreign influence in China; killed many foreigners
Added on to the Monroe Doctrine, saying that the United States would intervene in affairs of Latin Ameri- ca if necessary
Roosevelt’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing a strong military
Taft’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing economic aid
Wilson’s type of foreign policy, emphasizing the spreading of American morals and ideals.
United States Imperialism
Country
How did the US obtain or influence this country/ territory?
Why did the US want this country/ territory?
What laws and policies affected this country’s relationship with the US?
Imperialism – When a str onger nation attempts to create an empire by dominating weaker nations – economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily.
TheUnitedstatesandotherpowerfulcountriessuchasRussia,Germany,Britain, France,andJapanwereseeking out spheres of influence, or areas of economic and political control, inChina.
Alfred T. Mahan wr ote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which argued that the nation’s economicfuturerestedongainingnewmarkets(tosellgoods)abroadthroughincreasingthesizeoftheNavy.
Leaders like Josiah Strong drew on the ideas of social Darwinism to justify the takeover of new territories. He said that Anglo-Saxons were superior to the societies they conquered, an idea coined, Anglo-Saxon superiority. Those who used this argument believed that they were doing a noble thing for the “heathen,” uncivilized peoples of the worldbyintroducingthemtoChristianityandmodernsociety.
Conflicts in Cuba attracted the interest of American journalists. Following a surge of yellow journalism in which journalistssuchasWilliamRandolphHearstandJosephPulitzersensationalizedheadlinesandstoriesaboutforeign affairs in Cuba, there was an intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy. This burst of pride came to be known asjingoism.
– US Military, Economic, and Political Involvement and Influence
the United States to intervene and help them. The United States continued to refuse help. To get the atten- tion of US business owners, Cuban guerrillas burned down American sugar plantations. With pressure from American business owners, plus the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine (which the US blamed on Spain) and the insults aimed at President McKinley unearthed in the de Lome letter, Congress eventually authorized force (war) against Spain.
CubansinsistedonaddingtheTellerAmendmenttoCuba’swarresolutionagainstSpain.Thisamendment stated that the United States would not annexCuba.
During “The Splendid Little War”
The “Splendid Little War” was fought on two sides of the world, in the Philippines and in Cuba and Puerto Rico,allthree islandterritoriesunderthe ruleofSpain.
Theodore Roosevelt led a group of soldiers nicknamed the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hill, which became the most famous battle of the Spanish-AmericanWar.
Treaty of Paris - The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in which the United States paid $20 million dol- lars in return for Cuba’s independence, and the United States’ acquisition of The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. In order to protect American interests, the United States installed a military government in Cuba for the next threeyears.
After the War
Two years after Cuba won its independence the United States military government in Cuba allowed Cuba to draft a constitution. The United States insisted on including the Platt Amendment which stated that the Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, it must allow the US to have naval basesinCuba,anditgavetheUSpermissiontointerveneinCubawhenevertheUSdeemednecessary. TheUnitedStatesestablished(andstillmaintains)amilitarybaseinGuantanamoBay,Cuba.
Dilemma in the Philippines
McKinley felt like he had to annex the island nation but the Filipinos declared themselves an independent republic. For three years, the United States and the Philippines fought a war over control of the islands. After the death of more than 200,000 Filipinos, fighting slowed. The United States continued to occupy the Philippines until 1946.
US Gains Territories Abroad
Seward’s Folly – In 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. Many peoplewereagainstthepurchase,whichiswhyitbecameknownas“Seward’sFolly.”
Annexation of Hawaii – In 1898, after a power str uggle between Hawaiian r oyalty and planters, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii in order to protect its world trade. With the help of pineapple planter, SanfordDole,QueenLiliuokalani wasremovedfromherthroneandHawaiiwasdeclaredarepublic.
The Panama Canal was built under T. Roosevelt’s administration in order to provide a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This would provide for faster and cheaper global shipping as well as increased naval speed in a time of war. After much controversy between France (who owned the land), Columbia (who ruledoverPanama),andPanamaitself,theUnitedStatesrecognizedPanamaanindependentcountry(underthe protection of the US) and the US was granted a permanent 10-mile-wide strip of land on which to build the canal.
How intrusive should a nation be in the affairs ofanother?
Diplomacy – How a countr y deals with foreign affairs. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
In1904PresidentRooseveltissuedmessagestocongresscalledtheRooseveltCorollary whichaddedontothe Monroe Doctrine saying that the US did not want any more territory, they would only protect smaller/weaker nations, and intervene if problemsarose.
Roosevelt’s main concern in Asia was keeping an open door to trade with China. The Open Door Policy en- suredthattheUnitedStateswouldhaveequalaccesstoChina’s market.China,however,wasreluctanttohave any foreign influence. This led to the Boxer Rebellion in which 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese were killed.
Taft’s “Dollar” Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft’s approach to foreign policy was to “substitute dollars for bullets,” meaning that insteadoffightingsmaller/weakernations,theUnitedStatesshould maintainorderlysocietiesabroadby investing in theireconomies.
Anti-Imperialism League - Opponents of U.S. policy in the Philippines established the Anti-Imperialist League.ManyarguedthatiftheUnitedStatestookovernations,thosenations’citizensshouldbeentitledto the same rights as UScitizens.
Many people were against the idea of Anglo-Saxon Superiority and saw it as racism. They therefore did believeintakingoverasmaller,“weaker,”nationbecausetheywere“uncivilized.”
Manysouthernersfearedthatbytakingoverothernations,theUSwouldbe forcedtoabsorbpeopleof different races into the UnitedStates.
Forming agreements with other countries that if one should go to the war, the other will support them
A larger, more powerful country taking over a smaller, weaker country
Pride in ones nation
British boat sunk by a German U-boat (a cause of the US's entry into WWI)
German submarines continued with unrestricted warfare even after promising to warn foreign ships (long term cause of US entry into WWI)
A note written from the Germans to Mexico promising an alliance and returned land from the U.S. if Mexico helped Germany defeat the U.S. in WWI.
United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
President of the U.S. during WWI. He ran for re-election in 1916 and won using the slogan "He kept us out of war". Created the Fourteen Points.
Required young men to register for the draft.
When a country keeps to itself (the policy the United States attempted to follow at the onset of WWI in Europe)
Trench Warfare,” No Man's Land", Mustard Gas, Tanks, Airplanes, Telephones
Woodrow Wilson's plan for the end of WWI which aimed to create a lasting peace. This included the League of Nations.
Ended WWI – punished Germany by having them accept blame for WWI and pay $33 billion in war reparations. Included the League of Nations. The US refused to ratify this treaty and made their own peace with Germany.
Organization to keep peace through discussion of problems instead of war.
Government agency created to oversee production of goods during the war
Tactics used to convince people to support the war effort
Individuals limit the amount of goods they use so that supplies can be provided for the military
Directions: Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the list to the right of the section.