Allophones of the English phonemes 1 Allophones of /p
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- 10.2.2. Secondary stress
- Further comments
- Exceptions to (ii) and (iii): Compounds
- Exceptions to (ii) and (iii): Unreduced syllables
- 10.2.3. Weak Unstressed syllables
- Word-final unstressed /ɪ/ and /əʊ/
- Some further comments on schwa /ə/
- Exercises
- (ii) Syllabic /m/
10.2. Degrees of Stress10.2.1. Primary StressIn English, the syllables of words differ in prominence. In polysyllabic words (words of more than one syllable), one of the syllables always has a greater degree of prominence than any other syllable. The syllable of greatest prominence is known as the primary stressed syllable, or the syllable that carries primary stress. The primary stressed syllable can be marked by placing a ˈ mark in the following way: Primary stress aˈpart part deˈfine fine ˈpattern pat ˈmetal met ˈpamela pam ˈimpudent im ˈmiserable mis phoˈnetics net In monosyllabic words (words of one syllable), the outcome is unambiguous: the syllable, i.e. word, has primary stress (eg. heat, look, greet) and does not need to be marked. 10.2.2. Secondary stressMany words have two stresses, one primary and one secondary. The secondary stress can be marked by placing a diacritic before the syllable which has secondary stress: Secondary Primary ˌacaˈdemic ac Dem aˌpoloˈɡetic pol Get ˌecoˈnomic ec Nom ˌexplaˈnation ex Nat deˌlibeˈration lib Rat enˌvironˈmental vir Ment ˌɡeneˈrosity gen Ros pheˌnomeˈnoloɡy nom Nol ˌrhodoˈdendron rho Den Further comments(i) words that have secondary stress are very often morphologically related to simpler forms e.g. aˌpoloˈɡetic / aˈpoloɡy; ˌɡeneˈrosity / ˈɡenerous. (ii) secondary stress (mostly) precedes the primary stress (iii) at least one syllable (usually) intervenes between the secondary and primary stress
In some cases, the occurrence of an unreduced syllable is predictable (eg. words ending in -ate or -ise), in others it is not. Note that there is also not necessarily a requirement that an unstressed syllable intervenes between the primary stressed and unreduced syllable. 10.2.3. Weak Unstressed syllablesIn almost all cases, syllables other than primary stressed, secondary stressed or unreduced syllables are unstressed. In General English, the large majority of the vowels of unstressed syllables can be transcribed as /ə/: /əbˈdʌkt/ abduct /ədˈmɪt/ admit /kəmˈbaɪn/ combine /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/ confirmation /kənˈdɪʃn/ condition /əˈlæbəˌrət/ elaborate /pəˈtrəʊl/ patrol There are also some cases when unstressed vowels have a quality other than /ə/. It is not possible to list them all, but some of these include: Some words that end in unstressed -ish, -ic, -ism and -ing/ˈrædɪʃ/ radish /ˈmjuːzɪk/ music /ˈkɒmjənɪzm/ communism /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ running Unstressed /ɪə/ and /ʊə/; some of which are given below: /ˈænjʊəl/ annual /ˈæktʃʊəl/ actual /kənˈtɪnjʊəs/ continuous /ˈɡɑːdɪən/ guardian /ˈdʒuːnɪə/ junior (nb. can also be pronounced /ˈdʒuːnjə/ ) /ˈvɜ:rɪəs/ various Word-final unstressed /ɪ/ and /əʊ//ɪ/ in words like very, city, every /əʊ/ in words like potato, barrow Unstressed vowels preceding stressed vowels/ɪnflʉːenʃl/ (not /ɪnfləenʃl/ ) influential /əpriːʃiːæɪʃn/ (not /əpriːʃəæɪʃn/ ) appreciation Some further comments on schwa /ə/Schwa is also known as the "indeterminate vowel" because its exact pronunciation varies with context. Sometimes schwa has a quality reminiscent of /ɐ/, sometimes /æ/ and sometimes of other vowels. In other words it is not always a central vowel with a quality similar to that of /ɜː/. Its main distinguishing feature is that it is a very short, unstressed vowel with a tendency to be more centred than the majority of the vowels. Very often you will hear speakers pronounce a vowel such as the final vowel in "mother" in a way that makes it sound like a /ɐ/ rather than what you might expect a /ə/ to sound like. Such a sound is still considered to be a schwa, however. In a word final position the only vowels that can occur are the long monophthongs, the diphthongs and schwa. There is a rule in English which only permits long vowels (ie. long monophthongs and diphthongs) in open syllables (syllables that end in a vowel rather than a consonant). The only exception to this rule is schwa, which occurs because it is a reduction of a long vowel. So, if you hear /ɐ/ at the end of a word such as "mother" treat it as /ə/. 10.3. Rules of stress 10.4. Contrastive stress 10.5. Stress shift 10.6. Sentence stress 10.6.1 Lexical and functional words 1.7. Rhythm In English as well as in Arabic the stressed syllables tend to occur at regular intervals of time. This phenomenon has a considerable effect on the duration of sounds and syllable in connected speech. It also affects the perception of the stressed syllables in speech. This phenomenon is known as rhythm and is caused by isochronous stress pulses. Thus English and Arabic have stress timed rhythm. In English, accent is a significant feature due to the following factors: (1) It is an essential part of the phonological structure of the word; words become unrecognizable if the accent is wrongly placed. (2) The rhythm of an utterance depends to a greater degree upon the succession of stressed syllables, as English is a language with stress timed rhythm. (3) The choice of the vowel depends on where the stress is placed in respect of structural words. If a syllable is stressed, it is generally the strong vowel that is used and in unstressed syllables, it is mostly a weak vowel that is used. (4) Stress is said to be contrastive in English i.e., it makes for a difference in grammatical meaning and function in some words. There are a number of disyllabic words in English in which the accentual pattern depends upon whether the word is used as a ‘noun’ or adjective or as a verb. The accent is on the first syllable if the word is a noun or adjective and on the second if it is a verb. Some examples are:
'conduct con'duct 'record re'cord 'digest di'gest 'subject sub'ject 'present pre'sent ExercisesPrimary and secondary stressMark primary stress using and any secondary stressed or unreduced syllables using . You do not need to give a phonemic transcription. Mark stress as it occurs in the recording. Example: economic Answer: ˈecoˌnomic (i) accommodation (ii) certainty (iii) orthodox (iv) fanatical (v) greenhouse (vi) methodical (vii) unbelievable (viii) Adelaide In the following sequences, a schwa is usually obligatory: /mən/ salmon /nən/ linen /tʃəl/ satchel /dʒəl/ angel /tʃən/ question /dʒən/ dungeon In the following cases both possibilities occur with reasonable frequency. /ʃl/ vs /ʃəl/ bushel /ʃn/ vs /ʃən/ cushion /ʒn/ vs /ʒən/ Persian (ii) Syllabic /m/All sequences have a /ə/ preceding /m/ except the following which may either have a /ə/ or else may be syllabic: /bəm/ or /bm/ album /ðəm/ or /ðm/ fathom Directory: newuploads newuploads -> Phonology What is Phonology? First we should know that the study of speech sounds is: 1- phonetics. 2- phonology. Phonetics is concerns with the following newuploads -> Ch. 1 Manufacturing Introduction : Manufacturing Download 0.83 Mb. Share with your friends:
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